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1

Effects of sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil and in mixtures of lawn grasses

Wołejko E., Wydro U., Butarewicz A., Łoboda T.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 39, nr 2

67--76

EN

The study was conducted on three specially prepared test areas along main streets of Bialystok. The experimental plots were sown with two lawn grass mixtures: Eko and Roadside, and three doses of sewage sludge 0.0 (control), 7.5 kg/m2 and 15.0 kg/m2 were used. The calculated bioconcentration factor made possible to determine the mobility of the various metals from the soil solution to the aerial parts of plants. The obtained results showed that the plants absorbed Cd, Zn, Cu easier than Pb and Ni suggesting a high mobility, in particular of Cd, Zn, Cu, and reflects the easiness extraction of those metals by plants. Significant correlations between concentrations of metals in soil and grass were observed, nickel in soil was significantly correlated with Cd, Zn and Cu in plants, while the Zn content in soil with the level of Cu in plants.

2

Trace elements in a valley of upper river narew and its selected tributaries, NE Poland

Skorbiłowicz E., Skorbiłowicz M.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 35, nr 3

259-278

EN

The catchment of the upper river Narew (NE Poland) was studied. Investigations were carried out in March, May, August, and October 2006. The study was aimed at evaluating total cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, nickel, and cobalt content as well as their forms dissolved in bottom sediments of the upper river Narew and its selected tributaries. Also the attempts to recognize the influence of the catchment management on concentration of the elements studied in bottom sediments of the upper river Narew were undertaken by using the neural networks. Metal concentrations were determined by means of AAS technique. Human economic and household activities, along with a surface runoff, are responsible for the metals deposited in sediments of the rivers under analysis, which was confirmed by statistical computations. The sediments were described as not contaminated (I class) with nickel, zinc, copper, chromium, cobalt, and lead, whereas cadmium concentration slightly exceeded that typical of the I geochemical class in about 20% of the samples studied. Contents of other elements under investigation occurred at the level of geochemical background. The highest metal concentrations were recorded in the alluvia of the river Horodnianka that flows through the area situated near municipal waste dump in Hryniewicze. Studies using artificial neural networks gave the opportunity and efficiency to predict the heavy metals contents in bottom sediments of the river Narew and allowed us to assess its efficiency taking into account many parameters at the same time.

3

Influence of sewage sludge fertilization on heavy metal content in biomass of silver grass during field experiment

Kalembasa D., Malinowska E.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 35, nr 2

149-155

EN

The field experiment allowed us to compare the influence of sewage sludge fertilization applied at varied rates with that of mineral fertilizers (NPK) on heavy metal content (Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, and Ni) in stems and leaves of silver grass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus) harvested in the first year of experiment and in the whole biomass harvested in the second year. Higher concentration of heavy metals (except for zinc) was found in the leaves than in the stems of the grass. No cadmium was detected in the silver grass biomass in the first year, while large amounts of this element were recorded in the second year of the experiment. The doses of sewage sludge (10, 20, and 30 t.ha-1 d.m.) did not cause the excessive accumulation of heavy metals in the plant biomass in the first and the second vegetation seasons.

PL

W doświadczeniu polowym badano wpływ nawożenia osadem ściekowym, zastosowanym w różnych dawkach, oraz dla porównania nawozami mineralnymi (NPK) na zawartość metali ciężkich: Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn i Ni w łodygach i liściach trawy Miscanthus sacchariflorus w I roku eksperymentu oraz w całej biomasie zebranej w II roku. Stwierdzono, że badana trawa gromadzi więcej metali ciężkich (oprócz cynku) w liściach niż w łodygach. W I roku badań nie wykryto kadmu w biomasie miskanta, a w II roku zanotowano znaczne jego stężenie. Zastosowane dawki osadu ściekowego (10, 20 i 30 t.ha-1 s.m.) nie spowodowały nadmiernej bioakumulacji badanych metali ciężkich w biomasie testowanej rośliny ani w pierwszym, ani drugim okresie wegetacji.

4

Heavy metal fractions in soils fertilized with sewage sludge

Kalembasa D., Pakuła K.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 35, nr 2

157-164

EN

The influence of fertilization with municipal sewage sludge on Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cu content in exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fractions (separated by means of the method recommended by the European Community's Bureau of References (BCR)) and their distribution in the profiles of four soil types (Stagnic Luvisols and Cambic Arenosols) that were agriculturally utilized was evaluated. The most metals were found in residual fraction (F4), while the fewest - in exchangeable fraction (F1). The sequential analysis revealed that sewage sludge introduced into the soil increased heavy metal content in exchangeable fraction (F1), reducible fraction associated with Fe and Mn oxides (F2), and oxidizable organic fraction (F3), whereas their content in residual fraction (F4) decreased.

PL

Badano wpływ nawożenia komunalnym osadem ściekowym na ilość Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb i Cu we frakcji wymiennej, redukcyjnej, utlenialnej oraz rezydualnej, wydzielonych za pomocą metody rekomendowanej przez European Community's Bureau of References (BCR) oraz ich rozmieszczenie w profilach czterech gleb (płowe opadowo-glejowe i rdzawe właściwe) użytkowanych rolniczo. Najwięcej metali stwierdzono we frakcji rezydualnej (F4), a najmniej we frakcji wymiennej (F1). Analiza sekwencyjna wykazała, że wprowadzenie do gleby osadu ściekowego zwiększyło zawartość metali ciężkich we frakcji wymiennej (F1), redukcyjnej związanej z tlenkami Fe i Mn (F2) i utlenialnej - organicznej (F3), a zmniejszył się ich udział we frakcji rezydualnej (F4).

5

Assessment of heavy metal content in bottom sediments of river Supraśl and its tributaries

Skorbiłowicz M., Skorbiłowicz E.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 35, nr 3

279-292

EN

The catchment of the river Supraśl was studied. The investigations were carried out in March, May, August, and October 2006. The aim of the study was to evaluate and predict the total content of cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, nickel, copper, and cobalt, as well as their soluble forms in the bottom sediments of the river Supraśl and its tributaries. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined by means of AAS technique. Bottom sediments from the river Supraśl and its tributaries proved to be slightly contaminated with cadmium. Content of other metals investigated was usually at the geochemical background level. The highest concentration of the heavy metals were found in the bottom sediments of the river Supraśl at the sampling point Fasty and the river Biała that is a receiver of municipal and industrial sewage from Białystok, which was confirmed by statistical analyses. Differences in metal contents in the river Supraśl tributaries resulted mainly from the character of the surrounding catchment.

6

Analiza przyczyn kumulacji metali ciężkich w osadach dennych zlewni Nidy

Wardas M., Giełżecka-Mądry D., Helios-Rybicka E., Kowalik J.

Inżynieria Środowiska / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. S. Staszica w Krakowie

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1999

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T. 4, z. 1

173-196

PL

Badano stan zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi frakcji < 63 mm osadów dennych rzeki Nidy i jej dopływów oraz przeprowadzono próbę wyjaśnienia przyczyn ich zmiennych ilości oraz zasięgu występowania. Wykorzystując dane literaturowe przeprowadzono analizę czynników, wpływających na akumulację metali ciężkich w osadach. Zanieczyszczenie metalami ciężkimi środowiska wodnego zlewni Nidy jest znaczne i w ostatnich latach wzrasta, co powoduje, że Nidę, lewobrzeżny dopływ Wisły, należy zaliczyć do rzek niosących duże zanieczyszczenie. W większych dopływach Nidy, najwyższe średnie zawartości metali (mg/kg) stwierdzono w osadach rzeki Bobrzy: Cd - 6,8, Ni - 32, Cr - 34, Cu - 62, Pb - 413, Zn - 902, Mn - 3704 i Fe - 4,22%. W osadach pozostałych rzek ilość ta jest niższa. Badania wód i osadów dennych rzek zlewni Nidy wykazały różny poziom zanieczyszczenia metalami ciężkimi i złożone ich pochodzenie. Istnieją rejony, w których w pobliżu wychodni starych, nie eksploatowanych odkrywek zaznacza się wpływ obecności okruszcowania. Jednoznaczna identyfikacja pochodzenia naturalnego czy antropogenicznego metali ciężkich nie jest możliwa, w przypadku gdy środowisko znajduje się w strefie silnej antropopresji. Zawartości wszystkich metali ciężkich są zdecydowanie wyższe niż wartość tła geochemicznego, podawanego dla osadów wodnych Polski. W przypadku Cu, Zn i Pb ich ilości są większe także od tła geochemicznego określonego dla aluwiów górnej Wisły. Zdolność rzeki Nidy do samooczyszczania chroni środowisko wodne, niemniej zasięg wpływu zanieczyszczonych wód Bobrzy i Czarnej Nidy ciągle się powiększa. Sytuację poprawia obecność stosunkowo czystych wód Białej Nidy, ale dalsze dopływy jak Brzenica i Mierzawa, ten korzystny wpływ niwelują.

EN

Contamination with heavy metals of the grain size fraction < 63 mm of bottom sediments of the Nida river and their tributaries has been investigated. On the basis of the literature data the parameters influenced metals accumulation in sediments were discussed. The metal contamination of Nida catchment area is considerable and in the last period the increase has been observed, thus the Nida river, the main Vistula river tributaries is recognise to transport high load of pollutions. From most important Nida river tributaries the highest metal content (mg/kg) was found in the Bobrza river sediments: Cd - 6.8, Ni - 32, Cr - 34, Cu - 62, Pb - 413, Zn - 902, Mn - 3704 i Fe - 4.22%. In other Nida river tributaries metals concentration is lower. The investigation of Nida river waters and bottom sediments has showed different level of heavy metals pollution and their various sources. There are some regions, with old ore mining activities, thus the impact of ore bed on the rivers pollution is evident. The metals concentration in the studied river sediments is higher than the geochemical background values for Polish aquatic sediments. The Cu, Zn and Pb concentration is even higher but Fe and Mn lower than the Vistula sediments background values. The Nida river self purification ability protect the water system, even the range of the Bobrza and Czarna Nida rivers contaminated water increase. The clean waters from Biała Nida river act as a cleaning system for the rivers in the studied area.