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Dom mieszkalny średniozamożnego ziemianina. Studia nad teorią i praktyką projektową (1918-1939)

Rozbicka M.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

2003

T. 48, z. 1-4

5-77

In the wake of the tumultuous revolutionary and post-revolutionary sociopolitical events marking the end of the eighteenth century, nineteenth-century European social and philosophical thought began to intensively focus on the fundamental unit of civic society - the family, and thus on its rural and town residence, now perceived as the mainstay of morality and social order. Upon the basis of Polish theory of architecture and civil engineering, one of the first effects of intensified interest in popular housing was the process of finally rendering a precise framework programme of the landowners' functional residence (approx. mid-nineteenth century). This programme provided a basis for an extremely dynamic crystallisation, especially from the 1880s, of the functional-spatial contents of the twentieth-century Polish manor house. The programme modifications and corrections introduced as demands made by the landowners constantly grew in the second half of the nineteenth century, and concerned issues of a social-domestic, hygienic and technological-technical nature, were, obviously accompanied by a transformation of the traditional spatial configuration of the gentry residence, based on a suite of rooms following in succession. Such a transformation fully reflected European departure from the official, so-called open model of the residential house, for the sake of one based on the ethical model of the "moral house" of the middle classes. The arrangement of the interior of such a house was, on the one hand, to reflect the patriarchal hierarchy of the structure of the landowner's family and, on the other hand, to guarantee both the family as a whole and each of its members individually as a means of preserving indispensable privacy and comfort. In Polish model designs from the second half of the nineteenth century the above-mentioned spatial changes were predominantly discernible in the increasingly rare application of connecting rooms, and thus in a more extensive employment of the corridor system. The latter was combined with the traditional manor house entrance hallway and the additional, as a second rule, independent side lobbies, introduced in the later half of the nineteenth century to the smaller manor houses, thus creating a base for a collision-free system of inner communication in the "moral" model of landowners' residences. Only at the turn of the nineteenth century, and influenced by a fascination for the comfort and practicality of English country houses, which grew also among Polish theoreticians of rural architecture, did the programme and spatial corrections start to relate to a transference of accents from stately rooms to residential and household-hygienic interiors in the domestic residence; i.e. the introduction within their programme and, as a consequence, also in their planning, of an essential transformation of utilitarian/functional priorities in the plans. The tendency towards expanding and perfecting the programme of the domestic servants' quarters, kitchen and WC in modal designs inspired by English models, evolved rapidly, but the idea of limiting the stately part of the manor house did not make any impact - probably due to the still lively tradition of celebrating old Polish hospitality. This is also the reason why, from the perspective of time, it was precisely the process of devising a suitably spatial sequence of residential rooms together with a complex of kitchen-economic and toilet-hygienic interiors, recently introduced into the canon of the medium prosperous rural landowner's residence, which need to be recognised as the last important element in the spatial-functional evolution of its arrangement, initiated around the middle of the nineteenth century. In ca. 1900 this evolution, performed for the sake of the comfort and health of the residents, resulted in a final emergence of a fundamental functional-planning scheme of the twentieth-century residence of the medium prosperous Polish landowner. Until 1939, as modern technical household infrastructure progressed and the system of organising household chores improved, the theoreticians of rural residential housing only perfected the details. The first serious opinions expressed concerning the cultivation, at least in the countryside, of local architectural tradition and conceiving, upon its basis, of a native "style", did not appear in Polish professional periodicals until the onset of criticism in reaction to the tide of cosmopolitan-eclectic architectural designs at the end of the nineteenth century. In about 1910, the supporters of a renaissance of national architecture, who in the first decade of the twentieth century were recruited from among the adherents of the applied arts and Modernism, sharing a readiness to resolve the residential question by resorting to the idea of the garden city, after a short-lived fascination with the so called Zakopane style, finally recognised the traditional gentry manor house to be the future-oriented model of the "Polish domestic house". The latter was universally perceived as a type of building very strongly connected with the Polish landscape and customs. In addition, it was, from the architectural point of view, well analysed thanks to the studio material and designs amassed in the 1903-1910 period, with its numerous architectural competitions and exhibitions. Forms of the contemporary "native" manor house, devised by local architects prior to 1914, were derived mainly from the Polish Baroque and Classicism. They included high hip roofs, sometimes broken, with attics, roof projections of assorted scales, colonnade porticoes and porches surmounted by triangular or Baroque-fantastic gables, maintained in the spirit of early Modernism, and enhanced with the picturesque qualities of the English cottage - all introduced into the theory and practice of architecture in an atmosphere of traditionalism. In wartime and the postwar period this trend grew, not only in Polish society, but in the whole of Europe, in preparation for, and subsequently engaged in reconstruction. Already in about 1925 the "manor house" forms, transferred to urban and suburban conditions, proved to be "helpless" in the face of the functional and, predominantly, social challenges of interwar residential housing.; in the Polish countryside, however, they passed the test, and developed throughout the whole inter-war period (1918-1939). During the reconstruction stage they made a relevant contribution to an effective elimination from the landscape of cosmopolitan-eclectic architectural "jerry building", and in the subsequent period, despite waning interest in the architectures of the landowners' residences on the part of the theoreticians and designers (noticeable from about the mid-1920s), they effectively sustained and rendered indelible stylised motifs of local architectural tradition. The newly recreated Polish state which as a consequence of the partitions did not comprise a uniform economic-administrative organism, and suffered from the damage inflicted on several thousand villages, including about 850 000 domestic buildings, including manor houses, entered the stage of peacetime development from as late as 1921. Despite the fact that until 1929 the country enjoyed favourable market conditions for agriculture, this period, as a rule, was not conducive for housing investments on the part of landowners. Up to 1929 such investments were hampered by uncertainty about the outcome of land reform, and in later years the main reason lay in the economic stagnation of the Great Depression. This is why in 1918-1939 an overwhelming majority of the owners of medium and smaller landed estates, even those who had already attained a certain economic success, continued to cultivate the traditional style of their economic and home life, and fashioned their houses modestly and extremely frugally. The rather low standard and relative austerity of the landowners' lifestyle, even if only by limiting access to electrical power, much lower than in the urban houses raised in the inter-war period, was reflected in research conducted in the 1920s and 1930s by experts on hygiene, architects and landowners' associations. It is thanks to these studies that it is known how a major part of the manor houses of the period remained extremely modest both inside and outside. Their characteristic feature was chaotic plan and an excessively expanded reception part of the house in relation to the residential rooms. Some of the buildings under investigation disclosed elementary gaps in their furnishing. At the beginning of the 1930s the majority of manor houses in Płock Mazovia which, as a rule, contained 6-8 rooms, was still wooden. Only a third was installed with plumbing, and electricity was available only in manors located near industrial enterprises. In the region of Lublin the standard of the landowners' residences, on the average composed of 11 rooms, was slightly higher. Here too, however, only half had running water, and a fifth-electricity. Judging by such a low standard of a larger part of the landowner' homes, which in the medium prosperous landed estates of the Second Republic totalled about 13 000, it may be concluded that very few were built after 1918. This fact together with the absence of material documenting their original appliances and fittings, as well as the insufficient state and range of research concerning their architecture, concentrated so far almost exclusively on style and form, makes it extremely difficult to propose a more extensive assessment of the scope of realising new, exemplary solutions. This is the reason why all that we can say at present about shaping a programme and spatial configuration in the 1918-1939 period amounts to a series of observations. One of these confirms the fact that the conception promoted by inter-war theoreticians and architects, namely, to replace the main entrance hall, modelled on its English counterpart, with a so-called hallway, resulted only in raising the standard of the manorial antechamber so that, apart from communication functions, it could, at least to a limited extent, also fulfil residential-stately functions. The plans and programmes of smaller landowners' residences also did not reflect on a larger scale the proposal of a radical limitation of their stately part. Not many landowners approved of the suggestions made by the theoreticians; i.e. introducing to the interior elements conducive for modern, greater functional flexibility, such as sliding doors between the dining room and the living room or study. The owners continued to build manors in which, contrary to the recommendations of the theoreticians, the set of residential-stately rooms was not connected directly with the garden surrounding the house. The modern functional-spatial solutions advised by the theoreticians of rural architecture did, however, contain ideas which were accepted and implemented by a majority of the landowners. These included respect for the privacy of members of the household, and grouping the interiors strictly according to their functions. In the interiors of many residences analysed by the author, this meant a radical limitation of the number of suites of rooms lying in one line and, as a consequence, the expansion of inner corridor connections. The kitchen-household interiors were also granted a permanent localisation, in consideration of the comfort of the home-hold members and in accordance with the suggestions made by professionals. As a rule, this set was functionally planned and, similarly to the master study, and given a separate entrance. In the majority of manor houses such interiors were localised correctly according to tradition; i.e. in the gable wall of the house and facing the rear courtyard. In the newly built manors suitable space was assigned to hygienic-sanitary facilities, which were already, as far as possible, arranged and furnished in a thoroughly modern fashion. Throughout the inter-war years the form and style of the architecture of landowners' manor houses were dominated by vernacular motifs, applied either in the firm of direct "quotations" from the architectural past, or in a shape stylised in the spirit of early Modernism. We cannot, however, omit the fact that the landowners' residences featured a rational, modernist-functional design manner, promoted mainly by Warsaw-based architects. This trend became increasingly universal in Poland from about 1925, although it was introduced in a highly specific manner and limited by traditional construction technology. In the case of numerous manor houses, especially those built in the 1930s, it was applied while retaining the appearances of architectural traditionalism, and became discernible in the laconic form of the outer form and detail.