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1

The modelling of layered rocks using a numerical homogenisation technique and an artificial neural network

Urbański Aleksander, Ligęza Szymon, Przecherski Piotr

Technical Transactions

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2023

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Vol. 120, iss. 1

art. no. e2023007

EN

A method of creating a constitutive model of layered rocks based on an artificial neural network (ANN) is reported in this work. The ANN gives an implicit constitutive function Ʃⁿ⁺¹= F( Ʃⁿ , ΔE), relating the new state of homogenized stresses Ʃⁿ⁺¹ with the old state Ʃⁿ and with the increment of homogenized strains ΔƩ. The first step is to repeatedly run a strain- controlled homogenisation on an uni-dimensional finite element model of a periodic cell with elastic-plastic models (Drucker-Prager) of the components. Paths are created in (Ʃ, E) space, from which, a set of patterns is formed to train the ANN. A description of how to prepare this data and a discussion on ANN training issues are presented. Finally, the procedure based on trained ANN is put into a finite-element code (ZSoil.PC) as a user-delivered constitutive function. The approach is verified by comparing the results of the developed model basing on ANN with a direct (single-scale) analysis, which showed acceptable accuracy.

2

Particle Flow Code modeling of the mechanical behavior of layered rock under uniaxial compression

Yao Nan, Ye Yi-Cheng, Hu Bin, Wang Wei-Qi, Wang Qi-Hu

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2019

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Vol. 64, no. 1

181--196

EN

In this paper, the different mechanical behaviors of layered rocks with different bedding angles during uniaxial compression tests are studied. Numerical simulation models of layered rock are validated based on laboratory tests, and uniaxial compression tests are conducted by using Particle Flow Code (PFC). Using these simulations, the uniaxial compressive strength, failure patterns, development of micro-cracks, and displacement of meso particles are analyzed. When the bedding angle is similar to the failure angle, the macro failure planes develop directly along the beddings, the bedding behavior dictates the behavior of the layered rock, reducing the compressive strength.

PL

W pracy badano właściwości mechaniczne skał warstwowych zalegających pod różnym kątem uwarstwienia w warunkach ściskania jednoosiowego. Walidację modeli symulacyjnych skał warstwowych przeprowadzono w oparciu o wyniki badań laboratoryjnych, zaś testy ściskania jednoosiowego prowadzono z użyciem pakietu Particle Flow Code (PFC). W oparciu o badania symulacyjne, analizowano wytrzy-małość skał na ściskanie jednoosiowe, modele pękania, powstawanie mikropęknięć i przemieszczenia mezo- cząstek. W przypadku gdy kąt płaszczyzny uwarstwienia ma wartość przybliżoną do kąta pęknięcia, płaszczyzny pękania w skali makro pojawiają się wzdłuż spękań, a układ warstw skalnych determinuje ich wytrzymałość na ściskanie, powodując jej obniżenie.

3

Load bearing capacity of lateral loaded piles in watered Carpathian flysch

Kozubal J. W., Bhat D. R., Pradhan P. M.

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2018

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Vol. 63, no. 4

947--962

EN

In this paper, flysch is presented as a representative material of a wide section of the Carpathian Mountains, with some areas in Poland highlighted. The geological structure of this area is complex due to the alternating layers of blocky rock masses and soil (Vessia et al., 2017). Such a complex pattern is seen in some Alpine flysch slopes, such as the Ingelsberg landslide area (Romeo et al., 2015). Many authors are monitored, predicted landslides (Allasia et al., 2013; Bertacchini et al., 2009; Casagli et al., 2010) by sophisticated sensors. The rock-soil flysch successions have become intensively fissured as a result of their geological history, weathering (precipitation and snowmelt), and long-term water retention, especially on the surface layers. These complex materials are characterised by heterogeneous lithologies, whose mechanical properties are largely uncertain. These geological structures have also been confirmed by monitoring and control studies performed on a large number of landslides (Bednarczyk, 2014). One of the most striking phenomena is the sudden decrease in the strength parameters in the studied rocks in the direction parallel to the layers due to watering. The process is made possible by heterogeneous fractured strong rock layers with high permeability coefficients for water. This study precisely describes the phenomena occurring at the contact area between the component layers of flysch under the wet conditions of a weak plane. An elastic-plastic analysis method that considers the developed strength model at the surfaces of the contact areas (Biernatowski & Pula, 1988; Pula, 1997) has been used to estimate the load capacity for piles working under a horizontal load. The piles are part of a reliability chain (Pula, 1997) in a given construction and are the first element of concern for monitoring (Muszynski & Rybak, 2017). A particular device intended to study the dependence of the shear stress on a fixed failure surface in a controlled consolidation condition was utilized. The study was conducted for a wide range of displacements and for different values of stabilized vertical stresses of consolidation. The complexity of the processes occurring in the shear zone, presented as a detailed study of the material crack mechanics, is highlighted. The laboratory results were used to construct the mechanical model of the slip surface between the soil and rock with the description supported by a neural network (NN) approximation. The artificial NN was created as a multi-layered, easy to use approach for interpreting results and for quick reconstruction of approximated values useful for the calculations presented in laterally loaded piles. For the calculations, long, sheared strips of material were considered in a semi-analytical procedure to solve a differential equation of stability. The calculations are intended to reveal the safety indexes for a wide range of boundary tasks as the most significant indicator for design decisions.

PL

Flisz karpacki jest formacją występującą na znacznym obszarze Europy Środkowej, stwarza znaczne zagrożenie podczas nawodnienia np. przez infiltrację wody deszczowej lub awarię drenażu. Dla opisu zniszczenia tego materiału o regularnej strukturze z naprzemiennie ułożonych warstw słabych i mocnych, przedstawiono model. Jest to dogodna do zastosowania koncepcja, zaprezentowana w zadaniu stateczności poziomo obciążonych pali. Model można stosować dla szerokiego zakresu skłonu warstw jak i sposobu powiązania głowic pali z oczepem. Ważnym elementem pracy jest opis powierzchni poślizgu między warstwami z zastosowaniem wyników badań laboratoryjnych na próbkach gruntów zarówno sztucznie wytworzonych, jak i pobranych z osuwisk. Badania przeprowadzono w zmodyfikowanym obrotowym aparacie bezpośredniego ścinania. Przykłady obliczeniowe ilustrują procedury modelowania dla słabych skał wraz z ich interpretacją.