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1

Long-term variability of runoff from a small agricultural catchment of the North Masovian Lowland

Kolasińska Karolina, Kierasiński Bartosz, Karpińska Katarzyna, Szymczak Tomasz, Banasik Kazimierz

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 58

212--219

EN

Changes of land use, population and climate cause spatial and temporal changes in renewable water resources. For better understanding of the changes and effective management of water resources, hydrological investigations in river catchments are carried out around the world. A special investigation involves a study of hydrological processes in small site-specific catchments. The aim of the study is to analyse three characteristic river flows of a small lowland river on the basis of field surveys over two multiannual periods and to evaluate the applicability of indirect methods for determining characteristic flows in the catchment. Hydrological studies in the small agricultural catchment of the Mławka River, located in the Mławka Hills mesoregion, a part of the North Mazovian Lowland macro-region, have continued since 1966. The recorded data were used to determine daily flows and selected characteristic flows for multiannual periods of 1966-1990 and 1991-2020. To determine characteristic flows with indirect methods, three regional formulae and isorea methods were used. The study showed a decrease in renewable water resources over the period. In the multiannual periods, the average flow at the gauge station of Mławka River decreased by 15.6%. The outflow coefficient decreased from 0.303 to 0.265. The minimum annual flows also decreased by 29.1% and annual maximum flows showed an average increase by 19.7%. The use of indirect methods to determine the mean flow yielded results that converged with those from the second multiannual period.

2

Monitoring Land Use and Land Cover Changes Using Remote Sensing Techniques and the Precipitation-Vegetation Indexes in Morocco

Ait El Haj Fatiha, Ouadif Latifa, Akhssas Ahmed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

272--286

EN

The study of land use and land cover change (LULC) is essential for the development of strategies, monitoring and control of the ecosystem. The present study aims to describe the dynamics of land cover and land use, and specially the impact of certain climatic parameters on the distribution of vegetation and land cover. For this study, multi-temporal remote sensing data are used to monitor land cover changes in Morocco, using a set of Landsat images, including Landsat 7 (ETM+), Landsat 5 (TM), and Landsat 8 (OLI), captured during the period 2000–2020, those changes were determined by adopting the maximum likelihood (ML) classification method. The classification results show good accuracy values in the range of 90% (2000), 80% (2007), 82% (2010), 93% (2020). The LU/LC change detection showed a decrease of agricultural and forest areas in the order of 5% between the year 2000 and 2020, and an increase of bare soil of 5% to 6%, and a notable change in urban area from 97.31 ha (0.03%) in 2000 to 2988.2637 ha (0.82%) in 2020. The overall results obtained from LULC show that the vegetation cover of the study area has undergone major changes during the study period. In order to monitor the vegetation status, an analysis of the precipitation-vegetation interaction is essential. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was determined from 2000 to 2020, to identify vegetation categories and quantify the vegetation density in the Lakhdar sub-basin. The obtained NDVI was analyzed using climatic index SPI (Normalized Precipitation Index) based on rainfall data from five stations. The correlation study between NDVI and SPI indices shows a strong linear relation between these two indicators especially while using an annual index SPI12 however, the use of NDVI index based on remote sensing provides a significant result while assessing vegetation. The results of our study can be used for vegetation monitoring and sustainable management of the area, since it is one of the largest basins in the country.

3

Land use change in suburban zone : European context of urban sprawl

Kazak Jan K., Błasik Magdalena, Świąder Małgorzata

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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Special Issue

92--98

EN

Quantifying and understanding global land use change and its spatial and temporal dynamics is critical to supporting international policy debates. The main area of transformation of spatial structures nowadays are suburban areas of the largest cities. Constant land development and urbanization, including such forms as urban sprawl, influence significant changes in land use. The aim of this study was to analyse a land use change pattern in a selected rural area which is under pressure of spatial development of a regional city. Data used for a land use change detection was based opensource Urban Atlas dataset for 2006, 2012, and 2018, enriched by recent update from 2021 orthophoto map. Spatial analyses presenting statistics of land use change were conducted in QGIS. Besides analysis of land use change, the paper discusses observed spatial patterns also taking into account changing social, environmental and economic conditions and spatial policies influencing land cover complexity. Understanding these dynamics would help better spatial management of real estates for more sustainable land development.

4

Sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources considering the effects of climate change and land use to provide adaptation solutions (case study of the Hashtgerd plain)

Hanifehlou Abolfazl, Hosseini Seyed Abbas, Javadi Saman, Sharafati Ahmad

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 4

1829--1846

EN

Population growth and increasing demand for water have posed a significant challenge to access to safe water resources. Climate change and land use in the not-too-distant future add to the complexity of this challenge. Therefore, it is essential to achieve reliable methods for predicting changes in aquifer storage to plan for the sustainable use of groundwater resources. This study aimed to investigate the management, protection, and sustainable use of groundwater resources under climate change and land use change conditions. In this regard, groundwater supply and demand in one of the important plains in Iran (Hashtgerd plain) for 2020 as the base year was simulated to forecast the trends until 2050 by considering climate change and land use to develop management scenarios to adapt to these conditions using the WEAP model. First, climate change prediction was performed using the HadGEM2-ES model under two emission scenarios, RCP2.6, and RCP8.5, of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. The LARS-WG model was used to downscale the climatic data, while land use mapping was performed using Landsat satellite images of 1990, 2005, and 2020 in ENVI 5.3 software. Then, the Markov chain method implemented in TerrSet software was used to model land use change for 2050. The effect of climate change and land use on the decrease of groundwater level was then simulated using the MODFLOW model for the period 2020–2050. In order to manage the water allocation in the area, the information obtained from MODFLOW was transferred to the WEAP model using Link Kitchen interface software. The effects of various management scenarios such as increasing irrigation efficiency, reducing the loss of drinking water distribution networks, and allocating water from the transmission line were evaluated on the adaptation to climate change and land use for a 30-year period. The results showed that with the simultaneous con sideration of climate change and land use in the most critical state, the average drop in groundwater level would reach 58 m during the study period, and aquifer reserves will be reduced by more than 50%. The evaluation of management scenarios showed that their implementation not only will protect aquifer reserves but, in addition to meeting 100% of the water needs, will result in sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources.

5

Impact of Land Use/Cover Changes on the Flow of the Zarqa River in Jordan

Shammout Maisa'a W., Shatanawi Khaldoun, Al-Bakri Jawad, Abualhaija Mahmoud M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 10

40--50

EN

This paper investigated the impact of land use/cover changes on the flow of the Zarqa River in Jordan over a period of twenty-eight years. The land use/cover maps were derived using a set of medium spatial images with full scenes for the years 1989, 2002, 2011 and 2017. These images correspond to the river flow data for the same hydrological rainy seasons. The component of the river flow consists of the base-flow, flood and contribution of effluent from treatment plants. Base-flow was separated from hydrographs and effluent contribution was obtained. Runoff coefficient was determined as the ratio of flood volume to rainfall volume. The land use/cover maps were classified as urban fabrics, bare rocks, open rangelands and bare soils, agricultural areas, agro-forestry, and water bodies. During the study period, urban areas increased from 4.87% to 16.14%, and agricultural areas increased from 21.69% to 31.66%. The areas of rangelands and bare soil decreased from 34.91% to 22.57% and bare rocks from 35.98% to 27.57%, respectively. The increase in urban and agricultural areas resulted in runoff coefficient improvement from 1.89% in 1989/1990 to 2.72% for 2016/2017. The results could be useful for planners and decision makers for future flow management in the Zarqa River Basin. The approach and results of this study confirm the findings of similar studies for land and water management.

6

Reconsidering Land System Changes in Borderlands: Insights from the China-ASEAN Borderland

Hua Xiaobo, Kono Yasuyuki

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2020

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Vol. 15, nr 1

179--187

EN

This study contributes to the literature on how to explicitly describe, track, and interpret the structure and dynamics of land systems in borderlands. The shift in land system science analytics from place-based toward larger-scale analysis of interactions and connections in a globalized context provides an opportunity to synthesize the knowledge about borderlands. This paper argues that studies on land system changes in borderlands need to thoroughly link the features of borderland regions with multiple interactions – on either or both sides of a border – rather than simply focusing on shifts within closed national boundaries. Furthermore, this paper provides important insights that can advance existing approaches to track and interpret changes in the land systems of borderlands.

PL

Niniejsze opracowanie przyczynia się do jednoznacznego opisu, śledzenia i interpretacji struktury i dynamiki systemów lądowych na obszarach przygranicznych. Przejście w analizie nauk o systemie lądowym z analizy opartej na miejscu na analizę interakcji i połączeń na większą skalę w zglobalizowanym kontekście daje możliwość nowej syntezy wiedzy na temat pogranicza. W niniejszym artykule wykazuje się, że badania zmian w systemie lądowym na obszarach przygranicznych muszą dokładnie wiązać cechy regionów przygranicznych z wieloma interakcjami – po jednej lub po obu stronach granicy – zamiast koncentrować się wyłącznie na przesunięciach w obrębie zamkniętych granic krajowych. Ponadto niniejszy artykuł zawiera ważne informacje, które mogą usprawnić istniejące podejścia do śledzenia i interpretacji zmian w systemach lądowych pogranicza.

7

Historical land use conversion in Kraków’s metropolitan zone

Prus Barbara, Nowak Arkadiusz

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2019

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no. 4

93--107

EN

Land use conversion is a dynamic process that occurs all over the world. The scale of this process is global, and depends on related driving forces. There are numerous case studies of land use changes but only a few synthesise the results. The aim of the study is to analyse historical land use conversions in two villages located in peri-urban areas of the city of Kraków, and in particular, to indicate the directions of these changes associated with the distance of the given village to Kraków. The examples of two villages were selected so as to indicate the direction of changes in the immediate vicinity of the city as well as in a zone further outside the city. The aim is also to present a possible approach to monitoring the long-term development of these areas. As regards Poland, the expansion of urban pattern of land development outside the administrative boundaries of cities results in direct interference in agricultural production space, and not infrequently in areas having particular natural and cultural values. This is also the case within the zone of the direct impact of the city of Kraków on areas located to the south of the urban agglomeration. The article confirms that the changes involve the conversion of agricultural areas into built-up and urbanised areas. Nevertheless, the study results indicate an unexpected increase in the area of wasteland in close vicinity of the city, despite soil conditions being favourable to pursuing agricultural activities. It is a long-term study, which considers precise maps showing land use structure. It is the first step towards designing multi-scale studies that would consider land use changes in the neighbourhood of metropolitan areas.

8

Land Use Change Monitoring as a Task of Local Government Administration in Poland

Noszczyk T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 1

170--176

EN

The paper looks into the issues related to the monitoring of land use change by voivodeship marshals in Poland. The author intended to provoke the academic circles to devote more attention to this matter as well. The analysis involved the publicly available materials and the information from websites of 16 marshal offices and Polish acts of law made available in the Online Database of Legal Acts. The paper includes an analysis of the changes in land use monitoring legislation in Poland and when the obligation was first introduced. It was further verified whether all the offices publish the documents relevant to the monitoring. It was found out that half of the voivodeships failed to publish the materials related to the performance of this statutory task. This results in a varied availability of the documents and prevents potentially interested parties from familiarising themselves with the land use change monitoring issues.

9

Changes of Ortolan Bunting (Emberiza hortulana L.) Habitats and Implications for the Species Presence in SE Moravia, Czech Republic

Skokanová H., Havlíček M., Unar P., Janík D., Šimeček K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 1

98--112

EN

The study focuses on the changes of Ortolan Bunting (Emberizia hortulana L.) habitats, which occurred during the last 20 years, and the implications of these changes for the presence of the species population in south-eastern Moravia, Czech Republic. The research was based on aerial photographs and field work. We have identified habitats that were favoured by Ortolan Bunting in the study area on the basis of expert knowledge and by spatial analysis. We found that these habitats experienced statistically significant decline in their area. The decline was steeper in the region where Ortolan Bunting occurred only in the 1990s and was smaller in the region where the bird was present from late 1990s till 2012. However, our analyses did not confirm direct relationship between the habitat changes and the decline of Ortolan Bunting population, i.e. we did not find that decline of favourable habitat significantly affected decline of the species population. The main reasons for the decrease of favourable habitats in the study area are changes in agricultural practices, especially spread of mechanisation that have caused an increase in the size of fields and a drastic reduction of groups of trees and solitary trees. Additionally, widespread grassing of vineyards and other plots as a result of integrated and organic farming contributed to the decrease of favourable habitats. Practices in the form of planting new trees and leaving parts of managed land bare to be used for mitigating the decline of the bird population were discussed.

10

Zagrożenia dla cennych nieleśnych siedlisk przyrodniczych Ostoi Wigierskiej związane z rozwojem turystyki

Sikorski P., Żołnierczuk M., Sikorska D., Wierzba M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2013

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Vol. 22, No. 4

413--425

PL

Aktywna turystyka oraz wprowadzanie zabudowy w obszarach o bardzo dużych walorach przyrodniczych stanowią duże zagrożenie dla cennych siedlisk, w tym siedlisk Natura 2000. W niniejszej pracy oceniano zagrożenia ze strony turystyki dla nieleśnych siedlisk przyrodniczych w Ostoi Wigierskiej. Wyznaczono tereny charakteryzujące się jednocześnie dużymi walorami przyrodniczymi i najwyższą atrakcyjności dla odwiedzającego. Nie stwierdzono dużego zagrożenia ze strony aktywnej turystyki, ponieważ jedynie 0,7 ha obszaru spełniało powyższe kryteria. Problem stanowi jednak powierzchnia nowo powstającej zabudowy wprowadzanej na obszary cennych siedlisk przyrodniczych. Tworzenie map atrakcyjności dla wypoczynku i monitoring zabudowy są podstawą ochrony przed zniszczeniami najcenniejszych siedlisk Ostoi Wigierskiej wywołanymi przez ruch turystyczny.

EN

Active tourism and new dwellings in ecologically valuable areas are reported to be threat to valuable plant communities, including Natura 2000 habitats. In this work authors assessed the effect of tourism on non-forest habitats in the Ostoja Wigierska. Areas of both – the highest ecological value and the most attractive to visitors were distinguished. No substantial threat was affirmed, as only 0.7 ha of area fulfilled both conditions. More alarming is the growth of new built-up areas that are replacing ecologically valuable habitats. Creating attractiveness maps for recreation and monitoring of built-up areas are a tool for degradation of most precious habitats in the Ostoja Wigierska caused by touristic activities.

11

Land cover change assessment of vaal harts irrigation scheme using multi-temporal satellite sata

Otieno F. A., Ojo O. I., Ochieng G. M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2013

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Vol. 39, no. 4

59--70

EN

Land cover change (LCC) is important to assess the land use/land cover changes with respect to the development activities like irrigation. The region selected for the study is Vaal Harts Irrigation Scheme (VHS) occupying an area of approximately 36, 325 hectares of irrigated land. The study was carried out using Land sat data of 1991, 2001, 2005 covering the area to assess the changes in land use/land cover for which supervised classification technique has been applied. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) index was also done to assess vegetative change conditions during the period of investigation. By using the remote sensing images and with the support of GIS the spatial pattern of land use change of Vaal Harts Irrigation Scheme for 15 years was extracted and interpreted for the changes of scheme. Results showed that the spatial difference of land use change was obvious. The analysis reveals that 37.86% of additional land area has been brought under fallow land and thus less irrigation area (18.21%). There is an urgent need for management program to control the loss of irrigation land and therefore reclaim the damaged land in order to make the scheme more viable.

12

Influence of afforestation on water regime in Jizera Catchments, Czech Republic

Romanowicz R.J., Kulasová A., Ředinová J., Blazková S.D.

Acta Geophysica

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2012

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Vol. 60, no. 4

1120-1142

EN

This paper studies the influence of afforestation on the water regime in two catchments in the Jizera Mountains that are similar in size and altitude but have different afforestation pattern. In this paper a range of different modelling tools is used to establish whether the differences in catchment water regime can be quantified and attributed to differences in catchment characteristics. Frequency analysis of low and high flows and a number and duration of flows over a threshold value are used to look for the differences in flow regime in both catchments. Low flow conditions are modelled using the Wittenberg nonlinear store approach. A rainfall-runoff process is modelled using a Data Based Mechanistic approach. The results indicate that the differences in the catchment response to external climatic factors outweigh the influence of land use apart from the low flows, where the changes in the response might be attributed to afforestation.

13

"Red book" of the Hungarian landscapes atlas of the threaths on the natural functioning of the 229 Hungarian microregions

Csorba P., Szabo J., Bodnar R., Szilagyi Z., Szabo G., Szabo S., Novak T., Fazekas I.

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2008

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nr 8

43--60

EN

For the good established landscape planning landscape protection and landscape management actions have to take into consideration the actual conditions of the landscape elements. Earlier we dealt with the stability of the landscapes (Kerényi, Csorba, 1996), recently started to investigate the most important factors, which are endangers the proper functioning of the landscapes. Results are calculated for 229 microregions of the country, which are elements of the official landscape hierarchy of Hungary described in the Cadastral of Microregions of Hungary. The average size of the microregions are 100-500 km2. There are certain factors among which some have already elaborated, and others are being worked on yet. Degree of ecological fragmentation of the microregions by roads, railway lines and settlements was determined during the last year. In the case of large settlements the extent of inner parts, traffic intensities of the roads was taken into account, while in the case of railroads it was taken into consideration whether railway lines are single or double tracked. Results were purified using a weighting, where the location of the protected natural areas compared to the situation of the given settlement, roads or railroads was taken into consideration. In the calculations it was taken into account as well that the agglomeration processes of the large settlements may restrict the ecological gates and corridors of the migration of plant and animal species. From the series of maps on natural threats on microregional level, the map of the hazards of drought is presented first. The map gives a definite answer to the question, in which microregions is profitable to establish irrigation systems; and how high is the uncertainty of the rate of their utilization. Global warming, however, may modulate the map resented here remarkably in the next decades. Microregions that have been classified into transition categories with moderate or medium level of drought hazard may fall into categories of serious hazard of drought in the future. A synthesizing map has been completed by summing the seven datasets of the indicator group of natural hazards and the weighting of the subsets. Landscape planning is strongly affected by tendencies of macro economy on the present land use structure. EU agricultural policies have just started to affect strongly on Hungarian land use structure, therefore attempts have been made in order to forecast their impacts. Present Hungarian land use structure has been compared to priorities of the EU. Prospective shifts in land use structure have been determined for the 35 regions of Hungary. According to the 8-10 factors mentioned above, we shall have a detailed database to evaluate the microregions of Hungary in order to characterize the most threatened landscapes, and the most dangerous impacts on the landscape functioning.

14

Hydrochemical evaluation of surface water in the mountain catchments

Twardy S., Kuźniar A., Kopacz M.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2001

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no. 5

45-56

EN

This paper presents analysis of meteorological, hydrological and hydro-chemical records collected in the years 1995-1998 in the upper catchment of the Grajcarek (the Small Pieniny Mountains). It was found that irrespective of water stages, concentrations of chemical components were at an average level. The loads, however, were significantly diversified. At lower stages, they constituted 4-7 per cent of the annual load, and at extremely high stages 23-33 per cent. The lower loads of all components were flowing out of the catchment A. The authors link this fact with the high afforestation of this basin. From the above data the conclusion can be drawn that the land use of a catchment has an effect on the chemical components of the runoff. It has particular importance in the case of mountain areas in view of the threat of water erosion.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań meteorologicznych, hydrologicznych i hydrochemicznych prowadzonych w latach 1995-1998 w Małych Pieninach, w zlewni potoku Grajcarka, prawobrzeżnego dopływu Dunajca. Stwierdzono, że przy zróżnicowanych charakterystycznych odpływach średnie stężenia badanych składników chemicznych były zbliżone do siebie. Natomiast odprowadzane ładunki były wyraźnie zróżnicowane. W czasie stanów niskich odprowadzane było ze zlewni od 4 do 7% ładunku rocznego, zaś przy stanach ekstremalnie wysokich aż od 23 do 33%. Niższe wielkości ładunków odnotowano w zlewni A. Autorzy wiążą ten fakt z dużym zalesieniem powierzchni tej zlewni. Z przedstawionych danych wynika, że sposób użytkowania zlewni wpływa na jakość wód, a w szczególności na ilość odprowadzanego ładunku zanieczyszczeń. Szczególnie istotne jest to w przypadku zlewni górskich, gdzie występuje zwiększona erozja wodna gleb.