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Analysis of the Phytoremediation Dynamic System of Lead in Mangrove Plants at the Wonorejo River Estuary, Surabaya, Indonesia

Sait Yohanna Camelia Bengan, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning, Pratikno Herman

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

225--236

EN

Lead (Pb) is a non-essential heavy metal found as an inorganic pollutant in the water, sediment, and mangrove plant tissue in Wonorejo River Estuary. Several studies showed that its concentration exceeds the quality standard stipulated in the Indonesian Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 and the EPA sediment quality. Moreover, the phytoremediation of Pb through mangroves Avicennia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Avicennia marina at Wonorejo River Estuary was investigated. It was discovered that the environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and salinity as well as bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) values are different for each species. The dynamics of the Pb phytoremediation system were also modeled using Vensim PLE x64 software to determine the effect of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, BOD and COD, as well as Pb concentration on the ability of mangroves to accumulate and translocate Pb. The results showed that a behavioral mechanism pattern was formed based on the relationship between the environmental factors, Pb concentration, and the phytoremediation ability of the mangroves with time. This pattern affected the root and leaf BCF values of each mangrove. Furthermore, the validation test showed that the model is structurally valid and has MAPE values for the Pb phytoremediation model with S. caseolaris and R. stylosa having <30% while Avicennia marina and A. alba had <50%. Therefore, the model was categorized as fairly good with a valid forecast. The system dynamics predicted that the highest concentrations of Pb in water, roots, and stems in 2041 were in R. stylose at 1,329,110 mg/L, 2,054,110 mg/kg, and 3,393,950 mg/kg, respectively. The highest accumulation value in plant tissue was dominated by mangrove species of R. stylose. In conclusion, the environmental parameter values at habitat of R. stylose were in good condition for the growth of the mangroves compared with other species of mangrove.

2

Performance of Avicennia alba and Rhizophora mucronata as Lead Bioaccumulator in Bee Jay Bakau Resort, Indonesia

Mahmudi Mohammad, Adzim Aliyyil, Fitri Difia Helsa, Lusiana Evellin Dewi, Buwono Nanik Retno, Arsad Sulastri, Musa Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 2

169--177

EN

Mangroves are a crucial ecosystem in coastal areas and serve a significant ecological function. However, this ecosystem is under the continuous pressure of anthropogenic activities which create toxic contaminants, such as heavy metals. The presence of marine ports and electric steam power plants next to Bee Jay Bakau Resort (BJBR) Mangrove Forest may worsen the heavy metal pollution, especially in the case of non-essential metals like lead (Pb). The vegetation in mangrove ecosystems can help store and trap this contaminant. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the potency of the Avicennia alba and Rhizopora mucronata mangrove species, which dominate the mangrove vegetation in BJBR Mangrove Forest, as Pb phytoremediation agents. The samples were taken from the sediment, roots, stems, and leaves of the mangrove trees. The results showed that the Pb found in the sediment of these species ranged from 10.323 to 11.071 ppm, while the Pb concentration in the mangrove parts was less than 1 ppm with the order roots > stems > leaves. Furthermore, the statistical analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the Pb values across sites and species. Moreover, the BCF, BAC, and TF in this study were less than 1, making the observed mangrove species unsuitable for phytoextraction or phytostabilization.

3

Effect of Lead Cumulation on Boron Content in Some Vegetables

Gawęda M., Nizioł-Łukaszewska Z.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 1

19-26

EN

Six spectes of vegetable plants: lettuce Lectuca sativa L., spinach Spinacia oleracea L., radish Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers., onion Allium cepa L. var. cepa, red beets Beta vulgaris L. and carrot Daucus carota L. were cultivated in pots on a substrate containing lead dosed O, 250 and 500 mg o kg-1 d.m. Increase of lead content in substrate caused its intensive cumulating in edible parts of the tested vegetable species. At the same time boron content increased in tissues of all analysed plants: in lettuce leaves by 9.7 % after supplying 250 mg Pb o kg-1 d.m., and by 19.8 % after supplying 500 mg Pb o kg-1 d.m., in spinach leaves by 13.8 % (only under the influence of higher dose), in radish roots by 5.1 and 24.6 %, in onion by 23.9 and 39.1 %, in beetroots by 14.9 and 41.2 % and in carrot roots by 8.6 and 24.6 %.

PL

Sześć gatunków roślin warzywnych: sałatę Lactuca sativa L., szpinak Spinacia oleracea L., rzodkiewkę Raphamts sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers., cebulę Allium cepa L. var. cepa, buraki ćwikłowe Beta vulgaris L. i marchew Daucus carota L. uprawiano w wazonach na podłożu z dodatkiem ołowiu w ilości: O, 250 i 500 mg o kg-1 s.m. Zwiększenie zawartości ołowiu w podłożu spowodowało jego intensywną kumulację w jadalnych częściach testowanych gatunków warzyw. Równocześnie wzrosła zawartość boru w tkankach wszystkich analizowanych roślin: w liściach sałaty o 9,7 % pod wpływem dawki 250 mg Pb o kg-1 d.m. podłoża i o 19,8 % pod wpływem dawki 500 mg Pb o kg-1 d.m., w liściach szpinaku o 13,8 % (tylko pod wpływem większej dawki Pb), w zgrubieniach rzodkiewki o 5,1 i 24,6 %, w cebuli o 23,9 i 39,1 %, w korzeniach buraków o 14,9 i 41,2 %, w korzeniach marchwi o 8.6 i 24,6 % odpowiednio pod wpływem dodatku 250 i 500 mg o kg-1 d.m. podłoża.

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Combined effects of lead ions and UV radiation on general met abolism in common frog Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 Larvae

Formicki G., Stawarz R., Zamachowski W.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Vol. 13, nr 1-2

23-27

EN

General metabolism and lead accumulalion was studied in common frog tad-poles irradiated with UV (UV-A of 0.24 kJ . m-2, UV-B of 2.7 kJ . m-2) during lead poisoning (1 mg/dm3 Pb2+) and during recovery after lead poiso-ning. General melabolism of larvae during lead poisoning ranged between 0.061 +- 0.004 and 0.079 +- 0.016 mg O2/g . h-1 and the differences between experimental groups were insignificant. Significanl differences occurred after the 24, 48 and 72 hours of recovery period after the Pb2+ poisoning. General metabolism of tadpoles exposed lo UV during recovery period after lead poisoning was increasing, after initial drop (0.059 +- 0.010 mg 02/g. h-1), reaching the highesl level of 0.192 +- 0.028 mg O2/g . h-1 after 72 h. The level of accumulated lead ranged from 0.305 +- 0.156 to 0.521 +- 0.263 mg/g d.m. UV did not influence significanlly on lead accumulation and removal.

PL

Zbadano metabolizm ogólny i poziom skumulowanego ołowiu u larw żaby trawnej naświetlanych promieniowaniem UV (UV-A - 0.24 kJ . m-2, UV-B - 2.7 kJ . m-2) w czasie zatruwania ołowiem (1 mg/dm3 Pb2+) i w okresie od-truwania. Larwy w czasie zatruwania ołowiem zużywały od 0.061 +- 0.004 do 0.079 +- 0.016 mg O2/g . h-1. Różnice pomiędzy poszczególnymi grupami nie były statystycznie istotne. Znaczące różnice zaobserwowano po 24, 48 i 72 godzinach odtruwania. Poziom metabolizmu ogólnego larw eksponowanych na UV w czasie odtruwania początkowo się obniżył (0.059 +- 0.010 mg O2/g . h-1), a następnie wzrósł osiągając największe wartości po 72 godzinach od-truwania (0.192 +- 0.028 mg O2/g . h-1). Badane larwy skumulowały od 0.305 +- 0.156 do 0.521 +- 0.263 mg/g s.m. ołowiu. Nie stwierdzono znaczącego wpływu UV na kumulację i usuwanie jonów ołowiu z organizmu badanych larw.