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EN
Purpose: of this paper is to develop a new generation of polymer composite materials that would ensure the use of residual and serious environmental problems of polyester-glass laminate waste. Design/methodology/approach: The glass reinforced polyester waste was ground and added to produce new composites. Thermoplastic - high impact polystyrene was selected for the composite matrix. Composites containing 10, 20, 30% by weight of the filler of polyester-glass laminate powder were made. The process of extrusion and subsequent injection was used to prepare the test samples. The influence of the filler on selected properties of composites was evaluated. The physical properties of the filler as well as the processing properties of the mixture as well as the mechanical properties - impact strength and tensile strength of the obtained composites were investigated. Findings: A decrease in tensile strength and impact strength was observed along with an increase in the amount of filler. Research limitations/implications: It would be interesting to carry out further analyzes, in particular with a higher volume fraction of the filler or with a different composite structure, e.g. using PVC as a matrix. The developed research topic is a good material for the preparation of publications of a practical and scientific nature, especially useful in the research and industrial environment. Practical implications: The shredded glass-polyester waste can be used as a filler of polystyrene, however, the resulting composite could be used to produce parts with slightly less responsible functions such as artificial jewelery or toy elements. Originality/value: Obtained results are a new solution a global waste management solution for glass reinforced polyester waste, which may contribute to the sustainable development of the composite materials industry through the partial utilization of waste composites with a duroplastic matrix.
EN
Cold forming and shaping processes of elements that are part of car chassis assemblies, due tovisual and mechanical parameters (springback effect), cause problems in the production of this type of geometric shapes. It significantly reduces the production capacity due to the need to create many tools that are time consuming and expensive to manufacture. For this reason, the topic of winding the shape of a tailpipe for the automotive industry, depending on the geometric requirements, has been taken up, which allows both unit production and serial production depending on customer requirements.
PL
Procesy formowania i kształtowania na zimno elementów wchodzących w skład zespołów podwozia samochodowego, ze względu na parametry wizualne i mechaniczne (efekt sprężynowania), powodują problemy w produkcji tego typu elementów. Zmniejsza to znacznie możliwości produkcyjne ze względu na konieczność tworzenia wielu narzędzi, których produkcja jest czasochłonna i kosztowna. Z tego powodu podjęto temat kształtowania na zimno rury wydechowej dla przemysłu motoryzacyjnego, w zależności od wymagań geometrycznych, co umożliwia zarówno produkcję jednostkową, jak i seryjną w zależności od wymagań klienta.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań stopów CuFe2 i CuCr0,6 przeprowadzonych na doświadczalnej walcarce z poosiowym, cyklicznym ruchem walców (RCMR, ang. Rolling with Cyclic Movement of Rolls). Urządzenie stanowi interesującą alternatywę dla powszechnie znanych metod dużego odkształcenia plastycznego SPD (ang. Severe Plastic Deformation). Zasadniczym celem badań była analiza mechaniczna procesu walcowania RCMR przeprowadzona na wybranych stopach miedzi oraz identyfikacja stref lokalnych odkształceń wynikająca z dodatkowego ruchu walców. Wyniki badań porównano z uzyskanymi w procesie walcowania konwencjonalnego. Badania wykazały wpływ procesu RCMR na przebiegi mechaniczne procesu, intensywność i efekt lokalizacji odkształcenia.
EN
The paper presents the results of the CuFe2 and CuCr0.6 alloys tests carried out on an experimental rolling with cyclic movement of rolls (RCMR, Rolling with Cyclic Movement of Rolls). The device is an interesting alternative to the commonly known methods of severe plastic deformation SPD. The main objective of the research was a mechanical analysis of the RCMR rolling process carried out on selected copper alloys and identification of local deformation zones resulting from the additional movement of rollers. Test results were compared with those obtained in the conventional rolling process. The research has shown the impact of the RCMR process on the mechanical processes of the process, the intensity and effect of the location of strain.
PL
Rosnące zainteresowanie wykorzystaniem lekkich materiałów konstrukcyjnych o zadawalających właściwościach mechanicznych, zmusza ośrodki naukowe i badawcze do opracowania dokładnych metod projektowania procesów kształtowania, dla których niezbędne są dane zebrane podczas rzeczywistych eksperymentów, pozwalające na poprawne opracowanie technologii wytwarzania. Jednym z takich materiałów, z powodzeniem stosowanych od wielu lat w różnych dziedzinach przemysłu, są stopy magnezu. W ostatnich latach wzrasta rola magnezu i jego stopów, jako szczególnie użytecznego materiału konstrukcyjnego. Decyduje o tym z jednej strony niewielka masa właściwa stopów magnezu i coraz niższa cena. Z drugiej strony, ciągłe polepszanie właściwości materiałowych i technicznych stopów magnezu umożliwia doskonalenie metod kształtowania gotowych wyrobów. Należy jednak pamiętać, że projektowanie technologii wytwarzania gotowych wyrobów ze stopów magnezu, szczególnie stopów przeznaczonych do kształtowania plastycznego, napotyka na szereg problemów związanych ze zjawiskami hamującymi procesy obróbki plastycznej [1−3]. Celem pracy była analiza procesu kształtowania wspornika ze stopu AZ31, będącego częścią złożenia belki poprzecznej w samochodzie osobowym oraz określenie podstawowych założeń niezbędnych do przeprowadzenia poprawnego tłoczenia.
EN
The increasing interest in the use of light construction materials with satisfactory mechanical properties requires from scientific and research centres to develop precise methods of designing forming processes, for which it is necessary to have at one’s disposal the data collected during the actual experiments, making it possible to properly develop the production technology. One of these materials, having been successfully applied for many years in various industrial branches, is magnesium alloys. In the recent years, the role of magnesium and its alloys has increased as an exceptionally useful construction material. On the one hand, this is because of the low mass density of magnesium alloys and the increasingly low price. On the other hand, the continuous improvement of the material and the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys make it possible to perfect the methods of forming ready products. One should, however, remember that designing technologies of manufacturing ready products made of magnesium alloys, especially alloys for plastic forming, faces problems related to the phenomena which inhibit the process of sheet metal forming [1−3]. The aim of this work was to analyze the process of shaping the bracket alloy AZ31, which is a part of an automobile cross-beam and to define the basic principles needed to perform the correct stamping.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań mikrostruktury i twardości stopu CuFe2 przeprowadzonych za pomocą metody walcowania z poosiowym, cyklicznym ruchem walców (RCMR). Badania przeprowadzono na przekrojach poprzecznych. Wyniki porównano z rezultatami otrzymanymi dla konwencjonalnego walcowania. Wykazano, że w początkowych przepustach dodatkowy ruch walców powoduje niejednorodność rozkładu twardości i struktury. Ze wzrostem odkształcenia mikrostruktura i rozkład twardości są bardziej jednorodne.
EN
In this article, the results of microstructure and hardness investigation performed on CuFe2 alloy processed by rolling with cyclic movement of rolls (RCMR) were presented. The investigations were focused on cross section planes of deformed samples. This results were compared with the ones obtained for samples after conventional rolling. It was shown that in the initial passes, the additional movement of rolls in RCMR method generate in material heterogeneous microstructure and hardness. With increase of deformation the microstructure and hardness distribution is more homogeneous.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące możliwości zastosowania bioniki w kształtowaniu plastycznym. Pierwszy z przykładów zrealizowanych projektów dotyczy przemysłu motoryzacyjnego, kolejne implantów oraz protez medycznych. Następnie zostały przedstawione przykłady struktur powszechnie występujących w żywych organizmach, możliwych do wykonania wyłącznie przy pomocy obróbki plastycznej. Ostatnim elementem pracy jest wprowadzenie do badań nad projektem kompozytowego profilu stalowego o podwyższonej wytrzymałości na ściskanie w stosunku do standardowo stosowanych rozwiązań.
EN
In this paper presents the issues concerning the applicability of bionics in metal forming. The first examples of the projects are related to the automotive industry, next medical implants and prostheses. Then, are presented examples of structures commonly found m living organisms, can be made only by metal forming. The last part of the work is an introduction to the project research composite steel profile with high compressive strength compared to standard solutions.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczących możliwości kształtowania stopów magnezu. Badania wykonano w próbie kształtowania plastycznego, metodą KOBO - na zimno. Materiałem do badań były wlewki ze stopów magnezu, wynikiem przeprowadzonego procesu było uzyskanie płaskowników. Badania mikrostruktury prowadzono przy użyciu mikroskopu optycznego oraz elektronowego. Porównano mikrostrukturę materiału po procesie odlewania oraz po obróbce plastycznej. Przedstawiono właściwości mechaniczne badanych materiałów. Wskazano zalety otrzymanych stopów oraz określono możliwe dalsze kierunki badań nad materiałem.
EN
The paper presents results of investigations of ability of plasticity magnesium alloys. Magnesium alloys are emerging as potentially good candidates for numerous applications, especially in the automotive industry. Their good properties, such as low density and high specific strength, make them promising replacements for other heavier materials. However, the disadvantage of Mg alloys is that they only exhibit limited ductility due to their structure. Studies were performed using of KOBO method. The materials used in this study were magnesium alloy ingots. After KOBO process was obtained flat rods. Observations of the development of material microstructure during the cold extrusion process were made using an optical microscope and SEM. Hardness were carried out to explore the variations in microstructures and mechanical behaviors during processing.
PL
Opisano procesy narastającego kształtowania plastycznego znajdujące się obecnie na etapie badań wstępnych. Scharakteryzowane zostały najistotniejsze cechy tych procesów oraz możliwe do osiągnięcia efekty w zakresie parametrów siłowo-energetycznych, wielkości odkształceń skumulowanych i efektów strukturalnych. W podsumowaniu zestawiono najistotniejsze korzyści jakie można uzyskać przez zastosowanie procesów narastającego kształtowania plastycznego.
EN
A definition of incremental metal forming processes has been presented in the paper as well as some methods of this kind currently being under preliminary investigation. The fundamental features of these processes and possible effects have been described. The most important advantages of the innovative, incremental bulk metal forming methods have been listed in the summary.
9
PL
Z uwagi na coraz szersze zastosowania specjalnych trudnoobrabialnych materiałów oraz rosnące wymagania w zakresie wydajności i dokładności oraz jakości warstwy wierzchniej wyrobów obserwuje się dynamiczny rozwój wszystkich podstawowych procesów wytwarzania. Dodatkowym elementem wpływającym na rozwój metod wytwarzania jest coraz szersze stosowanie we wszystkich gałęziach przemysłu Mikro i Nano - Elektro - Mechanicznych - Systemów (MEMS i NEMS), co wymusza produkcję mikro i nanoelementów. Sprostanie powyższym wymaganiom jest możliwe przez intensywny i zharmonizowany rozwój metod wytwarzania przez formowanie, usuwanie oraz dodawanie materiału. W artykule przedstawiono zarys podstawowych problemów wytwarzania ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem procesów niekonwencjonalnych i hybrydowych oraz problem integracji pomiędzy powyżej wymienionymi procesami wytwarzania a mikro i nanotechnologiami.
10
Content available remote Computer simulation of forging process of axially symmetrical forging with hammer
EN
Purpose: The article presents the results of computer simulation of forging process on hammer using a commercial program QFORM 2D. Design/methodology/approach: Commercial metal forming simulation software allows users to model technologies being designed and implemented. Computer simulation helps, as early as the technology development stage, conduct a multivariate analysis of the forging process to be able to determine the critical process parameters. Findings: The simulation provides accurate prediction of material flow and filling a cut-out as well as the formation of defects in the form of lapping. Research limitations/implications: Computer simulation has allowed the selection of such a cut-out shape to eliminate defects without the need of physical modeling. Originality/value: This paper presents the QFORM2D simulation program applied to die forging of an axisymmetric workpiece, performed in three operations.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki symulacji komputerowej procesu penetracji stalowych pancerzy warstwowych 12,7 mm pociskiem przeciwpancerno-zapalającym typu B-32. Pancerze te zawierały 5 rodzajów płytek ze stali bainitycznych poddanych różnym wariantom obróbki cieplno-plastycznej.
EN
Presented are the results of the computer simulation tests on penetration of the B-32 type incendiary armor piercing shell through 12.7 mm laminated steel armor plates. The armor plates were composed of five types of bainite steel grades submitted to different plastic forming and heat treatment programs.
EN
Purpose: of this paper is to extend a complex evaluation of aluminium alloy, which requires very often knowledge of behaviour of deformation at the ECAP process and achieved strengthening, intensity of deformation and very fine structure. These factors have influence on the mechanical properties and formability. Presented knowledge expresses very important information for exploitation of this alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The methods determining the dependencies of force on the route during the ECAP process were used. Achieved values were directly plotted on PC. Findings: Conclusions of this work consisted in determination of structure and mechanical properties of this alloy. Research limitations/implications: Achieved hardness and microstructure of this alloy will be determined by new research. Practical implications: The results may be utilized for determination of a relation between structure and properties of the investigated alloy in the process of manufacturing. Originality/value: These results contribute to complex evaluation of properties of the AlMn1Cu alloy, namely in the light of achievement of very fine - grained structures and corresponding mechanical and forming properties. The results of this paper are determined for research workers – in order to increase efficiency of the process of severe plastic deformation.
13
Content available remote Employment of concentrated-hardsphere-suspension pad for V-bending of thin strip
EN
Purpose: Authors have suggested employment of dilatant fluid for metal forming tools, and report an application on v-bending of thin stainless steel strips in this paper. Design/methodology/approach: An alumina concentrated hard-sphere suspension is employed as dilatant fluid for forming. The authors evaluate the suspension with backward extrusion test. Then, the authors try to bend SUS304 stainless strip with 0.25 mm thickness and 30 mm width on the pad of the suspension with a v-bend punch. Findings: Behaviour of the suspension is revealed in backward extrusion test. Migration of water takes important role in it. In v-bending test, including acute angle bending, the authors bend the strip with only the v-bend punch and the alumina concentrated hard-sphere suspension pad successfully. It is thought that forming load is less than with general polyurethane tools. Research limitations/implications: Spring-back in partial bending, which is similar to the suggested process, is larger than in bottoming and coining with dies and bending with polyurethane tools. Therefore, the authors are going to evaluate the spring-back in the suggested process in further study. Practical implications: Polyurethane pad is used in bending process generally because of advantageous points in easy-design, and safe from scratch. However it has disadvantageous points in its limited life and necessity of large forming load. The alumina concentrated hard-sphere suspension can be employed for such the pad with unlimited life. In addition, such the dilatant fluid can be applied on other metal forming process as easy tool. Originality/value: Employing dilatant fluid for forming tools is new idea. Authors try v-bending with an alumina concentrated hard-sphere suspension.
14
Content available remote Effect of high temperature deformation on the structure of Ni based superalloy
EN
Purpose: A study on the hot deformation behaviour and dynamic structural processes (dynamic precipitation operating during deformation at elevated temperatures) of nickel based superalloy was presented. Design/methodology/approach: Compression tests were carried out on precipitations hardenable nickel based superalloy of Inconel 718 at constant true strain rates of 10-4, 4x10-4s-1 within a temperature range of 720-1150° C. True stress-true strain curves and microstructure analysis of hot deformed alloy were described. Microstructure examination has been carried out on the compressed samples of Inconel 718 alloy using an optical microscope - Nikon 300 and in the scanning electron microscope HITACHI S-3400 (SEM) in a conventional back-scattered electron mode on polished sections etched with Marble's solution. Findings: Structural observations of deformed at high temperatures, previously solution treated Inconel alloy revealed non uniform deformation effects. Distribution of molybdenum-rich carbides was found to be affected by localized flow within the investigated strain range at relatively low deformation temperatures 720 - 850° C. Microstructural examination of the alloy also shown that shear banding, cavities growth and intergranular cracks penetrating through the whole grains were responsible for decrease in the flow stress at temperature of 720, 800 and 850° C and a specimen fracture at larger strains. On the basis of received flow stress values activation energy of a high-temperature deformation process was estimated. Mathematical dependences (σ pl -T and σ pl - ) and compression data were used to determine material's constants. These constants allowed to derive a formula that describes the relationship between strain rate (ε), deformation temperature (T) and flow stress σ pl. Research limitations/implications: Even though, the light optical microstructure observation of deformed samples revealed some effects of heterogeneous distribution of the phase components, in order to complete and confirm obtained results it is recommended to perform further analysis of the alloy by using transmission electron microscopy technique (TEM). Practical implications: Interaction of precipitation process developed during deformation below solvus temperature and heterogenuos deformation (flow localization) can become a significant aspect of high temperature performance of precipitation hardenable alloys and may perhaps also allow produce specific microstructures of such deformed materials. Originality/value: It is a scarcity of data which are to describe specific features of phase transformation processes in precipitation hardenable alloys. In addition, existing data do not allow to simplify structural features of dynamic precipitation and simplifying structural description of the process. The compression tests on age hardenable alloys and the analysis of dynamic precipitation process have got a practical meaning.
EN
Purpose: Crystallinity degree of injection moulded parts made from polyoxymethylene was tested. The parts came from a mulitcavity injection mould with geometrically balanced runners. The purpose of research was to check if there are differences in crystallinity degree between parts from different cavities. Methodology DSC (Dynamic Scanning Calorimetry) tests were made and according to the obtained DSC curves crystallinity degree value was calculated for injection moulded parts. Findings: The results of research made show that the parts from particular mould cavities differ in crystallinity degree and the values are affected by thermal conditions which are different across the mould and, of course, for each cavity too. Research limitations: In this research only one multicavity injection mould was tested. It has a specific layout of runners and cavities and cooling channels that determine the polymer flow in the mould and other conditions like mould temperature distribution. It is usually supposed that the parts placed in areas of higher temperature in the mould will have higher crystallinity degree values. However, each mould requires separate analysis as it is built in another way and the extrapolation of the results of this research to other injection moulds can lead to errors. Practical implications: The results of this investigation can be useful for mould designers. The occurrence of different properties of parts from multicavity injection moulds is especially important in case of precision injection moulding, particularly for small parts. The way to minimize the problem with unequal part properties like crystallinity degree (which results in different mechanical properties) is minimizing the temperature differences in the mould. Originality The research made in last years by other scientists show that even when using geometrically balanced runners in the mould the problems with unequally filling cavities can occur, especially due to shearing phenomena in runners. This leads to differences in weight of parts. The work was mostly focused on the problems with filling imbalance and phenomena in runners or showing different weight of the parts. In this paper it was shown other important consequences of filling imbalance in the mould.
PL
Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań laboratoryjnych i prób przemysłowych wykonanych w projekcie celowym nr 6 T08 2004 C/06379 pt.: "Opracowanie i wdrożenie technologii produkcji wlewków ciągłych ze stali z mikrododatkiem glinu o wysokiej podatności do kształtowania plastycznego ", dofinansowanym przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Informatyzacji (obecnie Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego). W wyniku realizacji projektu opracowano i wdrożono w zakładzie Ferrostal Łabędy technologie wytwarzania ciekłej stali i jej ciągłego odlewania na wlewki o wysokiej jakości powierzchni o przekrojach poprzecznych 140 mm x 140 mm i 160 mm x 160 mm z gatunków stali o zawartości węgla w zakresie perytektycznym (0,07-0,25%) oraz z mikrododatkami Al i pierwiastków o silnym powinowactwie z azotem (Nb, V, B). Opracowano także procedury uzyskiwania określonego poziomu siarki (do 0,040%) i azotu (do 0,020%) w stali uspokojonej glinem. Opracowano i zastosowano metodę dodatkowego chwilowego schładzania naroży wlewka ciąglego i ponownego ich nagrzewania ciepłem wnętrza wlewka, w celu zmodyfikowania struktury i polepszenia właściwości. Wykonano i zastosowano doświadczalny układ dodatkowego chwilowego schładzania naroży wlewków kw. 160 mm, którego celem, jest modyfikacja struktury obszaru naroży, polegająca na rozdrobnieniu ziarn. Zastosowane chwilowe chłodzenie jest tak realizowane, że po modyfikacji mikrostruktury, na wejściu do klatki ciągnąco-prostującej, naroża osiągają temperaturę mieszczącą się w optymalnym zakresie, ustalonym dla określonej grupy gatunkowej stali. Wyniki pomiarów temperatury przed i za klatką ciągnąco-prostującą oraz wyniki obserwacji mikrostruktury wskazują, że efekt rozdrobnienia i ujednorodnienia struktury następuje na skutek wymuszonej przemiany [gamma] -> [alfa] -› [gamma]. Wytworzona drobnoziarnista struktura w efektywny sposób hamuje rozprzestrzenianie się pęknięć powierzchniowych. Uzyskano wlewki o wysokiej jakości i o dobrej odksztalcalności bez powstawania wad w procesach przeróbki plastycznej. Nowy asortyment wlewków ciągłych, produkowany w wyniku wdrożenia projektu, przeznaczony jest do walcownia wyrobów o wymaganej bardzo dobrej jakości powierzchni (kształtowników specjalnych, prętów, rur) do zastosowań m.in. w przemyśle samochodowym,.
EN
The paper contains results of laboratory investigations and industrial trials carried out in the targeted project no 6 T082004 C/06379 entitled "Development and implementation of technology for production of Al - microalloyed continuously cast steel billets with increased ability to hot working" supported financially by the Ministry of Science and Information Technology (now Ministry of Science and Higher Education). The outcome of the project was development and implementation at Ferrostal Łabędy Sp.zo.o. technologies for steel making of peritectic grades (containing 0.07-0.25%C) microalloyed with Al and the elements having high affinity to nitrogen (Nb, V, B) and continuous casting of these grades into 140 mm square and 160 mm square billets. Procedures for obtaining specific level of sulfur content (up to 0.040%) and nitrogen (up to 0.020%) in Al-killed steel were also worked out. Method for a short-time water cooling of the corners of cc billet followed by re-heating caused by the heat of the billet core for the purpose of modifying microstructure and improving properties was elaborated and implemented. High quality billets showing increased ability to hot deformation without cracking were produced. An experimental additional cooling device for a short-time water cooling of the corners of a 160 mm square billets enabling refinement of grains was constructed and applied. The applied short-time cooling was conducted in such a way that the corners which undergone structure modification at the entry to the unbending stand were re-heated to the optimum temperature range determined for a particular steel grade. Results of temperature measurement in front of and behind the unbending stand and results of microstructure investigation showed that the grain refinement effect resulted from the forced [gamma] -> [alpha] -> [gamma] transformation. Produced fine-grained microstructure hindered effectively propagation of surface intergranular cracks. New grades of continuously cast billets, production of which was implemented as a results of the project, are used for rolling of bars, sections and tubes with demanded high quality surface applied among others in automotive industry.
17
Content available remote Austenite decomposition in carbon steel under dynamic deformation conditions
EN
Purpose: The main purpose of this paper was to estimate the effect of the dynamic conditions resulting from deformation process on the austenite decomposition into ferrite and pearlite (A->F+P) in the commercial carbon steel. Design/methodology/approach: In the paper flow stress curves and microstructure of deformed steel within the range of discontinuous (austenite to pearlite) and austenite to ferrite transformation at different strain rates and cooling rates were presented. The microstructure of hot deformed samples was tested by means of an optical and electron microscopy. Findings: It was shown that the flow localization during hot deformation and preferred growth of the pearlite colonies at shear bands was very limited. The most characteristic feature of the microstructure observed for hot deformed samples was the development of carbides that nucleated along elongated ferrite grains. Research limitations/implications: In spite of intense strain hardening due to deformation and phase transformation overlapping, microstructural observation of deformed samples did not reveal significant flow localization effects or heterogeneous distribution of the eutectoid components. Therefore complementary tests should be carried out on the steel with higher strain above the 0.5 value. Originality/value: There was no data referred to particular features of the dynamic processes, such as dynamic recrystallization and recovery, dynamic precipitation, that can occur during austenite decomposition into ferrite, and especially during discontinuous transformation of austenite to pearlite.
18
Content available remote Examination of conditions in contact interface using ultrasonic measurement
EN
Purpose: In metal forming, the conditions of contact interface have a great effect on the characteristics of interface friction and heat transfer between tool and workpiece. Estimation of contact conditions in the toolworkpiece interface is required in order to optimize process conditions. Ultrasonic examination is an effective method to estimate the contact conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of ultrasonic frequencies and intermediate air/lubricant films in the contact interface on the properties of penetration and reflection of incident ultrasonic waves. Design/methodology/approach: We have presented a method by which the contact conditions are evaluated from the relative intensity of reflected ultrasonic waves at the interface. Using this evaluation method, the relative intensity was measured continuously during processes. Findings: The effects of ultrasonic frequencies and intermediate films on the properties of penetration and reflection of incident ultrasonic waves were revealed. The presented method was effective for evaluating the variation of contact interface conditions. Research limitations/implications: Thickness of intermediate films can be measured using this ultrasonic examination. The performance of lubricants can be estimated. Practical implications: The optimization of forming processes will be achieved based on the evaluation results of contact conditions. Originality/value: Tribological conditions including intermediate air/lubricants were evaluated by ultrasonic examination. This shows the possibility that the lubricant behaviour in the contact interface is examined during processes.
PL
Przedstawiono analizę możliwości i rezultaty kształtowania plastycznego półwyrobów do dalszego formowania tytanowej komory sztucznego serca. Na podstawie modelu czaszy krwistej opracowano numeryczny model wytłoczki, a na jego bazie numeryczne projekty asymetrycznych narzędzi kształtujących oraz kształt i wymiary asymetrycznego wykroju do tłoczenia. Po analizie problemów technologicznych kształtowania cienkościennych wyrobów powłokowych o złożonym kształcie zaproponowano technologie tłoczenia. Zaprojektowano i wykonano oryginalne tłoczniki i narzędzia do tłoczenia. Wyniki wytłaczania niekonwencjonalnego (w gumę i hydromechanicznego) porównano z rezultatami wytłaczania klasycznego. Próby tłoczenia poprzedzono oceną podatności do tłoczenia użytej blachy, opartą na wcześniejszych kompleksowych badaniach materiałowych.
EN
Analysis of the possibilities and results of metalworking of semi-products for subsequent forming of titanium artificial heart ventricle have been presented. Based on a blood dome model, a numerical model of a drawpiece has been developed, which was used to design asymmetrical forming tools and the shape and dimensions of a blank for deep drawing. After analysis of technological problems related to forming of complex-shaped thin-walled drawpieces, the drawing technologies have been proposed. The original forming tools have been designed and made. Results of non-conventional drawing (into a rubber blanket and by hydro-mechanical method) have been compared with those of classical forming. The drawing tests were preceded by an assessment of formability of the sheet used, which was based on the earlier comprehensive material studies.
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