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EN
This paper is devoted to the usage of image processing techniques in lab-on-a-chip devices for a cell detection and tracking. Advantages and disadvantages of image processing in data acquisition from lab-on-a-chip are described. A modified multiparametric object tracking method is presented. The method was tested on the lab-on-a-chip setup with living euglena and has shown plausible results for video with a low frame rate.
EN
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has the potential to transform science and technology by creating bespoke, low-cost appliances that previously required dedicated facilities in order to be made. An attractive and promising research field comes in the form of using 3D printing to create MEMS, including microfluidic structures. In this paper, a discussion on applicability of inkjet 3D printing (i3Dp) for MEMS fabrication is presented on the base of works carried out by a team led by the author.
3
Content available remote A miniature and low-cost glucose measurement system
EN
One of the bottlenecks in widespread adoption of biosensors is the large and sophisticated bioanalytical system that is required to perform signal transduction and analysis. A miniaturized bioanalytical system facilitates biosensing techniques that are portable, easy to handle and inexpensive for fast and reliable measurements of biochemical species. Thus, downscaling the bioanalytical system has become a highly active research area, significantly assisted by recent advances in the microelectronics technology. In this work, a miniaturized system is designed and implemented for amperometric detection, and subsequently tested with a glucose biosensor based on the one-step approach utilizing water soluble poly(oaminophenol). Several experiments are conducted to assess the viability of this system including calibration, interference and application tests. The results are compared with the previously published work performed using the same biosensor tested with a commercial potentiostat in order to verify the applicability of the designed system.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono urządzenie lab-on-a-chip do hodowli i badań potencjału biologicznego mikroorganizmów. Szczegółowo opisano konstrukcję i technologię lab-chipa wykonanego ze szkła borokrzemowego. Użyteczność zaproponowanego rozwiązania sprawdzono w badaniach dwóch gatunków eugleny: Eugleny gracilis oraz Eugleny viridis. W ramach przeprowadzonych doświadczeń mikroorganizmy te poddano oddziaływaniu powietrza, azotu i dwutlenku węgla. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników określono wzrost populacji euglen stymulowanych światłem i dwutlenkiem węgla (fotosynteza). Udokumentowano również pozytywną chemotaksję E. gracilis w kierunku powietrza. Doświadczenia wykazały, że konstrukcja lab-chipa umożliwia uzyskanie długoterminowej hodowli euglen i może znaleźć w przyszłości zastosowanie w badaniach potencjału biologicznego innych mikroorganizmów, komórek, czy oocytów.
EN
In the paper, the lab-on-a-chip for culturing and microorganisms’ investigation has been presented. The construction and technology of borosilicate glass chip has been described in details. Utility of the device has been verified in the study of Euglena vridis and Euglena gracilis. The selected microorganisms have been subjected to air, nitrogen and carbon dioxide stimulation. In the experiments, the population growth based on the photosynthesis process of two euglena species has been investigated. In addition, a repeatable, positive chemotaxis of Euglena gracilis towards air in the lab-on-a-chip device has been observed. The conducted experiments have proved that the lab-on-a-chip construction enables for a long term culturing of the chosen microorganisms and may be used to provide reliable cell or oocyte study in the near future.
5
Content available Mikrosystemy Lab-on-a-Chip
PL
W pracy przedstawiono ogólną ideę funkcjonowania zminiaturyzowanych urządzeń laboratoryjnych zwanych Lab-on-a-Chip. Ich zadaniem jest przeprowadzanie określonych reakcji chemicznych i analiza chemiczna produktów tych reakcji. Oznacza to, że systemy Lab-on-a-Chip pełnią rolę kompletnego mikrolaboratorium chemicznego. Omówiono najważniejsze techniki stosowane przy konstrukcji tych urządzeń oraz podano przykłady zastosowań.
6
Content available remote System-level modeling of a Lab-On-Chip for micropollutants detection
EN
The issue addressed by this paper is system-level modeling of Lab-On-Chip (LOC) level. These microsystems integrate within a single chip many functions from several domains such as electronics, thermic, biochemistry or microfluidics. The modeling of these systems in a single environment and the interface between different domains is very challenging. In this paper, we propose some methods to model the entire system in VHDL-AMS. The models are developed and assembled from elementary building blocks, with a validation through experiments or numerical simulation on a reference tool, toward the complete LOC. For each domain, the modeling methodology is described. The principle is applied to a specific use case: a LOC designed for the detection of micro-pollutants in drinking water. It is based on the ELISA test leading to a pH-shift which is in turn detected by an Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET). In the last part of the paper, the first results obtained with the complete zero-order model of the LOC are described. Of course, this model has to be improved in order to be faithful to the actual LOC but it will undoubtedly be a major asset for the optimization and reliability improvement of the LOC.
7
Content available Heater dedicated for Lab-on-a-chip systems
EN
The authors report a new construction of a heater, which can be applied in Lab-on-a-chip systems. The heater was fabricated on a ceramic plate as a solid support. A commercially available paste DuPont 5091D with positive temperature coefficient (PTC) was used as a resistive material. Next, metallic conductors were created using gold sputtering in argon enhanced plasma environment. Finally, the gold layers were bonded with connection wires. The developed heater can be integrated with microsystems dedicated for bioanalysis, enzymatic reactions and cell cultures.
EN
This paper describes a new contactless conductivity detector, whose electrodes are constructed of microchannels filled with solution of KCl - called pseudoelectrodes. The lab-on-a-chip microdevice was fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) PDMS, using a moulding technique. The mould was made from a dry negative photoresist with a thickness of 50 µm. During the tests, the dimension and arrangement of pseudoelectrodes' microchannels were evaluated. The analyte was pumped into the microchannel using a syringe pump with a flow rate of 50 µL/min. Reproducible changes of the signal were obtained.
PL
W artykule dokonano przeglądu najbardziej interesujących rozwiązań z zakresu systemów mikroprzepływowychwykorzystujących zjawisko akustycznych fal powierzchniowych (AFP). Przemieszczanie obiektów o skali wielkości porównywalnej z rozmiarami komórek, oddzielenie ich z próbek o złożonym składzie oraz kontrola ich położenia w obszarze mikrosystemu są ważnym elementem metodyki badawczej w zakresie biomedycznych badań podstawowych. Jest to obecnie bardzo dynamicznie rozwijająca się dziedzina, która jest szczególnie cenna w aspekcie aplikacji w systemach Lab on Chip, gdzie możliwość nieinwazyjnego manipulowania obiektem badań jest szczególnie pożądana. Zastosowania, które są obecnie przedmiotem badań obejmują zagadnienia z zakresu segregowania cząstek z zawiesiny w cieczy, ich oddzielania oraz manipulowania pojedynczymi cząstkami w obszarze mikrokanału.
EN
In this paper the most interesting solutions in the field of microfluidic systems using surface acoustic waves (SAW) are reviewed. Moving objects, of a size scale comparable to the size of cells, their separation from the samples having a complex composition and control of their position in the area of a microchannel, constitute an important element of the methodology of biomedical basic research. Nowadays it has become a rapidly growing branch of science, which is particularly attractive in terms of its applicability to Lab on Chip systems, in the case of which the non-invasive manipulation of the studied object is a key issue. The applications that are currently examined include problems related to the separation of particles from a suspension in a liquid and the manipulation of individual particles in the area of a microchannel.
PL
W pracy zostały przedstawione wyniki badań doświadczalnych i symulacji komputerowych metodą Lattice-Boltzmann przepływów płynów komórkowych w mikrokanałach układu lab-on-a-chip (LOC). Symulacje LBM przeprowadzono dla geometrii 2D (model 2DQ9), co wpłynęło na skrócenie czasu obliczeń, w istotny sposób zwiększając jednak ich błąd, który wahał się w szerokich granicach od 15 do ponad 100%.
EN
Experimental and computer simulation results using the Lattice-Boltzmann method for fluid flows in microchannels of the lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device are presented in the paper. LBM simulations were performed for 2D geometry (2DQ9 model), allowing the shortening of simulation time but signifi¬cantly increasing the calculation error. The calculation error of fluid mean velocity ranged from 15 to over 100%.
PL
Praca prezentuje nowy sposób projektowania mikrourządzeń lab on a chip (LOC) do zastosowań w biotechnologii i medycynie. Umożliwia on odwzorowanie dowolnie wybranej struktury naczyniowej, niezależnie od narządu, nowotworu, czy nawet organizmu. W ramach badań opracowano projekt i metodę fabrykacji mikrosystemu symulującego sieć naczyń włosowatych powstających podczas angiogenezy nowotworowej. Opracowano pełną metodykę fabrykacji i łączenia elementów urządzenia.
EN
The paper presents a new method for the designing of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) microdevices for biotechnology and medicine applications. It makes possible to reproduce the vascular structure, regardless of the organ, tumor or even the body. Methods for designing and fabrication of microsystems for microflow investigations in the network of capillary vessels of cancer tumor were developed. The complete methodology for fabrication and joining of the system is presented.
PL
W pracy zostały przedstawione wyniki badań doświadczalnych nad aplikacją metody bezpośredniego grawerowania laserowego w procesie wytwarzania mikroukładów tab on a chip. Badano wpływ mocy wiązki lasera, szybkości przesuwu głowicy oraz rozdzielczości grawerowania, na jakość uzyskanych struktur. Dzięki wykorzystaniu techniki DLP możliwe jest skrócenie czasu wytwarzania mikroukładu z kilkudziesięciu godzin do kilkunastu minut oraz obniżenie kosztów projektowania i fabrykacji układów LOC.
EN
Results of experimental investigations of the application of direct laser prototyping method (DLP) in the process of manufacturing lab-on-a-chip systems are presented in the paper. The effects of laser beam power, speed of laser head and engraving resolution on the quality of resulting structures were analyzed. Thanks to the use of DLP technique, it is possible to shorten the manufacturing time of microsystems from dozens of hours to a few minutes and to reduce costs of system design and fabrication.
EN
Microfluidic systems are used in a wide range of applications, including medical diagnostics, cell engineering and bioanalytics. In this work we focused on “Lab-on-a-chip” microsystems for cell cultivation. A troublesome problem of gas bubbles entering microdevices causing signal interferences and cells damage was emphasized. A novel, integrated debubbler in the form of cylindrical traps covered with thin PDMS membrane was designed and manufactured. Demonstrated debubbler was successfully applied in a long-lasting culture of HT-29 cell aggregates.
14
Content available remote Microfluidic devices for biomedical applications
EN
Two types of microfluidic devices demonstrators designed for biomedical applications are presented. The first one is modular lab-on-achip (LOC) system, intended for the electrochemical detection of psychotropic drug presence and content in the human saliva. The second device was an optical and microfluidic system for bacteria detection and recognition.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zastosowania dwóch układów mikrofluidycznych w diagnostyce biomedycznej. Pierwszy lab-ona- chip (LOC) przeznaczony jest do elektrochemicznego oznaczania leków psychotropowych w ślinie, natomiast drugi do optycznego wykrywania oraz rozpoznawania bakterii.
EN
This paper presents development and manufacturing processes of the fluorescence based microfluidic chip using Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics technology (LTCC). The LTCC material was chosen because of its outstanding physical and chemical properties. Moreover, there is a possibility to integrate electronic and optoelectronic components into single LTCC microfluidic chip. The manufactured microfiuidic chip consists of inexpensive and commonly available electronic components and PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)) optic fibres. Its performance is investigated with a fluorescent dye. Five different fluorescein solutions are excited with 465 nm light source, and then the intensity of the emitted fluorescent light is measured with two photodelectors. The performed experiments have shown that it is possible to detect fluorescent signal inside the LTCC microfluidic chip using commonly available optoelectronic components.
PL
W artykule opisano proces wytwarzania mikroprzepływowego czujnika fluorescencyjnego, w technologii niskotemperaturowej ceramiki współwypalanej LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics Technology]. Wykonany czujnik składa się z tatwo dostępnych i niedrogich elementów elektronicznych, a także z polimerowych światłowodów PMMA (polimetakrylan metylu]. Pracę mikroprzepływowego czujnika ceramicznego zbadano za pomocą barwnika fluorescencyjnego. W tym celu przygotowano pięć różnych stężeń fluoresceiny w etanolu. Roztwory testowe pobudzano źródłem promieniowania, o długości fali równej 465 nm, a następnie mierzono (dwoma fotodetektorami) natężenie wyemitowanej wiązki światła. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że możliwa jest detekcja sygnału fluorescencyjnego, wewnątrz mikroprzepływowego czujnika ceramicznego, za pomocą powszechnie dostępnych elemenlów optoelektronicznych.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane przykłady instrumentów typu lab-on- a-chip z jedno- i dwukanałową detekcją fluorymetryczną, przeznaczonych do wykrywania zagrożeń biologicznych.
EN
In the paper examples of lab-on-a-chip - based instruments utilizing one- and two-wavelengths fluorimetric detection for identification of biological threats have been presented.
EN
Microfluidic devices called lab-on-a-chips utilize two kinds of characterization of a biosample, which are based on spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methodologies. Lab-on-a-chips are equipped with an optical instrumentation and a software system that allow detecting of the optical signals and their processing into spectral characteristics. In the paper, technology of lab-on-a-chip (cytometer microdevice) and miniature silicon-glass field-emission light source (FELS) is described. Electrons emitted from a silicon cathode covered with carbon nanotubes excite light emission from nanocrystalline rare earth doped yttrium oxide phosphor (anode). The emitted light can be precisely tailored to the main absorption line of a fluorescent marker. The presented system has been successfully used for testing of the cow embryos as well as fluorescent-marked porcine oocytes.
EN
During the past few years, the process of miniaturisation in the field of biochemical laboratory equipment led to the introduction of the so-called "lab-on-a-chip" microdevices, which combine separate functional units into a complex, multifunctional apparatus. Fluid dynamics plays an essential role in the development of such equipment, since frequently the major part of chemical analysis is based on soluble analytes. In this work, we consider a device for the analysis of cell growth under different conditions. In this device, dozens of cell spots absorb the nutrient (analyte) from the liquid medium. The concentration of the analyte must be strictly controlled to maintain a specific microenvironment. A two-dimensional model for the flow field and the distribution of concentration of the analyte is developed taking into account the geometrical shape of the spot with a simplified absorption model. The dependence of the results on the controlling parameters is investigated in order to determine the influence of the presence of the cell spot on the distribution of the analyte.
EN
Rapid development of analytical microsystems, also often called as labs-on-a-chip and used to perform various chemical and biochemical analysis with nano- and pico-volumes of the sample, has been observed for almost two decades. Successful application of analytical microsystems in medical and veterinary practices is relevant to many factors but one of them is low price of the disposable microsystem - often in the form of a chip. The chips are made of cheap materials, for example, polymers. One of such material is a negative photoresist SU-8. It is characterized by biocompatibility and possibility of easy fabrication of various three-dimensional fluidic microstructures. Moreover, SU-8 is transparent for visible light. It makes SU-8 attractive material for labs-on-a-chip dedicated for genetic material analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this paper, we present the results of investigations of the influence of PCR-like temperature profiling on the transmittance spectra. The autofluorescence effect of SU-8 illuminated with various lasers has also been investigated as one of the factors limiting sensitive fluorescence readout. The results obtained showed that SU-8 can be successfully applied as labs-on-a-chip material but, due to high SU-8 autofluorescence, red-line fluorochromes are preferred when high-sensitivity fluorescence detection is required.
20
Content available remote Lab-on-a-chip for quality classification of pig oocytes
EN
The popular veterinarian method of qualitative selection of animals oocytes for artificial fertilization is based on morphological aspects of cells. Selection is done by the trained veterinarian specialists observing under a microscope oocytes "flowing" in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer. This is unsatisfactory selection method, one of the weakest points of agriculture breading industry, because it introduces large personal factor and cannot be automated. In this paper, the novel microspectrometry method for quality assessment of pig oocytes isolated from follicles of various size is described. Pig oocytes were successfully classified according to existing classification. We used a specially designed microfluidic chip for measurements. The chip was constructed of glass and silicon with integrated optical fiber. This is the first attempt of the lab-on-a-chip based methodology of quality assessment of oocytes of breeding animals.
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