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Hierarchie kontra sieci. Rzecz o walce sieciowej i niesterowanym oporze

Posłuszna Elżbieta

Aviation and Security Issues

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2023

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No. 1

13--25

PL

Artykuł jest polemiką z twierdzeniem, że walka sieciowa, z uwagi na wykorzystywanie niemilitarnych środków (m.in. informacji i narzędzi cybernetycznych) oraz zaangażowanie niescentralizowanych, społecznie rekrutowanych i rekrutujących się jednostek i grup, jest konfliktem o stosunkowo niedużej intensywności, a w związku z tym nie stanowi znaczącego zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa państw i społeczeństw. Takie twierdzenie, zdaniem autorki, jest co najmniej ryzykowne. Nie uwzględnia ono bowiem ani silnej społecznej mobilizacji, biorącej się z możliwości pozyskiwania „dla sprawy” szerokiego, globalnego audytorium, ani też wzrastającego znaczenia nowych form organizacyjnych - nowych sieciowych modeli, bardziej bezpiecznych (jeśli brać pod uwagę odporność na inwigilację) i efektywnych (uwzględniając zdolność zadawania wysokich strat przy udziale minimum zaangażowanych środków) niż dotychczasowe, biorące udział w walce hierarchiczne struktury.

EN

The article is a polemic with the statement that netwar, due to the use of non-military means (including information and cybernetic tools) and the involvement of non-centralized, socially recruited and recruiting themselves individuals and groups, is a conflict of relatively low intensity, and therefore does not pose a significant threat to the security of states and societies. Such statement, according to the author, is at least risky. It does not take into account either the strong social mobilization resulting from the possibility of attracting a broad, global audiencje „or the issue”, or the growing importance of new organizational forms - new network models, more secure (if we take into account resistance to surveillance) and effective (if take into account the ability to inflict high losses with the participation of a minimum of involved resources) than the existing hierarchical structures taking part in the fight.

2

Lone Wolves as a Threat to Aviation Security: Typology, Tactics, Development Prospects

Posłuszna Elżbieta

Safety & Defense

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2021

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1

83--91

EN

This paper discusses the threats related to the development of the phenomenon known as lone wolf violence. Its main goal is to analyze lone wolves' activities, particularly their tactics in carrying out actions that pose a threat to aviation safety. The primary method used for the main argument of the paper, interdisciplinary modeling of the determinants of violence, allows for formulating forecasts on the development of lone wolves phenomenon in the most important context for those predictions, i.e., changeability of used means. This inventiveness comes down to disorganized forms of functioning (leaderless resistance) and the methods used in fighting, both of which stem from considerable power disproportions between lone wolves (terrorists) and states. The development of violence among lone wolves is analyzed from the perspective of this constantly changing tactical and technological means. This paper is of both explanatory and prognostic nature. It consists of five parts. The first is dedicated to providing theoretical background and depicting case studies that serve as a starting point for the following analyses. The second section is dedicated to a brief description of used methods. Next, the types of lone wolves' activities are characterized and examined. In section four, the current and potential tactics employed by terrorists are analyzed. This paper concludes with the author's prognosis regarding the future development of this phenomenon.

3

Lone Wolf Terrorism – A Socio-Psychological Approach

Posłuszna Elżbieta

Safety & Defense

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2020

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1

109--118

EN

The aim of this paper is to characterize, mainly from the socio-psychological perspective, the phenomenon that is usually described as the activity of lone wolves. This characteristic supports the thesis expressed in the article that the strength of a lone wolf's motivation, who is defined as a violence -using and ideology stimulated individual, is based not on external (exogenous) impulses, i.e., objective depreciating situations that become a conscious foundation of the declared ideology, but on internal (endogenous) drives ideological goals. The paper consists of four sections. In the first one, the notion of “lone wolves” is explained, which is followed by a brief history of “lone wolves” activities. Sections two and three present the sociological and psychological aspects of the phenomenon respectively. The paper is concluded with a summary where the actual and potential danger of lone wolves is analyzed.