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1

Perspective Technologies of the Treatment of the Wastewaters with High Content of Organic Pollutants and Ammoniacal Nitrogen

Malovanyy Myroslav, Moroz Oleksandr, Hnatush Svitlana, Maslovska Olga, Zhuk Volodymyr, Petrushka Ihor, Nykyforov Volodymyr, Sereda Andriy

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

8--15

EN

The paper analyzes the advanced technologies of wastewater treatment with a high content of organic pollutants and ammonium ions. Two different bi-stage scenarios for the treatment of such effluents are proposed. The first scenario includes the pretreatment in aerated lagoons and the final stage at the wastewater treatment plants after appropriate dilution with municipal sewages. The second scenario also includes the first stage in aerated lagoons with a tertiary treatment at the plant for cyanobacteria cultivation with the use of obtained biomass for biofuels production. The effects of the aeration periodicity on the leachate treatment efficiency and also on the composition of microbiocenosis in the aerated lagoons were investigated. The leachates of the Lviv landfill of municipal solid waste (MSW) were used in experimental investigations. The Lviv landfill of MSW was used for domestic and industrial wastes deposition for almost six decades, since the 1960s. It was found that the highest effect of ammoniacal nitrogen removal was obtained in the mode of periodic aeration, with the cycle duration of two hours including the one-hour aeration. It was found that the microorganisms extracted from the leachates of the Lviv MSW landfill are prospective for the new biotechnologies of treatment of the highly concentrated wastewaters, since this microbiocenosis is resistant to the widespread pollutants, in particular to heavy metal ions.

2

Influence of Leachate Quality on Reverse Osmosis Performance

Tałałaj I. A., Biedka P., Bartkowska I.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2018

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Tom 20, cz. 1

634--646

EN

In paper an influence of leachate from landfills with different exploitation time on reverse osmosis performance during their treatment was presented. An unstabilized leachate from landfill of two years exploitation and stabilized leachate from landfill with operation time over 10 years were taken to analysis. The analyses were conducted with use of RO system constructed to reflect the actual operating conditions of the reverse osmosis system exploited on municipal landfills. These two kind of leachate was directed to the reverse osmosis system by maintaining during their filtration the same operating parameters (temperature, pressure, flow rate, recovery rate and pH of leachate). The obtained results indicated that filtration of stabilized leachate is characterized by better performance of the RO system, i.e. shorter filtration time, higher permeate flow and higher salt retention. The higher concentration of organic matter in unstabilized leachate contributes to membrane pores blocking decreases the efficiency of the osmotic system. Moreover, high organic content in the leachate from young landfills, with a high concentration of cations, leads to an unfavorable phenomenon of neutralization of the membrane surface.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wpływ odcieków ze składowisk o różnym czasie eksploatacji na parametry pracy odwróconej osmozy podczas ich oczyszczania. Do badań przyjęto nieustabilizowane odcieki ze składowiska o 2-letnim czasie eksploatacji oraz odcieki ustabilizowane ze składowiska o czasie eksploatacji przekraczającym 10 lat. Analizy prowadzono na układzie odwróconej osmozy, skonstruowanym w ten sposób by odzwierciedlać rzeczywiste warunki pracy układów eksploatowanych na składowiskach odpadów. Odcieki skierowano na układ RO zachowując podczas ich filtracji te same parametry pracy (temperatura, ciśnienie, przepływ, stopień odzysku oraz odczyn odcieków). Uzyskane wyniki wskazały, że proces filtracji odcieków ustabilizowanych charakteryzuje się lepszymi parametrami pracy układu RO, tj. krótszy czas filtracji, wyższy przepływ permeatu oraz wyższy stopień retencji soli. Większa zawartość substancji organicznych zawartych w odciekach młodych (nieustabilizowanych) przyczynia się do blokowania porów membrany i obniża wydajność układu osmotycznego. Ponadto wyższa zawartość substancji organicznej w odciekach z młodych składowiska oraz wyższe stężenie w nich kationów prowadzi do niekorzystnego zjawiska neutralizacji powierzchni membrany.

3

Usuwanie związków azotu z odcieków składowiskowych w pilotowej oczyszczalni hydrofitowej

Wojciechowska E.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2015

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Tom 17, cz. 2

1484--1497

EN

Landfill leachate contains very high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and COD. At the same time, BOD5 concentrations are quite low, which makes leachate treatment one of the most difficult and up-to-date problems of environmental engineering. In the recent years constructed wetlands are applied for landfill leachate treatment, alone or as one of treatment stages. The experiences from USA, Canada and Europe (Norway, United Kingdom, Slovenia, Sweden) show good removal efficiencies of surface flow systems (SF). Horizontal subsurface flow systems (HSSF) are less effective. At present the application of vertical flow subsurface beds (VSSF) for landfill leachate treatment is investigated. The vertical flow beds advantage are good conditions for nitrification of ammonia nitrogen. In the article the processes of nitrogen transformation and removal from landfill leachate in a pilot multi-stage constructed wetland consisting of two vertical subsurface flow beds (VSSF-1 and VSSF-2) followed by a horizontal subsurface flow bed (HSSF) were analyzed. The set-up of a pilot system was designed to treat high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen present in the leachate and to provide conditions for the sequence of nitrogen transformation processes (ammonification – nitrification – denitrification). The results from three research periods were discussed. In each period the operational conditions were changed. Different hydraulic loadings, leachate composition (with or without addition of municipal wastewater) and different operation conditions of vertical flow beds were applied. The total nitrogen removal effectiveness varied from 65 to 98%. Nitrification of ammonia nitrogen took place in the vertical flow beds, however the process was incomplete due to too high ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the raw leachate. Denitrification of nitrates in the last bed with horizontal flow of leachate was the limiting process. Quite high concentrations of nitrates were still present in the outflow from the bed. The reason for denitrification inhibition was deficiency of labile organic matter in the leachate inflowing to the HSSF bed. The conclusions for further applications were to use a hydrophyte pond instead of HSSF bed as the last stage of treatment which would increase the amount of easily decomposable organic matter form plant detritus. Also stripping of ammonia nitrogen before the inflow to constructed wetland would increase treatment effectiveness.

4

Release of heavy metals from waste into leachate in active solid waste landfill

Talalaj I. A.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 1

83--93

EN

Mass balance of selected heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cd) released from waste into leachate during 8 years of landfill exploitation has been calculated. The average release of all analyzed heavy metals did not exceed 1.7%. Heavy metals released in the largest quantities were Cr (0.025 –1.685%), Hg (0.033–1.540%) and Cd (0.082–0.701%). Release of Pb, Cu, Zn was 0.008–0.152%; 0.012–0.085% and 0.007–0.152%, respectively. Cr and Hg do not form an insoluble sulfide precipitate and that is why they are released in a larger amount. Cd and Pb concentrations are positively correlated with the amount of the atmospheric precipitation and the amount of leachates, which means that infiltrating rainfall can leach out these metals from waste. Favorable conditions for leaching of these metals are probably a result of their precipitation as carbonates. A strong correlation between Cu, Zn, and Cr indicates they do not precipitate as carbonates and further they can be subject to desorption processes. In the case of Cu, Zn, Cr and Hg, a positive correlation with the amount of deposited waste was also observed.

5

Determination of the most effective operating conditions of membrane bioreactor used to industrial wastewater treatment

Świerczyńska A., Bohdziewicz J.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 1

41--51

EN

The effectiveness of co-treatment of leachates from an old site of municipal landfill with a dairy industry wastewater in a membrane bioreactor has been investigated. The subjects of the study were leachates collected at the municipal landfill in Tychy and dairy wastewaters from Dairy Plant in Bieruń. The determination of the most effective technological parameters of the process, i.e. activated sludge load and its concentration and types of COD fractions in the reactor influent was made. It was shown that the activated sludge load at the level of 0.06 g COD/(gDM·d) was the highest permissible one among all the investigated loads and the process run effectively within the whole investigated range of concentrations of activated sludge in a bioreactor. It was found that in the treated wastewater, the fraction of easily degradable organic compounds was the dominant one.

6

Nowe aplikacje technologii hydrofitowej w gospodarce komunalnej

Obarska-Pempkowiak H., Gajewska M., Wojciechowska E., Kołecka K.

Technologia Wody

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2014

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Nr 5 (37)

39--45

PL

W pracy przedstawiono doświadczenia pracowników Wydziału Inżynierii Lądowej i Środowiska Politechniki Gdańskiej dotyczące nowych zastosowań technologii hydrofitowej w zagospodarowaniu ścieków i odcieków. Przedstawiono wyniki badań z eksploatacji następujących obiektów hydrofitowych: (I) 5 lokalnych przeznaczonych do biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków (pochodzących od 15 do 750 mieszkańców); (II) indywidualnych stanowiących 9 przydomowych oczyszczalni ścieków (POŚ) wybudowanych w trzech różnych konfiguracjach w gminie Stężyca; (III) pilotowych, pracujących w skali technicznej, wykorzystywanych do oczyszczania odcieków ze składowiska odpadów komunalnych i odcieków z mechanicznego odwadniania przefermentowanych osadów ściekowych; (IV) lokalnych przeznaczonych do odwadniania i stabilizacji osadów ściekowych z konwencjonalnych oczyszczalni ścieków, zlokalizowanych w Danii (Helsinge, Rudkobing, Nakskov, Vallo) oraz Polsce (Gniewino).

EN

The paper presents the experience of the research group of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Gdansk University of Technology relating to new applications of the hydrophite technology in wastewater, leachate and sewage sludge treatment. The results of investigation carried out with following constructed wetlands: (I) 5 local for biological wastewater treatment (from 15 to 750 inhabitants); (II) individual representing 9 on-site wastewater treatment plants built in three different configurations in the municipality of Stężyca; (III) pioneering working in technical scale used for the treatment of leachate from municipal landfill and reject water from the mechanical dewatering of the digested sludge; (IV) 5 local for dewatering and stabilization of sewage sludge from 4 municipal wastewater treatment plants located in Denmark and one in Poland are presented.

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Zastosowanie odwróconej osmozy w procesie oczyszczania odcieków

Tałałaj I.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2013

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nr 2

95--106

PL

Składowanie odpadów jest wciąż najbardziej powszechną metodą ich unieszkodliwiania. Szacuje się, że na świecie postępuje się tak z 95% wytworzonych odpadów. Podczas składowania w bryle odpadów zachodzi szereg procesów fizyczno- chemicznych oraz biologicznych. Rozkład materii organicznej w połączeniu z infiltracją wód opadowych prowadzi do wymywania z niej silnie zanieczyszczonych wód, zwanych odciekami.2 Skład odcieków i stężenie w nich zanieczyszczeń zależy głównie od rodzaju składowanych odpadów, sposobu eksploatacji składowiska oraz czasu składowania.

EN

One of landfill’s product is leachate, which is highly and complexly polluted wastewater. Landfill leachate, especially old one is very difficult to treat using conventional biological processes. One of the methods to be used in the treatment of such leachate is reverse osmosis. This paper compares the effectiveness of reverse osmosis in removing BOD5, COD, NH3-N and selected heavy metals. Efficiency of leachate treatment by one-and two-stage reverse osmosis system was characterized. The effects of the membrane type on the purification are also described. The influence of the waste quality on leachate treatment efficiency and the risks associated with the use of reverse osmosis in the leachate treatment were also described.

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Advanced treatment of leachate by using aerobic/anoxic MBR system followed by a nanofiltration process. A case study in Istanbul Komurcuoda leachate treatment plant

Coban A.., Demir G., Okten H. E., Ozcan H. K., Yaman C., Yildiz S.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 38, nr 3

57--64

EN

The most common municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal method is sanitary landfill. The major disadvantage of this method is the production of highly contaminated leachate. Not only physicochemical but also biological methods are sufficient alone in order to remove organics from leachate to get high effluent quality. Integrated processes that use physicochemical and biological methods at the same time like membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been mostly employed in landfill leachate treatment in last decade. In this study, the removal of organic material using aerobic/anoxic MBR system followed by a nanofiltration process was evaluated.

9

Landfill leachate treatment using constructed wetland with short detention time

Wójcik W.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2010

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Vol. 36, no. 3

51-58

EN

The paper presents results obtained during experiments with constructed wetlands that were built and monitored on the site of a municipal landfill in Southern Poland. The wetland was filled with gravel and rock in which reeds, cattails and willow were planted. A control plot without vegetation was also constructed. Each wetland was loaded with a portion of the leachate generated by the landfill. Measurements of the leachate quality showed very high concentrations of several pollutants. Particularly high concentrations of BOD, COD, nitrogen, and heavy metals were measured. High pollutant levels were probably responsible for the demise of the willows, which were dead within several months of planting. The efficiency of pollution removal with detention time up to 24 h ranged from 0 to 87% based on decreasing concentration of selected parameters. However, the removal efficiency of the control plot was typically only several percent lower than the removal efficiencies of the plots with vegetation.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki otrzymane podczas eksperymentów na sztucznych mokradłach, które były wybudowane oraz monitorowane na obrzeżu składowiska odpadów komunalnych na południu Polski. Mokradło miało złoże składające się ze żwiru oraz kamienia, na którym posadzono trzcinę, pałkę oraz wierzbę. Wykonano też poletko kontrolne bez roślinności. Każde poletko było zasilane kontrolowaną ilością odcieków ze składowiska odpadów. Pomiary jakości odcieków wykazywały bardzo wysokie stężenia szeregu wskaźników. W szczególności stwierdzano wysokie stężenia: BZT, ChZT, azotu oraz metali ciężkich. Ten wysoki poziom zanieczyszczeń był prawdopodobnie odpowiedzialny za wypadnie wierzby, której rośliny obumarły po upływie kilku miesięcy od posadzenia. Efektywność usuwania zanieczyszczeń mierzona jako obniżenie stężeń wybranych parametrów, dla czasów zatrzymania do 24 h wynosiła od 0 do 87%. Zauważono jednak, że efektywność usuwania zanieczyszczeń na poletku kontrolnym była tylko o kilka procent niższa niż na poletkach z roślinnością.