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1

New evidences of Holocene tectonic and volcanic activity of the western part of Lake Sevan (Armenia)

Avagyan Ara, Sahakyan Lilit, Meliksetian Khachatur, Karakhanyan Arkadi, Lavrushin Vasily, Atalyan Tatul, Hovakimyan Hayk, Avagyan Seda, Tozalakyan Petros, Shalaeva Evgenia, Chatainger Christine, Sokolov Sergey, Sahakov Arkadi, Alaverdyan Gagik

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 2

288--303

EN

The purpose of this paper is to present new data on active geological processes in the Lake Sevan Basin and to show its multidisciplinary aspects. The investigations of its structures, recent lake sediments, and lake floor gas emission allow a better understanding of the history of geological development and the recent tectonic and volcanic activity of the basin. This paper summarizes underwater investigations of active geological features of Lake Sevan, undertaken for the first time in Armenia. More than 30 aligned underwater-source related gas emission points were discovered. The gas contains carbon dioxide of volcanic or volcanogenic-metamorphogenic origin and can be related to unloading of deep fluid systems. This allows defining the Noratus-Kanagegh Fault segment trace below the recent Lake Sevan floor sediments. The discovery of the subaqueous segment of active fault shows the presence of another natural hazard of lake tsunami related to possible future co-seismic rupture. The recent sediments of the northwestern Lake Sevan coastline are sandwiched between two blocky lava flows. The radiocarbon dating of bones of bovine mammals (with entire skull), found ~15 cm from the cover of the lake sediments, suggests that the upper blocky basaltic-andesite layer can be a result of eruption younger than ~3400 years BP. About 80 m of the Noratus sequence sediments have been sampled for palaeomagnetic study and the age of 3.1-2.3 Ma for the lower part (42 m) is obtained. The upper and post-Gelasian activity of the Noratus-Kanagegh Fault is proven by a cross-cutscoria layer of 2.30 ±0.15 Ma K/Ar age.

2

Environmental changes during the last millennium recorded in subfossil Cladocera, diatoms and sediment geochemistry from Lake El Sol (Central Mexico)

Zawisza E., Cuna E., Caballero M, Ruiz-Fernandez A. C., Szeroczyńska K., Woszczyk W., Zawiska I.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 61, No. 1

81--90

EN

High-altitude lakes, which are very sensitive ecosystems and respond rapidly to climatic changes, are one of the best targets for palaeolimnological studies. Here, we present the record of environmental changes over the last millennium that are recorded in the sediments of El Sol, a tropical, high-altitude, volcanic crater lake on the Nevado de Toluca, Central Mexico. Palaeolimnological reconstructions are based on subfossil Cladocera, diatoms, magnetic susceptibility and chemical analysis of the sediments. In general, Cladocera occurring in tropical regions, and especially at high altitude, have been studied very little. Our data indicate that in the sequence studied, the species diversity of subfossil Cladocera is very low. Only four species were recorded, and the assemblage is dominated by littoral species. Two Cladocera taxa, Alona manueli and Ilyocryptus, found at Lake El Sol are endemic. Cladocera, diatoms and the sediment chemistry show changes in Lake El Sol which are mostly related to climate. The most pronounced climatic signal was obtained for the early Little Ice Age (1350–1625 AD). This cold episode was expressed by a reduction in the frequency of zooplankton (individuals/cm2/yr) and diatoms (valves/g of dry sediment) and by changes in the organic carbon content in the sediment. Our results show that human activity was very limited throughout the study period. According to historical data the presence of humans at the lake shore was mostly occasional, usually for ceremonial and ritual purposes, and humans did not have an important influence on the lake ecosystem. Only one period was identified when human activity was important. This period corresponds to the introduction of fish into the lake at the beginning of the 20th century.

3

Precipitation of calcium carbonate in a shallow polymictic coastal lake : assessing the role of primary production, organic matter degradation and sediment mixing

Woszczyk M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 1

86--99

EN

In this paper, the genesis of carbonates in a shallow, polymictic and eutrophic coastal lake (Lake Sarbsko, Poland) is deciphered. Emphasis is placed upon the relationship between carbonate sedimentation and microbial degradation of organic matter, as well as on vertical mixing of sediments. The cycling of carbonates in the lake was investigated through the analysis of lake water chemistry (pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, alkalinity, SIcalc) and the stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon and sedimentary calcite. It is shown that the calcite is precipitated within a relatively short time owing to the coincidence between the activity of photosynthesizing phytoplankton, the microbial decomposition of organic matter, and the physical mixing of lake deposits. In turn, the precipitated calcite is prone to dissolution within the sediments. The data presented in this paper can be applied to explain the processes affecting the carbonate saturation in freshwater systems and to interpret δ13C signatures in the sediments of shallow lakes.

4

Factors influencing temporal changes in chemical composition of biogenic deposits in the middle Tążyna River Valley (Kuyavian Lakeland, central Poland)

Okupny D., Rzepecki S., Borówka R. K., Forysiak J., Twardy J., Fortuniak A., Tomkowiak J.

Geologos

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 2

121--136

EN

The present paper discusses the influence of geochemical properties on biogenic deposits in the Wilkostowo mire near Toruń, central Poland. The analysed core has allowed the documentation of environmental changes between the older part of the Atlantic Period and the present day (probably interrupted at the turn of the Meso- and Neoholocene). In order to reconstruct the main stages in the sedimentation of biogenic deposits, we have used stratigraphic variability of selected litho-geochemical elements (organic matter, calcium carbonate, biogenic and terrigenous silica, macro- and micro-elements: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni). The main litho-geochemical component is CaCO3; its content ranges from 4.1 per cent to 92 per cent. The variability of CaCO3 content reflects mainly changes in hydrological and geomorphological conditions within the catchment area. The effects of prehistoric anthropogenic activities in the catchment of the River Tążyna, e.g., the use of saline water for economic purposes, are recorded in a change from calcareous gyttja into detritus-calcareous gyttja sedimentation and an increased content of lithophilous elements (Na, K, Mg and Ni) in the sediments. Principal component analysis (PCA) has enabled the distinction the most important factors that affected the chemical composition of sediments at the Wilkostowo site, i.e., mechanical and chemical denudation processes in the catchment, changes in redox conditions, bioaccumulation of selected elements and human activity. Sediments of the Wilkostowo mire are located in the direct vicinity of an archaeological site, where traces of intensive settlement dating back to the Neolithic have been documented. The settlement phase is recorded both in lithology and geochemical properties of biogenic deposits which fill the reservoir formed at the bottom of the Parchania Canal Valley.

5

Wpływ zmian klimatu na osadnictwo prehistoryczne Mazur w kontekście badań osadów jeziornych

Chodyka M., Nitychoruk J., Welc F., Rogóż A., Lubańska Z., Grudniewski T.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2016

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z. 63, nr 3

43--50

PL

Badania zmian klimatu odbywają się z dużym sukcesem na osadach jeziornych. Przedstawione w artykule dotychczasowe badania ujmowały zagadnienia antropopresji na dużym obszarze przy uwzględnianiu badań pojedynczych jezior, co dawało wnioski ciekawe ale dosyć ogólne. Zaproponowana w pracy koncepcja badań stawia na pierwszym miejscu bezpośredni związek obiektu archeologicznego z towarzyszącym mu jeziorem. Badanie i tym samym wyszczególnienie faz osadniczych opiera się głównie na analizie materiału archeologicznego pozyskanego w trakcie wykopalisk. W przypadku regionu Warmii i Mazur odtworzenie poszczególnych etapów dawnego osadnictwa utrudnia nie tylko brak źródeł pisanych ale również fragmentaryczność danych archeologicznych. Przedstawione przez autorów analizy palinologiczne i diatomologiczne pozwoliły na wstępną charakterystykę litologiczno – sedymentologiczną osadów dennych tego zbiornika. Wykazały, iż dno jeziora wyściełają głównie osady organogeniczne (gytie), które nie są przewarstwione osadami piaszczystymi, co wskazuje na bardzo spokojne środowisko sedymentacji oraz ciągły zapis procesów depozycyjnych. Co więcej, wykona SEM/EDS (mikroskop skaningowy z mikrosondą), w celu korelacji opisywanych rdzeni, ujawniły, iż charakteryzują się one niemal identycznym zapisem sedymentacyjnym i tym samym paleośrodwiskowym, co potwierdza fakt, iż w zbiorniku zachodziła ciągła i spokojna sedymentacja, która doskonale odzwierciedla lokalne ale i też regionalne przemiany środowiskowe. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że w osadach jeziornych zanotowane są wyraźne zmiany, które można utożsamiać z momentami antropopresji oraz/lub zmianami klimatycznymi powiązanymi z wahaniami poziomu wód w jeziorze.

EN

Research on climate change done on lake sediments may be successful. The following article presents the research of an antropogenic impact conducted so far on individual lakes, which yielded interesting yet rather general findings. The proposed research forwards a concept that directly links the archaeological site and the nearby lake. The research, particularly the specification of settlement phases, bases on the analysis of archaeological material obtained in excavations. In the case of Warmia and Mazury region, reconstruction of different stages of the former settlement is hindered by the lack of written sources and fragmentary archaeological data. The palynological and diatomological analysis presented by the authors allows for a characterization of lithological - sedimentological bottom sediments. It shows that the lake bottom is lined mostly with organogenic sediments (gyttjas), not interbedded with sandy sediments, which indicates a very calm sedimentation and continuous depositional processes. Moreover, the already conducted measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of the preliminary geochemical data from the analysis of SEM / EDS (a scanning electron microscope with a microprobe), enabling a correlation of the described cores, reveals that they are characterized by an almost identical sedimentation and paloeenvironmental record, which proves that the reservoir underwent a calm sedimentation process, which at the same time reflects the local but also regional environmental change. The study shows that significant changes have been noted in the lake sediments, which can be related to an antropogenic impact and / or climate change associated with fluctuations in the water level in the lake.

6

Cyclic sedimentation pattern in Lake Veetka, southeast Estonia: a case study

Saarse L.

Geologos

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2015

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Vol. 21, No. 1

59--69

EN

A sediment core from Lake Veetka, southeast Estonia, 1077 cm in length and covering 10,500 calibrated years, was examined using loss-on-ignition, grain-size distribution and AMS 14C dating to reconstruct depositional dynamics. The studied core, recovered from the northern part of the lake, shows a cyclic pattern of organic and mineral matter concentration with cycle durations of 100-400 years. Cyclicity is displayed better in sediments laid down between 9,200 and 5,600 cal BP. Within two time windows (5,600–5,100 cal BP and from 1,200 cal BP to the present), sediment composition changed drastically on account of a high and fluctuating mineral matter content, obviously driven by different factors. Little Ice Age cooling is characterised by the highest proportion of mineral matter, and the Medieval Warm Period is typified by high organic matter content. The cyclic change of organic and mineral matter has been related to climate dynamics, most likely an alternation of wet and dry conditions, changes in the water level of the lake and differences in bioproduction.

7

Comparing Varve Counting And 14C-Ams Chronologies In The Sediments Of Lake Żabińskie, Northeastern Poland: Implications For Accurate 14C Dating Of Lake Sediments

Bonk A., Tylmann W., Goslar T., Wacnik A., Grosjean M.

Geochronometria

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2015

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Vol. 42, no.1

159--171

EN

Varved lake sediments from Lake Żabińskie (northeastern Poland) provide a highresolution calendar-year chronology which allows validation of 14C dating results. Microscopic analysis of the varve microfacies revealed that laminations found in Lake Żabińskie were biogenic (calcite) varves. Three independent counts indicated a good preservation quality of laminae in the 348 cm long sediment profile which contained 1000+12/-24 varves. The varve chronology was validated with the 137Cs activity peaks, the tephra horizon from the Askja eruption at AD 1875 and with the timing of major land-use changes of known age inferred from pollen analysis. 32 AMS 14C dates of terrestrial macrofossils distributed along the profile were compared with the varve chronology. After identification of outliers, the free-shape model performed with 21 14C dates provided the best possible fit with the varve chronology. We observed almost ideal consistency between both chronologies from the present until AD 1250 while in the lower part (AD 1000–1250) the difference increases to ca. 25 years. We demonstrate that this offset can be explained by too old radiocarbon ages of plant remains transported to the lake by the inflowing creek. Results of this study highlight that careful interpretation of radiocarbon age-depth models is necessary, especially in lakes where no annual laminations are observed and no independent method are used for cross-validation.

8

Carbon dynamics in hardwater lake: effect of charophyte biomass on carbonates deposition

Pukacz A., Pełechaty M., Frankowski M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 4

695--705

EN

The photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton (in pelagial) and macrophytes (in littoral) is considered to be one of the main factors affecting the carbon cycle in lakes. This concerns in particular hardwater ecosystems, where most of the carbon is available in the form of Ca- or Mg-bicarbonates. In such ecosystems charophytes (macroscopic green algae, forming dense meadows) are regarded as the most effective carbonate producer due to the HCO3 — utilization and the formation of thick CaCO3/sub> encrustations. Calcium carbonate and biomass production of charophytes were studied in a small and shallow charophyte-dominated Lake Jasne (Western Poland). Fresh and dry weight of plants, percentage contribution of calcium carbonate and production of CaCO3 per 1 m2 were studied at three depths (1, 3 and 5 m) in three sample sites (each sampled area − 0.04 m2). Additionally, physical-chemical parameters of water samples were studied. It was found that the dry weight of charophytes and the values of calcium carbonate were similar for all sites but varied for depth of sampling. The dry weight exceeded 2000 g m-2 (average 1165 g m-2) at the most shallow sample sites. CaCO3 encrustations constituted from 39.5% at the depth of 5m, to over 82% of the charophyte dry weight at the depth of 1m. The maximum and average values of carbonates precipitated by charophytes were 1696 g m-2 and 891 g m-2, respectively, and exceeded results reported so far. The results of physical-chemical analyses revealed no statistically significant differences between all the sample sites. Nevertheless, distinct correlations were found between dry weight of charophytes, carbonates precipitated by charophytes and some physical-chemical properties of water from the sample sites. The results highlight the habitat engineering role of charophytes, evidenced in particular by great amounts of biomass influencing sedimentary processes and biogeochemical cycle within littoral zone.

9

Heavy metals in sediment ecosystem of Bhavan's College Lake of Andheri, Mumbai

Singare P. U., Talpade M. S., Dagli D. V., Bhawe V. G.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 8, iss. 2

105-112

EN

The present study was initiated to understand the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in sediments of Bhavan's College Lake of Andheri, Mumbai. The study was performed for a period of one year starting from June 2011 to May 2012 to quantify the toxic heavy metals like Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Hg, As and Cd by atomic absorption spectroscopy technique coupled with cold vapour technique (for Hg analysis) and hydride generation technique(for As analysis). It was observed that the yearly average concentrations of these heavy metals in lake sediments were 0.53, 0.25, 0.42, 0.43, 4.6, 0.14, 0.12 and 0.11 ppm respectively which were above the WHO limits for aquatic life and CPCB limits for inland surface water. These heavy metals accumulated in lake sediments may enter the water thereby creating threat to aquatic life. They may enter the food chain through biomagnifications and may create adverse effect on human health. It is expected that in addition to the water analysis which is practiced for years, sediment analysis performed in the present investigation will help in evaluating quality of the total ecosystem of the lake. It will also provide environmentally significant information about natural and anthropogenic influence on the water body.

10

Algal and invertebrate microfossil assemblages from lake sediments in the reconstruction of past community dynamics - preliminary information

Antipushina Z, Szeroczyńska K, Zawisza E.

Studia Quaternaria

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2012

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Vol. 29

53--58

EN

This paper focuses on the usefulness of a palaeolimnological method called the joint algological and zoological analysis. The joint algo-zoological analysis involves counting all identifiable remains of the main algae groups (Bacillario- phyta, Cyanophyta, Desmidiales, other Chlorophyta, Trachelomonas sp.) and invertebrate groups (Cladocera, Ostra- coda, Chironomidae, Chaoborus sp., and other insects, Turbellaria, Bryozoa, Spongia and Testacida) in volumetric samples. We present results from recent sediments of Lake Glubokoe (Moscow region, Russia) as an example of the application of this method. We reconstruct the structure of phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos communities and their dynamics over the last 25 years. Our results support the validity of this method in the reconstruction of the structure of phyto- and zooplankton communities and their dynamics, information that may be lost when carrying out separate analyses for individual groups. Simplicity is another advantage of this methodology.

11

Research of heavy metals distribution in bottom sediment of Lake Talkša (Lithuania)

Kozlovska J., Petraitis E., Šerevičienė V.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2012

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Vol. 6, No. 1

99--103

EN

The intensification and development of industrial processes has harmful effects of human activities on nature and entire environment. Having performed the assessment of contamination of environmental components, especially geological environment, it is possible to make a quantitative evaluation of the scope of anthropogenic influence and often the hazardousness of such influence on biota and people. This paper presents study results on accumulation of heavy metals in different layers of Talkša Lake. For the sampling of intact structure of the sediment, the turf borer from the ice was used. After the preparation and examination of samples, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn and Cu concentrations were identified in the laboratory. Concentrations of these heavy metals in sapropel layers were determined in the extracts of sapropel prepared by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that sapropel stratifying on the northern shores of Talkša Lake in terms of LAND 20-2005 should be classified as sludge of Category II. That was determined by maximum concentrations of Cr (257.5 mg/kg) detected in the upper horizon of the sludge. Within other horizons, sapropel is not contaminated with heavy metals, and metal concentrations within it could be treated as amount of valuable trace elements. Due to different mixing layers, sapropel recovered from this part of the lake would become valuable excavation widely used for the purposes of economic needs.

PL

Intensywność oraz rozwój przemysłu ma szkodliwy wpływ na człowieka, przyrodę, a także całe środowisko. Po przeprowadzeniu oceny zanieczyszczenia komponentów środowiska, zwłaszcza środowiska geologicznego, możliwe jest dokonanie oceny zakresu oddziaływań antropogennych i często niebezpieczeństwa takiego wpływu na żywe organizmy. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących akumulacji metali ciężkich w różnych warstwach jeziora Talksza. Próbki były pobierane zimą, do ich pobrania został użyty chwytacz rurkowy. Przygotowane próbki zostały zbadane w laboratorium, stężenia metali ciężkich (Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn i Cu) w różnych warstwach sapropelu wyznaczono za pomocą atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej (AAS). Wyniki analizy wykazały, że według klasyfikatora LAND 20-2005 sapropel pochodzący z północnego brzegu jeziora Talksza należy do II kategorii szlamu. Maksymalne stężenie Cr (257,5 mg/kg) zostało wykryte w górnej części osadu, natomiast stężenia innych metali ciężkich występowały w badanych rdzeniach tylko w ilościach śladowych. Stwierdzone w sapropelu zawartości pierwiastków śladowych nie stanowią przeszkody w wykorzystaniu do celów rolniczych oraz rekultywacyjnych.

12

Geochemiczna zmienność pierwiastków ziem rzadkich i metali ciężkich w osadach profundalu i litoralu wybranych jezior Polski

Małecka K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2012

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nr 450

63--74

PL

Z 30 jezior położonych na pojezierzach Pomorskim, Wielkopolsko-Kujawskim i Warmińsko-Mazurskim pobrano po 2 próbki osadów (ze strefy litoralnej i profundalnej). Do badań wytypowano jeziora położone na podłożu o jednorodnej budowie geologicznej. Połowa z nich leży na podłożu o małej przepuszczalności (gliny, iły) i połowa na obszarach o dużej przepuszczalności (piaski, żwiry). Po roztworzeniu w wodzie królewskiej w próbkach osadów jeziornych oznaczono zawartość REE (La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) metodą ICP-MS oraz As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, W, Zn metodą ICP-OES. Osady jezior położonych na glinach i iłach charakteryzowały się większą zawartością pierwiastków REE, metali ciężkich i arsenu w stosunku do osadów jezior położonych na piaskach i żwirach. Większe zawartości REE występują w strefie litoralnej w porównaniu ze strefą profundalną, co wskazuje, że na ich zawartość wpływa głównie skład chemiczny podłoża zlewni, czynnik antropogeniczny odgrywa mniejszą rolę. Dystrybucja metali ciężkich i arsenu zależy od rodzaju podłoża, na którym powstała misa jeziorna i głębokości sedymentacji – gromadzą się one głównie w strefie profundalnej.

EN

Sixty sediment samples were collected from 30 glacial lakes of Pomerania, Wielkopolska-Kujawy and Warmia-Masuria Lakelands. The influence of the lake basin lithology and sedimentation zone on the contents of the elements in sediment was investigated. The samples were digested in Aqua Regia and analysed by ICP-MS methods and ICP-OES techniques for REE contents (La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, W, Zn contents were determined by ICP-OES method. The sediments show higher contents of REE in the littoral zone than in the profundal zone. The sediments from the lakes located on low-permeable glacial sediments are more abundant in heavy metals and REE in relation to the sediments from the lakes located on highly permeable glacial sediments. Distribution of the trace elements in lake sediments is strongly dependent on the type of geological formations on which the lake is developed and on the sedimentation zone of the lake. REE are preferentially accumulated in the littoral zone contrary to the heavy metals that are accumulated in the deepest zone of the lake. Factor analysis proves that the presence of REE and heavy metals in the lake sediment is associated with the type of geological formation.

13

DDT i jego metabolity w powierzchniowych osadach jezior i rzek Polski

Bojakowska I., Stasiuk M., Gąsior J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2012

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nr 450

9--16

PL

W 300 próbkach osadów rzecznych i 150 próbkach osadów jeziornych pobranych z obszaru Polski oznaczono zawartość p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD metodą chromatografii gazowej z detekcją wychwytu elektronów (GC-ECD). W osadach rzecznych maksymalna zawartość p,p’-DDT wynosiła 2780 μg/kg, p,p’-DDD – 913 μg/kg, a p,p’-DDE – 298 μg/kg. Obecność p,p’-DDT stwierdzono w 38,9%, p,p’-DDE – 90,0%, a p,p’-DDD – 78,4% próbek. Stosunek p,p’-DDD/p,p’-DDT w osadach rzecznych wahał się od 0,08 do 46,3, a stosunek p,p’-DDE/p,p’-DDT mieścił się w zakresie 0,04–24,7. W osadach jeziornych zawartość p,p’-DDT odnotowano do 4,7 μg/kg, p,p’-DDE – 63,5 μg/kg, a p,p’-DDD – 70,1 μg/kg. Obecność p,p’-DDT stwierdzono w 36% próbek, p,p’-DDD w 96,67%, a metabolit p,p’-DDE we wszystkich próbkach. Stosunek p,p’-DDD/p,p’-DDT w osadach jeziornych wahał się od 0,4 do 112,2, a stosunek p,p’-DDE/p,p’-DDT – od 0,2 do 163,8. W osadach jeziornych stwierdzono wysoką korelację zawartości związków z grupy DDT z zawartością Cd, Hg, Zn i Pb oraz znaczącą korelację z zawartością fosforu i siarki, podczas gdy w osadach rzecznych stwierdzono tylko bardzo słabą korelację z TOC.

EN

The contents of p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD were determined in 300 samples of river sediments and 150 samples of lake sediments, collected from the whole area of Poland, by using the GC-ECD method. In river sediments the maximum contents were as follows: p,p’-DDT – 2780 μg/kg, p,p’-DDD – 913 μg/kg, and p,p’-DDE – 298 μg/kg. The presence of p,p’-DDT was detected in 38.9% of the samples, p,p’-DDE – in 90.0%, and p,p’-DDD – in 78.4%. The ratio of p,p’-DDD/p, p’-DDT in river sediments ranged from 0.08 to 46.3, and the ratio of p,p’-DDE/p,p’-DDT was in the range of 0.04–24.7. In the lake sediments the contents of p,p’-DDT ranged up to 4.7 μg/kg, p,p’-DDE – up to 63.5 μg/kg, and p,p’-DDD – up to 70.1 μg/kg. The presence of p,p’-DDT was detected in 36% of the samples, p,p’-DDD – in 96.67%, and the metabolite p,p’-DDE – in all samples. The ratio of p,p’-DDD/p,p’-DDT in lake sediments ranged from 0.4 to 112.2, and the ratio of p,p’-DDE/p,p’-DDT was in the range of 0.2–163.8. In the lake sediments, a high correlation of the contents of DDTs with the concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn, and a significant correlation with the phosphorus and sulphur content were found. In the river sediments, a weak correlation with the TOC content is the only one noticed.

14

Badania monitoringowe osadów jeziornych w Polsce: wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne

Bojakowska I., Sztuczyńska A., Grabiec-Raczak E.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2012

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nr 450

17--25

PL

W 150 próbkach osadów jeziornych pobranych z głęboczków jezior oznaczono zawartości 17 WWA metodą GC-MSD. Średnia zawartość WWA w osadach wynosiła 4424 mg/kg, średnia geometryczna – 2687 mg/kg, a mediana – 3150 mg/kg. W spektrum oznaczonych WWA dominują: fluoranten, benzo(b)fluoranten i piren. W osadach 12 jezior odnotowano przekroczenie dopuszczalnych zawartości WWA wg Rozporządzenia (2002). Zawartość WWA w osadach jeziornych wykazuje wysoką korelację z zawartością pierwiastków śladowych: kadmu, rtęci, cynku i ołowiu. Stwierdzono także istotną korelację między zawartością fosforu i siarki. Wśród zbadanych związków WWA zwraca uwagę dodatnia korelacja zawartości perylenu z zawartością żelaza oraz węgla organicznego i ujemna korelacja zawartości tego związku z zawartością wapnia. Stwierdzono zróżnicowanie regionalne w występowaniu WWA; osady Jezior Łęczyńsko-Włodawskich charakteryzują się znacznie niższą zawartością tych związków w porównaniu do osadów jezior innych pojezierzy, zwłaszcza Pojezierzy Pomorskich.

EN

Contents of 17 PAHs were determined using a GC-MSD method in 150 samples of lake sediments taken from lake profundal zones. The average PAH content in the sediments was 4424 µg/kg, the geometric mean – 2687 µg/kg, and the median – 3150 µg/kg. The PAH spectrum is dominated by fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and pyrene. Exceeded permissible levels of PAHs, according to the Regulations of the Ministry of the Environment, were recorded in 12 lakes (Rozporządzenie, 2002). The content of PAHs in lake sediments shows a high correlation with the contents of trace elements: cadmium, mercury, lead and zinc. There is also a significant correlation between the contents of phosphorus and sulphur. Among the tested PAH compounds, there is a positive correlation of the perylene content with the iron and organic carbon contents, and a negative correlation of this compound with the calcium content. Regional differences were found in the occurrence of PAHs. The sediments of the Łęczna–Włodawa lakes are characterized by significantly lower contents of these compounds compared to lakes from other lake districts, especially the Pomeranian Lakeland.

15

Sedimentary imprint of cyanobacterial blooms : a new tool for insight into recent history of lakes

Pawlik-Skowrońska B., Kornijów R., Pirszel J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 4

663-670

EN

Recent history of numerous lakes is, among others, a consequence of anthropogenic activity that led to water eutrophication and excessive phytoplankton development. In nutrient-rich lakes both biomass of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, that may have a substantial impact on aquatic biocenoses, are present not only in water column but also in the bottom sediments. This study demonstrates vertical distribution of microcystins (MC) traces in sediments of two eutrophic lakes - one phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated and the other phytoplankton-dominated. The sediments (1-40/50 cm depth) were sampled from central part of lakes and content of MC traces was determined by means of GC-MS in 1cm core slices. In the sediment profile (1-40 cm depth) of the phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated lake the MC contents ranged from 0.011 in deep layer (35 cm) to 0.910 [mu]g equival. MC-LR g[^-1] d.w. in the surface layer (1 cm) and indicated gradual increase in eutrophication . connected with mass development of cyanobacteria over time. In phytoplanktondominated lake, MC contents (0.0-0.335 [mu]g equival. MC-LR g[^-1] d.w.) oscillated through the core (1-50 cm depth) and were relatively similar in older, deeper (20-50 cm) and younger (1-20 cm) layers what suggests long-lasting but variable intensity of cyanobacteria mass development. The obtained results indicate that traces of microcystins persist and are detectable for several dozens years not only in surface but also in deep sediment layers of lakes affected by former cyanobacterial blooms. They seem to be a reliable tool to follow eutrophication and its consequence - excessive development of cyanobacteria in the past time.

16

The application of photoinduced luminescence in research on humic substances of various origins

Mielnik L.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2009

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Vol. 38, No.3

61-67

EN

This paper discusses preliminary research on using photoinduced luminescence phenomena in determining the structural properties of humic acids extracted from the bottom sediments of two lakes. The lakes examined differ in the hydrochemical parameters of the water body, as well as in the drainage basins surrounding the lakes. Photoinduced luminescence of humic acids was induced with a halogen light of 1500 ěmol m-2 s-1 photon flux density. The differences observed are evidence of both the variable qualitative and quantitative contribution of photoluminophors to the structure of the examined humic acids, and of their different photochemical activity. Furthermore, photoinduced luminescence intensity depends on the degree of transformation of the humic acids.

17

Integrated approach - the effective tool for pollution level control of sediments from Lake Turawskie

Franke S., Sagajdakow A., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 3

313-321

EN

Lake Turawskie, an artificial reservoir on the Mała Panew River, was selected for a preliminary project financed by the Province Environment Protection Fund in Opole (Poland). The aim of this project was to assess the ecological state of this lake, and testing aqueous extracts from bottom sediments for toxic effects was one of the approaches. The toxicity of aqueous extracts of sediments was assessed applying the measurements of bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri bacteria. In addition, analyses of organic compounds in sediment extracts obtained by aqueous and subsequent dichloromethane extraction were performed. The chromatograms from coupled gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC/MS) indicated a very complex composition of the examined dichloromethane extracts. The GC/MS non target screening analyses were conducted on a set of selected samples as an attempt to identify chemical substances responsible for the observed toxicity effects. However, the differences in sediment toxicity were not reflected in the results of the GC/MS analyses and it was not possible to correlate sediment toxicity with specific organic compounds.

PL

Turawski zbiornik retencyjny został wytypowany do projektu pilotażowego spośród 14 obiektów zlewni Odry w ramach programu: "Stan ekologiczny jezior zaporowych w dorzeczu Odry i działania na rzecz jego poprawy". Celem projektu jest ocena stanu ekologicznego Jeziora Turawskiego dla uzyskania niezbędnych informacji mających służyć do zaprojektowania i wyboru metody jego remediacji. Jezioro Turawskie jest nizinnym zbiornikiem retencyjnym na rzece Mała Panew. Potencjalnymi źródłami zanieczyszczeń wód Małej Panwi jest działalność rolnicza, ścieki komunalne i odpady przemysłowe. Działalność przemysłowa (również w przeszłości) w zlewni rzeki obejmuje między innymi: eksploatację . hutnictwo srebra, cynku i ołowiu, produkcję celulozy, produkcję chemiczną w (tym barwników dla przemysłu włókienniczego i materiałów wybuchowych), hutnictwo żelaza oraz hutnictwo szkła. Celem przedstawionych badań była ocena poziomu zanieczyszczenia osadów jeziora oraz poszukiwanie korelacji pomiędzy oszacowaną toksycznością a wynikami analiz chemicznych (na przykładzie wybranych próbek). W ekstraktach z próbek osadów oznaczano między innymi związki organiczne. Do izolacji związków o charakterze polarnym zastosowano ekstrakcję rozpuszczalnikiem (dichlorometan). Do rozdzielenia związków wykorzystano chromatografię gazową, a następnie analizowano je w detektorze spektrometrii mas (GC-MS; tryb pracy: SCAN). Badania ekotoksykologiczne przeprowadzono, korzystając ze standardowego testu bakteryjnego MicrotoxŽ wykorzystującego zjawisko bioluminescencji bakterii z rodzaju przecinkowców (gatunek Vibrio fischeri).

18

Zapis izotopów tlenu i węgla w kopalnych osadach jeziornych stanowisk Sucha Wieś (Pojezierze Ełckie) i Czarnucha (Równina Augustowska), północno-wschodnia Polska

Nitychoruk J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2009

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nr 435

75--84

PL

Badania stosunków izotopów tlenu i węgla w kopalnych osadach zbiornikowych kompleksu augustowskiego, w stanowiskach Sucha Wieś i Czarnucha w północno-wschodniej Polsce, pokazują złożony obraz zmian klimatu, w którym występują przynajmniej dwa ocieplenia. Detrytyczny kalcyt występujący w obrębie kopalnych osadów jeziornych utrudnia interpretację stosunków izotopowych. Zaznaczający się w osadach wzrost zawartości kalcytu pochodzenia morskiego, ze starszych formacji, jest charakterystyczny dla zimnych okresów interglacjału augustowskiego, w którym następowało rozrzedzenie pokrywy roślinnej ułatwiające spłukiwanie osadów, co jest wyrażone w postaci wysokich wartości δ. Tam, gdzie przeważa kalcyt autochtoniczny powstały w zbiorniku czwartorzędowym, wartości δ maleją. Stwierdzenie obecności okrzemek słonawowodnych we wszystkich profilach osadów może wskazywać na okresowe przesuszenia jezior. W takich warunkach dochodziło do koncentracji izotopów cięższych, co objawia się wysokimi wartościami δ.

EN

Investigations of the O/C ratio in ancient deposits of the Augustovian complex of the Sucha Wieś and Czarnucha sites, northern Poland, indicate a complicated image of climate changes with at least two warmings. Detrital calcite, found in the ancient lacustrine deposits, makes it difficult to interpret the isotope ratio. An increase in content of marine calcite derived from older formations is characteristic of cool periods of the Augustovian when the vegetation was sparse, favouring washout of the particles, as evidenced by high δ values. If there is apredominance of autochthonous calcite deposited in the Quaternary basin, then the δ values are lower. The presence of saline-water diatoms in all the sections can indicate a periodic drying up of the lakes when heavier isotopes were being concentrated resulting in high δ values.

19

Application of α and γ spectrometry in the 210Pb method to model sedimentation in artificial retention reservoir

Sikorski J., Bluszcz A.

Geochronometria

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2008

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Vol. 31

65-75

EN

The paper describes the application of the 210Pb method for creating a comprehensive model of sedimentation in the retention reservoir Kozłowa Góra during the 60 years of its use. The model takes into account the temporal and spatial change in the sedimentation conditions. Because of the specific conditions of the young artificial lake, the techniques available to date are not sufficient and it was necessary to modify the 210Pb method. The paper describes such modification of the method and its application to dating the sediments in the reservoir. For a young lake it is impossible to estimate the activity of authigenic 210Pb with the application of alpha spectrometry because even the oldest sediments contain allochthonous 210Pb. The determination of the activity of authigenic 210Pb in the sediments of the studied reservoir was possible only thank to gamma spectrometry. The gamma ray spectrometry consists of measurements of gamma photons emitted by 210Pb, 214Pb and 214Bi isotopes. Analysis of the 210Pb gamma spectrum line yields information about total activity of 210Pb, while the assessed activity of 214Pb and 214Bi equals to the activity of authigenic 210Pb.

20

Subfossil shell margins and tail spines of Daphnia in Finnish lake sediments - is Daphnia underrepresented in cladocera analysis?

Sarmaja-Korjonen K.

Studia Quaternaria

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2007

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Vol. 24

61-64

EN

One of the shortcomings of the analysis of subfossil Cladocera (water flee) remains is that preservation of remains is selective. Of Daphnia spp. which are very common in zooplankton assemblages of lakes, usually only postabdominal claws and ephippia are found. In the present paper I describe Daphnia shell margins and some tail spines from the Holocene sediments of a lake in southern Finland where the margins were much more abundant than the postabdominal claws, indicating that postabdominal claws may be underrepresented. Daphnia claws, shell margins and tail spines were found also in surface samples of 17 Finnish lakes and thus the abundance of tail spines could be compared with that of postabdominal claws. The results showed that in most cases the tail spines are more abundant than postabdominal claws and may give a closer estimate of the true abundance of Daphnia. However, in some lakes claws were clearly more frequent than tail spines. Apparently, there are differences in preservation of different types of Daphnia remains between lakes, possibly connected with water chemistry. Overall, the results indicate that probably Daphnia remains are always underrepresented in lake sediments.