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Sezonowy przebieg wskaźnika wykorzystania wody (WUE) w lesie sosnowym

Ziemblińska K., Urbaniak M., Danielewska A., Baran M., Juszczak R., Chojnicki B. H., Olejnik J.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

2013

Tom 15, cz. 3

2780--2798

Assessment of the ecosystem productivity in relation to the amount of water used for such kind of processes have already been investigated for the different ecosystem types by many researchers. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) parameter shows seasonal variation due to changing weather conditions, which determine processes of photosynthesis, respiration and evapotranspiration, and because of biological factors variability. The analysis of the WUE dynamics in the forest ecosystem in Tuczno research station over the hydrological year 2012 were presented in the paper. WUE was calculated based on the daily CO2 and H CO2 O fluxes measured by means of the eddy covariance system (EC) installed over the forest canopy. The fluxes were quality checked in relation to the wind direction, friction velocity values and stationary. The data series used in this investigation were not gap-filled. By using the net value of both fluxes, a good indicator which describe the behavior of the ecosystem as the whole, was obtained. Among a number of weather condition factors, that affect the value of the tested indicator (WUE), mainly photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and the air temperature were evaluated. Separate analysis has been done for daily courses of both CO2 and H2 O fluxes, as well as for WUE for each month of the analyzed period. The highest values of H2 O fluxes (FH) were observed in May and June (0.25 and 0.3 kg m-2s-1) and the lowest in the period from September to December (0.02–0.05 kg m-2s-1). The daily courses of water vapor fluxes revealed dependence to the measured PPFD fluxes, which determines in turn the intensity of the evapotranspiration process. The time courses of the daily 30-min average carbon dioxide fluxes (FC) were also highly variable in each month, similarly to the variances of the FH fluxes. The lowest values of the net F COC were measured in the period from October to December (net CO2 fluxes did not exceed 0.55g m-2 s-1), while in the period from April to July the net ecosystem productivity was the biggest (1.5–2.0 m-2s-1),). WUE reached its minimum in May (7 g [CO2] kg-1), [H2O]), what indicates that the evapotranspiration of the ecosystem was the least effective from the point of view of COCOD absorption from the atmosphere (the ecosystem had a high productivity but it lost a great amount of water at the same time). In contrary, higher WUE values were observed in the colder period of the year, when the amount of available radiant energy was limited. WUE reached its peak in September (nearly 45 g of [CO2] kg-1), [H2O] ) which reveals, that in autumn the decline of evapotranspiration rates were higher than rates of the net CO2 exchange decrease. It also highlights the high adaptability of Scots pine (main species in studied forest ecosystem – 99%), to described conditions. The designated water use efficiency (WUE) parameter, may be used as a good indicator of the current condition of the ecosystem.

Fate of Air Pollutants from Konin Industrial Complex in Pine Forest Ecosystems

Staszewski T., Kubiesa P., Błocka A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

2009

Vol. 16, nr 4

441-449

In agricultural area of Konin where previously no industrial activity was performed the complex of power stations combusting brown coal was built in the end of the fifties followed by the aluminium smelter which was put into operation in 1965. Both these industrial works emit considerable amounts of phytotoxic gases (F2, SO2, NO2). Aluminium smelter emits vast amount of fluorine as aluminum is produced by thermoelectrolysis of aluminum oxide in electrolyte consisting of cryolite and aluminum fluoride as well as it is a major emitter of PAHs due to carbon electrode "combustion". Because these plants did not meet technology parameters and production was poorly controlled in first period of activity harmful effects of their emission in the natural environment were observed. Beginning from the nineties intensive proecological efforts were made and intensive modernization of the plants was performed. All these activities resulted in a significant reduction of air pollutants emission. The paper presents the results of investigation carried out in the monitoring net established in Konin area. The fate of air pollutants currently emitted and deposited to the soil within a long period of the plants activity was determined. The vacuum ceramic cup lysimeters were used to assess the concentration and hazard of inorganic and organic chemicals for water - soil environment. On the basis of differences in concentration of cations and anions the rate of nitrification and acidification processes in the soil was also analysed.

W otoczeniu Konina na obszarze typowo rolniczym, gdzie uprzednio nie prowadzono działalności przemysłowej, na początku lat pięćdziesiątych, wykorzystując węgiel brunatny z kopalni odkrywkowych uruchomiono kompleks elektrowni PAK (Pątnów, Adamów, Konin), a w roku 1966 oddano do eksploatacji Hutę Aluminium "Konin". Zakłady te emitowały znaczne ilości gazów fitotoksycznych (F2, SO2, NO2). Huta aluminium emituje duże ilości fluoru, ponieważ aluminium produkowane jest w procesie termoelektrolizy tlenku glinu w elektrolicie zawierającym kriolit i fluorek glinu, jak również jest znaczącym emiterem WWA (PAHs) powstających w wyniku "spalania" elektrod węglowych. Ze względu na to, że zakłady przemysłowe w początku swej działalności nie spełniały wymaganych parametrów technologicznych, a emisje do atmosfery gazów odlotowych były niewystarczająco kontrolowane w środowisku przyrodniczym występowały wyraźnie szkodliwe efekty. W latach dziewięćdziesiątych podjęto intensywne działania proekologiczne i modernizacyjne zakładów, które doprowadziły do znacznej redukcji emisji zanieczyszczeń powietrza. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w lasach sosnowych znajdujących się w sieci monitoringowej ustanowionej na obszarze Konina. Przedstawiono poziom depozycji zanieczyszczeń do ekosystemów leśnych oraz migrację aktualnie emitowanych zanieczyszczeń i zdeponowanych w glebie w okresie długoletniej działalności zakładów. Do oceny stężeń i zagrożenia środowiska wodno-glebowego związkami organicznymi i nieorganicznymi zastosowane ceramiczne lizymetry próżniowe. Na podstawie różnic w stężeniach kationów i anionów w różnych przedziałach ekosystemu leśnego określono także natężenie procesów nitryfikacyjnych w glebie.