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1

Microbiological treatment of post-industrial water : Example of efficient bioremediation of the heavily polluted Kalina pond, Poland

Starzec Katarzyna, Stańkowska Emilia, Supel Paulina, Mazur Robert, Surma Piotr, Kaszycki Paweł

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

|

no. 60

236--245

EN

The Kalina pond has been well known as a severely degraded area in the Silesia region, Poland. The environmental deterioration results from high contamination of water and bottom sediments with recalcitrant and toxic organic compounds, mainly phenol. The study was aimed at developing a bioremediation-based approach suitable for this type of polluted areas, involving microbiological treatment of water as a key and integral part of other necessary actions: mechanical interventions and the use of physical methods. During the initial biological treatment stage, autochthonous microorganisms were isolated from contaminated samples of water, soil and sediment, then subjected to strong selective pressure by incubation with the pollutants, and finally, cultivated to form a specialised microbial consortium consisting of five extremophilic bacterial strains. Consortium propagation and its biodegradation activity were optimised under variant conditions enabling bacteria to proliferate and to obtain high biomass density at large volumes allowing for the in situ application. After installing aeration systems in the pond, the consortium was surface-sprinkled to launch bioremediation and then both bacterial frequency and the contaminant level was systematically monitored. The complex remediation strategy proved efficient and was implemented on an industrial scale enabling successful remedial of the affected site. Treatment with the specifically targeted and adapted microbial consortium allowed for removal of most organic pollutants within a four-month season of 2022: the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value decreased by 72%, polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) level by 97%, while the content of total phenols and other monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) dropped below the detection thresholds.

2

Determination of di-n-butyl Phthalate in Environmental Samples

Ziembowicz Sabina, Kida Małgorzata

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2023

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Tom 25

242--249

EN

A devised methodology presented here allows the determination of di-n-butyl phthalate in environmental samples (water and landfill leachate) using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography. It is developed based on the use of a gas chromatograph with an FID detector. Preliminary testing has also provided extraction parameters and conditions for chromatographic determination, with calibration applied by reference to an internal standard. The linearity of the calibration curve has been tested in DBP concentrations ranging from 0 to 7.5 mg/L, with the data obtained showing that, throughout this range, the detector readings as a function of the DBP concentrations remain linear (R2 coefficient >0.99). The average levels of recovery of DBP from aqueous solutions of phthalates are in the range of 97-109%, while the corresponding figures for leachates are 85-101%. The values of the coefficients of variation associated with the results obtained do not exceed 5%. The results, therefore, indicate that the applied extraction method is effective as regards DBP extraction from both water and landfill leachate, while numerous other substances present in the leachate from landfill sites apparently do not affect the correct determination of di-n-butyl phthalate by the method developed.

3

Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Treatment by Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus through Constructed Wetlands

Sial Taufique Ahmed, Teewno Abdul Majid, Memon Sheeraz Ahmed, Mahar Rasool Bux, Korai M. Safar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

303--314

EN

A sustainable performance evaluation of pilot-scale was carried through horizontal sub-surface Constructed Wetlands system for treating the leachate from constructed Municipal Solid Waste Landfill at Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro. The CWs were planted with Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus with sand and gravel. The leachate had been treated with two different cycles, first cycle was performed in the winter season whereas second cycle in summer, to differentiate the performance with seasonal variation. Chemical parameters of leachate pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids TSS, Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), Total Phosphate PO43- (TP) and heavy metals, Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) were tested with intervals of certain weeks. The tests result showed that all parameters experienced a considerable reduction in their concentrations. Significant reduction efficiencies were recorded for parameters, BOD with 53–82%, COD with 32–46%, TSS with 59–75%, NH3-N with 90–92%, NO3-N with 85–87%, and TP with 48–64%, and heavy metals Pb and Cu with 28–48% respectively in four weeks of the first cycle by all three plants. Whereas, in the second cycle, the removal efficiencies of BOD 78–93%, COD 63–76%, TSS 52–83%, NH3-N 90–91% and NO3-N 91–92% and heavy metals Pb and Cu with 21–58% respectively in five weeks were observed by all three plants. Along with the experimentation, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals UN SDGs are also highlighted. This study helps achieving tremendous SDGs accompanying treatment of leachate.

4

Leachates Recirculation Impact on the Stabilization of the Solid Wastes – A Review

Hussein Omar Amer, Ibrahim Jathwa Abd-Alkareem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 4

172--183

EN

In most countries, controlled landfills are currently the most common disposal method for municipal solid wastes (MSWs). Despite many benefits, the generation of heavily contaminated leachate with substantial differences in both chemical composition and flow rate represents a major drawback. The realization of this has compelled authorities to adopt ever more stringent establishment of pollution control requirements. Landfill leachate is a serious problem in the treatments of municipal solid wastes using landfills methods. This leachate is usually heavily contaminated, but little attention is paid to its treatment. Optimal treatment of leachates to completely decrease the harmful environmental impacts is today’s challenge. However, the complex composition of leachates makes it challenging to formulate general recommendations. Leachate variability, particularly over time and within sites, suggests that the most appropriate treatments are adaptable, universal, and simple. Landfill leachate is characterized by high biological and chemical oxygen demand and is usually composed of undesirable ingredients such as inorganic and organic pollutants. Landfill leachate varies with landfill age and content, decomposition methods, hydrological and climate conditions. Recirculation of leachate does not affect alterations in the degree of bio-degradability of the waste. During landfill operations, recirculation of leachate is often applied to help stabilize landfill degradation. Leachate recirculation is widely used in practical engineering, and recirculation using vertical wells is one of the more effective methods.

5

Praktyka stosowania przesłon przeciwfiltracyjnych z zawiesin twardniejących w warunkach ekspozycji na agresywne odcieki ze składowisk

Krysiak Łukasz, Szarek Łukasz

Gospodarka Wodna

|

2023

|

Nr 9

25--31

PL

Składowanie odpadów komunalnych i przemysłowych niesie ze sobą ryzyko emisji zanieczyszczeń w postaci m.in. odcieków. Z tego względu konieczne jest przeciwdziałanie zanieczyszczeniu wód gruntowych wokół składowiska. W tym celu stosuje się pionowe przesłony przeciwfiltracyjne, wykonywane przy użyciu zawiesin cementowo-bentonitowych (zawiesin twardniejących). Związki obecne w odciekach mogą nie tylko zanieczyszczać środowisko, ale także reagować z materiałem, z którego wykonana jest przesłona przeciwfiltracyjna, potencjalnie obniżając jej trwałość i efektywność. W pracy przedstawiono przykładowe składy chemiczne odcieków ze składowisk odpadów różnego typu oraz krótko omówiono ich potencjalną agresywność w stosunku do zawiesin twardniejących - materiału, z którego wykonuje się przesłony przeciwfiltracyjne. W tym kontekście najczęściej ocenia się wpływ roztworów agresywnych na współczynnik filtracji k zawiesiny, parametru materiałowego kluczowego dla szczelności przesłon przeciwfiltracyjnych. W pracy omówiono krótko metody badania odporności korozyjnej zawiesin poddanych działaniu agresywnych roztworów chemicznych. Badania takie pozwalają na odpowiednie dobranie składników materiału oraz ich proporcji, tak aby przesłona przeciwfiltracyjna wykonana z zawiesiny twardniejącej zachowała trwałość w rzeczywistych warunkach pracy. Ponadto przedstawiono zaczerpnięte z literatury przykłady zastosowania zawiesin twardniejących jako przesłon przeciwfiltracyjnych w składowiskach odpadów różnego typu. Opisane realizacje przesłon ilustrują problematykę m.in. od strony projektowania, wykonania oraz oceny skuteczności istniejących budowli. Praktyka dowodzi możliwości trwałego i efektywnego stosowania zawiesin do przeciwdziałania zanieczyszczeniom wód gruntowych przez odcieki ze składowisk odpadów.

EN

Landfilling of municipal and industrial waste carries the risk of pollution emissions in the form of leachate, therefore protection against its uncontrolled migration off the landfill site is necessary. To achieve this, vertical cut-off walls are often used surrounding the landfill site, made using cement-bentonite slurries, replacing the soil in trenches entirely (excavated cut-offs) or mixed with it (in-situ technologies). Compounds present in leachates can not only pollute the environment, but also react with the material of the wall, potentially reducing its durability and effectiveness. This paper outlines the possible compositions of leachates from landfills of various types and briefly discusses their potential aggressiveness toward the self-hardening slurry and its components. In this context, the most commonly used metric of material degradation is the change in the filtration coefficient k, a feature crucial to a properly functioning cut-off. Methods of testing the corrosion resistance of slurries exposed to aggressive solutions are summarized. Such tests make it possible to determine the suitability/compatibility of the material for use in a given case and to adjust the mix composition accordingly. Examples, taken from the literature, of the use of excavated cut-off walls in the presence of aggressive solutions are presented. While the chemical resistance of the material is sometimes considered questionable, especially when exposed to sulfate and low pH solutions, many examples from practice prove the possibility of its safe use around landfill.

6

Kawitacja hydrodynamiczna jako metoda wstępnej obróbki odpadów lignocelulozowych

Szaja Aleksandra

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2022

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Nr 7-8

12--16

PL

W ciągu ostatnich lat kawitacja hydrodynamiczna (KH) wykazała potwierdzoną skuteczność w wielu dziedzinach inżynieryjnych, zarówno w technologii wody, ścieków i odpadów oraz w sektorze przemysłowym. W porównaniu do innych innowacyjnych metod ,stosowanych w inżynierii środowiska, KH wykazuje szereg korzyści, charakteryzuje się m.in. prostą konstrukcją urządzeń, łatwą obsługą oraz niskimi kosztami eksploatacyjnymi. Co istotne, KH można łatwo połączyć z konwencjonalnymi i powszechnie stosowanymi technologiami w gospodarce odpadami oraz oczyszczaniu wody i ścieków. W pracy przedstawiono zbiór doświadczeń z zakresu zastosowania kawitacji hydrodynamicznej jako metody wstępnej obróbki odpadów lignocelulozowych, pozwalającej na poprawę ich stopnia biodegradowalności.

EN

In recent years, the effectiveness of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has been proven in many engineering fields. It has found several application in water, wastewater and waste technology, as well as in the industrial sector. Compared to other innovative methods used in environmental engineering, it presents several advantages, such as simple construction of reactors, easy operation and low operating costs. Importantly, HC can be easily combined with conventional and commonly used technologies in water and waste water treatment, as well as waste management. The paper presents a set of experiences in the field of application hydrodynamic cavitation as a method of lignocellulosic waste pre-treatment, allowing for improving its biodegradability.

7

Performance of Reactive Nitrogen in Leachate Treatment in Constructed Wetlands

Arliyani Isni, Tangahu Bieby Voijant, Mangkoedihardjo Sarwoko

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 5

205--213

EN

Reactive Nitrogen (Nr) is produced from natural and human activity, the use of fuel, the activities of industry, and agriculture. The Nr from agriculture is used to produce food crops, but excess Nr has an impact on the surrounding land. Landfills also generate Nr from the decomposition of waste which then releases the leachate containing Nr. This study aimed to determine the value of Nr generated by landfills, the effect of Nr on the environment, and the performance of Nr when used in Constructed Wetlands (CW). Review papers were collected from several studies and publications. Nr commonly found in leachate landfills include: NH4, NH3, NO2, and NO3. The Nr present in landfill leachate at CW can be used for proper plant development and growth, which significantly increases and enhances its quality and yield by playing an important role in the biochemical and physiological functions of plants. In addition, the content of hazardous substances in landfill leachate can also be processed using CW. This review paper discusses the effects of Nr from human activities ending up in landfills. The landfill leachate with Nr content can be used in CW for plant growth.

8

The Characteristics of Organic Compounds in Landfill Leachate Biologically Treated under Different Technological Conditions

Koc-Jurczyk Justyna, Jurczyk Łukasz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 3

104--111

EN

In this work, the semi-synthetic wastewater made of the leachate derived from non-hazardous municipal waste landfill in Kozodrza (south-eastern Poland) and supplemented by ammonium, was treated in hybrid SBRs to assess the removal efficiency of organic compounds, including humic substances and dissolved fractions, depending on the technological conditions. The technological layout variants concerned both the volumetric proportions of aerated and anoxic zones (0.33 and 0.66) as well as the N/C ratio (0.1 and 0.2). It was found that the efficiency of organic compounds removal (expressed as COD, BOD5 and TOC) was influenced by the geometry of oxygen supply; in the SBRs operating with 0.33 ratio, it was significantly higher compared to that with 0.75 ratio. The analysis also revealed that the N/C ratio set at 0.1 resulted in higher treatment efficiency than that obtained for 0.2. The composition of dissolved organic fractions in outflows was also related both with the SBRs geometry and the N/C ratio. It was found that proportions of TOC and humic substances were significantly lower in the SBRs operating with aeration geometry of 0.33, compared to the ones working with 0.66. Moreover, the N/C ratio of 0.1 led to a higher content of dissolved humic substances and COD in outflows.

9

Treatment of leachate using up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors/vertical flow subsurface constructed wetlands

Tulun Şevket

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 1

129--137

EN

The composition of local solid waste consists mainly of biodegradable waste with high moisture and organic content. After being landfilled, the waste decomposes through a series of combined physico-chemical and biological processes, resulting in the generation of landfill leachate. Unless treated properly, the leachate poses a serious threat to the environment and to public health. In this study, the use of an engineered system consisting of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and a vertical flow subsurface constructed wetland for the treatment of landfill leachate was investigated. The leachate obtained from a landfill facility in Aksaray, Turkey was fed into both systems and laboratory tests showed that, over the 6-week study period, the systems were able to efficiently remove chemical oxygen demand (88.6 %) and total nitrogen (80.7 %). The results of this study suggested that Typha angustifolia significantly increased the removal of total nitrogen. The higher ammonia removal occurred in the anaerobic system and also the removal efficiency increased in planted bed, it is presumed to be the result of the ammonia nitrogen uptake by the roots of the plant.

10

Co-treatment of municipal landfill leachate with dairy wastewater in membrane bioreactor

Marszałek Anna, Bohdziewicz Jolanta, Puszczało Ewa

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2020

|

Vol. 27, nr 1

139--149

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of leachates from municipal landfill co-treatment with the dairy wastewater in an aerobic membrane bioreactor. It was working in MSBR (sequential membrane bioreactor) systems twice daily and was equipped with the immersed membrane module installed inside what enabled its back-washing performance. The system was working. The concentration of activated sludge in the membrane bioreactor was equal to 4.0 g/dm3. However, the sludge load was at the level of 0.06 g COD/(g d.m. · d). The oxygen concentration was at the level of 3.0 g O2/m3. The share of leachate was varied in a range of 5 to 15 % vol. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment process was based on the change of parameters characterizing the crude sewage and treated sewage. All analysis was carried out according to standards. Following parameters were determined: COD, BOD5, TOC and concentrations of phosphate phosphorus, total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen. Chemical analysis is often not enough to define the degree of wastewater treatment. It was used toxicological research to determine the effect on the environment. Toxicity of wastewaters was measured using biotests with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna. The results revealed that the volume of leachate in the treated mixture should not exceed 10 % vol. The following conclusion can be drawn from the present research - co-treated wastewater was not toxic. Landfill co-treatment with the dairy wastewater impacts on the effectiveness of biological wastewater treatment. Leachate includes substances which have low susceptibility to biodegradation; on the other hand, dairy wastewaters provide a lot of organic compounds, which can help to treat them.

11

Treatment and utilization of the concentrate from membrane separation processes of landfill leachates

Nowak Rafał, Włodarczyk-Makuła Maria

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2020

|

Vol. 30, no. 2

92--104

EN

The purpose of the paper was to assess the effectiveness of selected physico-chemical processes to improve the quality of retentates/concentrates obtained during the treatment of landfill leachates using membrane separation. Among the physico-chemical methods, Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) and electrocoagulation were analysed. Landfill leachate resulting from the infiltration of waste mass by atmospheric precipitation as well as the dissolution and leaching of waste components are most often subjected to membrane separation. Permeate is usually discharged to the receiver, while the concentrate is recirculated and sprinkled on a waste pile. However, such action is only the retention of impurities in the body of the landfill and has an impact on the chemistry of raw leachates. Due to the very high concentrations of organic and inorganic compounds identified in the retentate, it is necessary to treat it, which will effectively reduce the amount of impurities in the leachate. Economic use seems to be another solution. An example would be growing energy crops but such application requires additional research.

12

Influence of pH in AOP on Humic Compounds Removal from Municipal Landfill Leachate Concentrate after Reverse Osmosis

Koc-Jurczyk Justyna, Jurczyk Łukasz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2019

|

Vol. 20, nr 2

161--168

EN

The choice of the optimal method of municipal waste landfill leachate treatment should take into account such factors as: the variability of their composition and quantity over time, requirements for effluent or economic capacity. Due to the variety of compounds found in landfill leachate, it is advised to use a combination of different treatment processes. Biological methods are effective in the treatment of leachates from young landfills, but generally their efficiency declines significantly with the age of the landfill. Therefore, the physicochemical methods, i.e. advanced oxidation, adsorption, membrane methods or a combination of the mentioned, are preferred. The aim of the study was the assessment of the Fenton’s reagent utilization to process reverse osmosis concentrate of leachates collected from municipal non-hazardous waste landfill. The research was focused on the influence of pH on the process. Additionally, the effectiveness of organic compounds removal, increasing the biodegradability, as well as humic substances transformations were determined. The concentrations of humic compounds were measured by means of optical density at the wavelengths: 254, 265, 280, 320, 465 and 665 nm. In the experiment, the H2O2/Fe2+ 10: 1 ratio was tested at with a dose of H2O2 equal to 3.4 g/l (0.1 M). It was found that the pH affects the efficiency of COD removal and the increase of the biodegradability of the landfill leachate retentate, as well as the removal of humic substances and its transformation. It was found that at pH 3, the highest removal of COD occurs, with simultaneous increase in biodegradability, and decrease of absorbance caused by humic compounds.

13

Wpływ pH na efektywność pogłębionego utleniania koncentratu odcieków składowiskowych po odwróconej osmozie

Koc-Jurczyk J., Jurczyk Ł., Masłoń A.

Technologia Wody

|

2018

|

Nr 2 (58)

35--40

PL

Wybór optymalnej metody oczyszczania odcieków ze składowisk odpadów komunalnych powinien uwzględniać zmienność ich składu i ilości w czasie, wymagania dotyczące oczyszczonych odcieków oraz możliwości ekonomiczne. Z uwagi na różnorodność związków znajdujących się w odciekach składowiskowych, konieczne jest zatem zastosowanie kombinacji kilku procesów. Metody biologiczne są efektywne w przypadku oczyszczania odcieków z młodych składowisk. Sprawność procesów biologicznych zdecydowanie zmniejsza się wraz z wiekiem składowiska. W związku z tym, preferowanymi metodami są metody fizyczno-chemiczne, czyli np. pogłębione utlenianie, adsorpcja lub metody membranowe. Celem pracy była ocena efektywności usuwania substancji organicznych metodą pogłębionego utleniania z odczynnikiem Fentona z koncentratu odcieków pobranych z funkcjonującej na składowisku instalacji odwróconej osmozy. W badaniach określono wpływ odczynu, w którym prowadzono reakcję, na efektywność usunięcia substancji organicznych wyrażonych wskaźnikami OWO, ChZT i BZT5, a także możliwości podniesienia podatności koncentratu na biodegradację.

EN

The choice of the optimal treatment method of leachate treatment from municipal waste landfills should take into account the variability of their composition and quantity over time, requirements for treated leachate and economic opportunities. Due to the variety of chemical compounds present in landfill leachate, it is therefore necessary to use a combination of several purification processes. Biological methods are effective in the treatment of landfill leachate from young landfills. The efficiency of biological processes declines significantly with the age of the landfill. Therefore, the preferred methods are physico-chemical methods – advanced oxidation processes, adsorption or membrane technology. The aim of the study was to evaluate the removal effectiveness of organic substances using the advanced oxidation processes with Fenton’s reagent from the concentrate of landfill leachate taken from the reverse osmosis plant operating in the landfill. In this studies, the effect of pH, in the reaction, the efficiency of removal of organic substances, expressed indicators TOC, COD and BOD5 as well as the possible increase in the susceptibility of the concentrate to biodegradation were determinated.

14

Wpływ relacji Fe:H2O2 na skład odcieków składowiskowych po oczyszczaniu metodą Fentona

Muszyńska J., Gawdzik J., Sikorski M.

Proceedings of ECOpole

|

2018

|

Vol. 12, No. 1

211--217

PL

W wyniku funkcjonowania składowisk odpadów powstają odcieki, które są odzwierciedleniem zmian zachodzących w czaszy składowiska. Na początku funkcjonowania składowiska powstają odcieki zawierające głównie produkty podatne na biodegradację, wraz z upływem czasu rośnie ilość związków trudno biodegradowalnych. Ze względu na zmienność składu i ilości powstających odcieków ich oczyszczanie jest trudnym zadaniem technologicznym i wymaga szeregu badań. Do oczyszczania odcieków stosowane są zarówno metody biologiczne, fizyczno-chemiczne, jak i metody pogłębionego utleniania, np. metoda Fentona. W artykule przedstawiono problematykę dotyczącą wpływu relacji Fe:H2O2 w procesie Fentona na skład oczyszczonych odcieków i redukcję wybranych zanieczyszczeń. Omówiono parametry fizyczno-chemiczne odcieków surowych oraz po procesie oczyszczania metodą Fentona. Celem badań, oprócz wykonania analiz chemicznych, było również określenie zależności pomiędzy stosunkiem Fe:H2O2 a efektem obniżenia wartości wybranych wskaźników zanieczyszczeń. Wyniki analiz odniesiono do dopuszczalnych zakresów stężeń wybranych substancji zamieszczonych w rozporządzeniach krajowych. Proces Fentona prowadzono przy stosunku wagowym Fe:H2O2 jak 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:10 przy dawce Fe co 50 g/m3 w zakresie od 50-400 g/m3. W odciekach surowych i oczyszczonych analizowano zawartość takich parametrów, jak ChZT, OWO, UV254, barwa. Na podstawie wyników badań wybrano optymalną relację Fe:H2O2. Wyjaśniono możliwe przyczyny niskiej skuteczności wysokich dawek Fe przy relacji Fe/H2O2 1:10.

EN

As a result of the storage of waste, generation of leachate reflect changes in the canopy landfill. At the beginning of landfill operation, the landfill leachate arise mainly products biodegradable, over time, increasing the number of non-biodegradable compounds. Due to the variability of the composition and quantity of leachate generated their cleaning is difficult and requires a number of technological research. For leachate treatment they are used both methods of biological and physico-chemical methods such as advanced oxidation e.g. Fenton’s method. The article presents the problem of the impact of the relationship between Fe/H2O2 ratio of process Fenton on the composition of treated effluent and a reduction of selected pollutants. The physico-chemical parameters of raw leachate and after the process of purification by Fenton have been discussed. The aim of the research, in addition to performing chemical analyses, was also to determine the relationship between the ratio Fe:H2O2 and the reduction of selected pollutants. The results of analyses related to the limit values given in national regulations. Fenton process was carried out at a weight of Fe: H2O2 ratio: 1: 3, 1: 5, 1: 7, 1:10 Fe at a dose of 50 g/m3 in the range of 50-400 g/m3. The leachate raw and analysed the contents of parameters such as COD, TOC, UV254, colour. Based on the results of research we selected the optimal ratio of Fe:H2O2. The possible causes of low effectiveness of high doses of Fe for the ratio Fe:H2O2 1:10 was explained.

15

Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Using Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes

Leszczyński J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2018

|

Vol. 19, nr 5

194--199

EN

The paper deals with the study on the use of the Fenton and photo-Fenton process for the treatment of landfill leachates from a stabilized landfill site. The effluents were characterized by pH of 8.1, color: 1320 mg Pt/L, COD of 1670 mg/L, of BOD5 155 mg/L, conductivity of 10.3 mS/cm, absorbance of UV254 0.332 and turbidity of 11 NTU. It has been shown that by using Fe(II) and hydrogen peroxide in the Fenton reaction, the organic compounds expressed as COD can be efficiently removed from the effluents. The process was carried out at various doses of H2O2 and Fe(II), using different reaction times in the Fenton process and different times of exposure in the photo-Fenton process. The best conditions for the Fenton process were obtained with a Fe/COD ratio of 1.4 and a H2O2/Fe molar ratio of 3.2. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of COD was 85.8%. It was also shown that additional UV irradiation of leachate in the so-called photo-Fenton process and the use of appropriate hydrogen peroxide dosing conditions, can increase the effectiveness of COD removal. The maximum effect of COD removal in the photo-Fenton process was 70.7% at a dose of H2O2 3.3 g/L and a dose of Fe(II) of 0.6g Fe/L. An additional advantage of the photo-Fenton process is the ability to shorten the reaction time and reduce the dose of iron, which can thus reduce the amount of deposits generated.

16

Pretreatment of Stabilized Landfill Leachate Using Ozone

Kwarciak-Kozłowska A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2018

|

Vol. 19, nr 5

186--193

EN

The paper presents the possibility of using the ozonation process in landfill leachate pretreatment. The study was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, the landfill leachate was subjected only to the ozone, with the dose varying from 10 mg/dm3 to 40 mg/dm3. As part of this stage of research, the effect of changes in the pH of wastewater undergoing the process of ozonation on the efficiency of TOC removal was examined. For all the tested pH values (pH = 3.5, pH = 7 pH = 8.5 pH = 10), the TOC removal rate constant (kRowo) during ozonization was determined. In the second stage of the study, the ozonation process was facilitated by UV radiation. Additionally in this stage, the rate of generation of OH• radicals was accelerated by the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the reactor. The COD: H2O2 ratio by weight was 1:2.5, 1:5 and 1:10 and 1:20. In the last stage of the study, we attempted to assist the ozonation process using ultrasonic field. The employed vibration amplitude amounted to 25μm and sonication time equalled 300 seconds. It was found that the ozonation process is the most effective at alkaline pH (8.5). The TOC removal efficiency was 37% (346 mg/dm3) after 60 minutes of ozonation. The best results of pollutants oxidation measured as COD and TOC removal were observed when the dose of ozone was 20 mg/dm3. The combination of sonication and ozonation has resulted in a reduction of COD and TOC values by 370 mg/dm3 and 126 mg/3, respectively, in comparison to the ozonation process alone. It was found that the most effective process in landfill leachate treatment is the combination of ozonation with hydrogen peroxide addition (COD:H2O2=1:10). The COD, TOC and BOD values were 65%, 62% and 36% lower, respectively, in comparison to ozonation process conducted alone.

17

Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill on Environment – a Case Study

Vaverková M. D., Adamcová D., Zloch J., Radziemska M., Boas Berg A., Voběrková S., Maxianová A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 4

55--68

EN

Landfill is the oldest and the most common form of removal and disposal of waste, constituting the final disposal method of municipal solid waste (MSW). It is well known that the impact of MSW landfills can cause pollution of all environmental components. The negative environmental impact of landfills can be reduced by applying protection technologies and appropriate solid waste management technologies. The present study undertook monitoring of the Štěpánovice MSW landfill influence on the environment. The spatial characteristics of the area influenced by the landfill and the possible impact of leachate using phytotoxicity tests were carried out. The landfill itself is engineered, with bottom liner and leachate and landfill gas collection and treatment system. The landfill has not had any direct and significant influence on the surrounding environment and water quality so far.

18

Biological Removal of Ammonia from Municipal Landfill Leachate (Kozodrza, Poland) at Limited Oxygen Access and Presence of Kaldnes Media

Jurczyk Ł., Koc-Jurczyk J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 2

131--139

EN

The effect of filling the sequential batch reactor (SBR) with Kaldnes biomass carrier media on the effectiveness of landfill leachate treatment was examined. The experiment was carried out under limited access to oxygen (0.5–1.0 mg·L-1). The raw leachate was characterized with the COD concentration at the level of 7758 mg·L-1, BOD5 – 904 mg·L-1, and NH4+ – 980 mg·L-1. The nitrogen loading rate (NLR) was low and amounted to 0.3 kg·m-3·d-1. The fill fraction had no effect on the concentration of contaminants in effluents, but turned out to be significant as far as the ammonia nitrogen loss rate was concerned. During the first six hours of SBR operation, the reaction rate increased from 0.64 mg·L-1·h-1 to 6.85 mg·L-1·h-1 with increasing fill fraction. In the remaining time (7–23 h) in the case of the reactor operating only with suspended activated sludge, and the one with 10% of filtration media, the reaction rate was comparable, i.e. 27.24 mg·L-1·h-1 and 27.02 mg·L-1·h-1, respectively. Increasing the fill fraction to 20% resulted in a decrease of the reaction rate to 18.28 mg· L-1·h-1.

19

The suitability of the Lepidium test for assessing the toxicity of leachate from a municipal landfill

Robaczewska-Chryczyk E., Fijałkowski K., Kamizela T.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2018

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T. 21, nr 3

227--238

EN

Sealing of landfill and treatment of leachate is a very important issue in the operation of the landfill, part of which is monitoring of leachate. In addition to the assessment of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, monitoring of leachate should also involve the assessment of leachate phytotoxicity. This is particularly important in the case of migration of leachate and its impact on the soil and water environment. The aim of this study was to determine phytotoxicity of leachate from a municipal landfill based on the plant stress test (the Lepidium test). The Lepidium test was considered as useful in the assessment of toxicity of landfill leachate, resulting from changes in the plant growth depending on leachate concentration in the solution. The use of the Lepidium test allowed for the determination of an approximate threshold volume of leachate which leads to the inhibition of test plant growth. Undisturbed plant development was achieved in the environment with leachate concentrations below 1÷2%. It is also suggested that the test methodology should be extended in order to measure protein concentration. The usefulness of measuring peroxidase was not demonstrated. Based on the values of physico-chemical indicators of leachate and the content of metals, no significant toxic factors were found to inhibit the growth of the test plant.

PL

Wody odciekowe ze składowisk odpadów komunalnych charakteryzują się wysoką koncentracją składników organicznych i nieorganicznych, w tym metali ciężkich i wielu niebezpiecznych substancji organicznych. Wody odciekowe są również uważane za potencjalne źródło mikroorganizmów chorobotwórczych. Uszczelnienie składowiska oraz oczyszczanie wód odciekowych stanowi bardzo istotne zagadnienie eksploatacyjne składowiska odpadów, którego częścią jest monitoring odcieków. Monitoring wód odciekowych, oprócz charakterystyki ilościowo-jakościowej, powinien opierać się również na ocenie fitotoksyczności odcieków. Ma to szczególne znaczenie w przypadku migracji wód odciekowych i ich wpływu na środowisko gruntowo-wodne. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było ustalenie fitotoksyczności wód odciekowych ze składowiska odpadów komunalnych na podstawie roślinnych testów stresowych. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań uzyskanych w teście Lepidium oraz zawartości białek i peroksydazy występujących w roślinie testowej. Badania określały możliwość rozwoju bądź zahamowania wzrostu rośliny, która została poddana czynnikowi stresowemu, jakim były różne dawki wód odciekowych. Test Lepidium został uznany za przydatny test w ustalaniu toksyczności odcieków ze składowisk odpadów. Zastosowanie tego testu pozwoliło ustalić przybliżoną progową objętość odcieku, która wpłynęła na hamowanie rozwoju roślin testowych. Niezakłócony rozwój roślin osiągnięto w środowisku o stężeniu odcieków nieprzekraczającym 1÷2%. W celu pełniejszego badania toksyczności odcieków proponuje się zastosowanie testu Lepidium wraz z równoległym pomiarem stężenia białek. Nie stwierdzono przydatności pomiaru peroksydaz. Na podstawie wartości wskaźników fizykochemicznych odcieków i zawartości metali nie stwierdzono istotnych czynników toksycznych hamujących rozwój badanej rośliny.

20

Zastosowanie zmodyfikowanej metody Fentona do oczyszczania odcieków składowiskowych

Muszyńska J., Gawdzik J., Sikorski M.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2018

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Nr 9

339--342

PL

Silnie stężone odcieki składowiskowe wymagają specjalistycznego traktowania, a wybierając technologię oczyszczania należy uwzględnić, m.in. zmieniający się skład chemiczny odcieku i jego ilość oraz kapitałochłonność metody. Alternatywą dla konwencjonalnych metod oczyszczania coraz częściej stają się metody pogłębionego utleniania, do których należy proces Fentona. Badania nad zastosowaniem metody Fentona do oczyszczania odcieków prowadzono na próbach pobieranych ze składowiska odpadów w Barczy. W odciekach przed, jak i po procesie oczyszczania oznaczano zawartość wybranych parametrów (m.in. ChZT, OWO, Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Na, Ni, K, Pb, Zn) zgodnie z obowiązującymi normami. Efektywność procesu Fentona w oczyszczaniu odcieków składowiskowych badano przy proporcji Fe2+:H2O2 wynoszącej 1:3. Badania przeprowadzono dla dwóch opcji: dawka Fe2+ i H2O2 była podana w całości na początku procesu a w drugiej opcji dawka Fe2+ była podana w całości na początku procesu a dawkę H2O2 dodano w 4 równych porcjach co 30 min.

EN

Highly concentrated landfill leachate requires specialized treatment and the choice of treatment technology should be taken into consideration, eg. the varying chemical composition of the leachate and its quantity and the capital intensity of the method. An alternative to conventional cleaning methods is becoming more and more inexpensive oxidation methods, which can be followed by the Fenton process. Tests on the use of Fenton's leachate cleaning methods were carried out on samples taken from the landfill sites near to Barcza. In effluents before and after the purification process, the content of the pollutants selected was determined according to the standards in force (eg. COD, TOC, elements as: Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Na, Ni, K, Pb, Zn). The effectiveness of the Fenton process was investigated in the treatment of landfill leachate at a ratio of Fe2+: H2O2 as 1: 3. The tests was conducted for two options: Fe2+ and H2O2 were introduced at the beginning of the process and in the alternative approach to this case, Fe2+ was given at the start of the process and H2O2 was added in 4 equal portions every 30 minutes.