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Czy na Dolnym Śląsku występują naturalne analogi skał księżycowych?

Przylibski Tadeusz A., Szczęśniewicz Mateusz, Blutstein Konrad

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 1

26--46

EN

We describe the geological structure of the Moon and its evolution from the time of its joint formation with the Earth to the present. The common origin of both of these bodies justifies the search for analogues of the rocks that build the Earth andthe Moon. On this basis, we characterize the rocks that constitute the crust of the Moon. These comprise rocks of the primary planetary anorthosite crust: anorthosites and, subordinately, other gabbroid rocks (gabbros, troctolites, norrites). These rocks make up the lunar highlands and mainly build the far side of the Moon. On the near side, there are vast areas covered with basaltoids several hundred meters thick, of various ages: the lunarmaria. These two types of igneous rocks constitute the Moon's crust. Its surface is coveredwith materialproduced by impact metamorphism from incoming asteroids, meteoroids, micrometeoroids and interplanetary dust, as well as resulting from the crust's interaction with solar wind particles and cosmic radiation. This regolith comprises loose material a few to several meters thick. We compare the chemical composition of these lunar igneous rocks with the chemical composition of the igneous rocks of Lower Silesia. Basaltoids, anorthosites, gabbros and troctolites were included in our analysis. We conclude, unsurprisingly, that it is currently impossible to indicate the occurrence of natural analogues of lunar rocks in Lower Silesia. There are large differences between the chemical composition between the rocks constituting the primary planetary crust of the Moon and the igneous alkaline rocks of Lower Silesia, the latter representing strongly differentiated igneous rocks of the Earth's crust and upper mantle. Nevertheless, in the case of basaltoids, it will likely be possible in the near future to find rocks that can, with some approximation, be considered analogues of lunar basaltoids. At present, potential locations of lunar-like basalts and foidites include the Zaręba and Księginki quarries near Lubań. In the case of plutonie rocks, especially anorthosites, Lower Silesian analogues of lunar rocks will be very approximate. However, based on basaltoid rocks from Lower Silesia, and perhaps later also using gabbroid rocks, it should be possible to produce a natural analogue of the lunar regolith. Rock material from terrestrial analogues will have to be significantly processed both physically and chemically to obtain the composition and structure of this regolith material. These considerations, however, are not the purpose of this work. We focus primarily on analogies of chemical and mineral composition, as the basic features enabling the production of a lunar regolith analogue. We are particularly interested in pointing out analogies resulting from the composition of the parent magmas of these rocks, as reflected in the chemical composition of the rocks and their mineral composition. Due to significant differences in the age of crystallization of lunar magmas and their conditions of this crystallization compared to the rocks of Lower Silesia (on Earth), it is not presently possible to indicate Lower Silesian age-analogues of lunar rocks or structural and textural analogues.

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Geological exploration of the Moon

Misiak Jacek

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2022

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T. 38, z. 4

91--104

EN

The earliest studies of the Moon consisted of observations from Earth and meteorites containing lunar material. As technology progressed, the observations were made using remote sensing techniques. The next stage of the Moon reconnaissance consisted of unmanned flights, and later manned flights, with the help of which, in-situ tests were performed. The obtained materials enable the formulation of conclusions both about the geological structure and the mineral resources of the moon. The latest maps provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and NASA Planetary Data System (PDS) enable a detailed analysis of the geological structure of the moon. Since they are available in shapefile format for QGIS and ArcGIS software, they can be freely modified and processed. On the basis of these, it is possible to analyze the complexity of the geological structure of the moon, especially with regard to the structure of its substrate and the surface covered with craters. Data obtained from the observation of the Moon with the use of research satellites and research carried out during landings related to the collection of samples enabled the formulation of conclusions about the raw materials present there. These raw materials are related to the surface layer of the so-called regolith, the recognition of which is relatively good because it is based not only on remote studies but also on the basis of collected samples. Additionally, there are indications of the possible presence of mineral resources related to the substrate, but its recognition is relatively poor because it is based on remote and geophysical surveys. The presented analysis shows that the Moon has such minerals as rare earth elements (REE) and Th and U found in the KREEP area. Fe and Ti are found to be in basaltic lava flows occurring in the mares and aluminum, silicon and Helium-3 occur in the regolith.

PL

Najstarsze badania Księżyca polegały na jego obserwacjach z Ziemi oraz meteorytów zawierających materiał księżycowy. W miarę postępu technicznego obserwacje odbywały się za pomocą technik teledetekcyjnych. Kolejnym etapem rozpoznania Księżyca były loty początkowo bezzałogowe, a później załogowe, za pomocą których wykonano badania in situ. Pozyskane materiały pozwalają wnioskować zarówno o budowie geologicznej, jak i zasobach mineralnych Księżyca. Najnowsze mapy udostępnione przez United States Geological Survey (USGS) oraz NASA Planetary Data System (PDS) pozwalają na szczegółową analizę budowy geologicznej Księżyca. Ponieważ udostępnione są w formacie shapefile dla oprogramowania QGIS i ArcGIS, można je dowolnie modyfikować i przetwarzać. Na ich podstawie można analizować złożoność budowy geologicznej Księżyca zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do budowy jego podłoża oraz powierzchni pokrytej kraterami. Dane uzyskane z obserwacji Księżyca za pomocą satelitów badawczych oraz badań wykonanych podczas lądowań związanych z poborem próbek, pozwoliły na sformułowanie wniosków o występujących tam surowcach. Surowce te związane są z warstwą powierzchniową tzw. regolitem, którego rozpoznanie jest stosunkowo dobre, ponieważ opiera się nie tylko na badaniach zdalnych, ale i na podstawie pobranych próbek. Istnieją również przesłanki o możliwości występowania surowców mineralnych związanych z podłożem, jednak jego rozpoznanie jest stosunkowo słabe, ponieważ opiera się na badaniach zdalnych i geofizycznych. Z przedstawionej analizy wynika, że na Księżycu występują takie surowce mineralne jak pierwiastki ziem rzadkich (REE) oraz Th i U występujące na obszarze KREEP. Fe i Ti występują w bazaltach budujących morza księżycowe oraz aluminium, krzem i hel-3 występują w regolicie.

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Kartografia planetarna – historia, dane źródłowe, metodyka

Pędzich P., Latuszek K.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

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T. 46, nr 3

253--282

PL

Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy i jest pierwszym z cyklu dwóch artykułów przybliżających problematykę z zakresu kartografii planetarnej. Przedstawiono w nim m.in. zarys historii map ciał niebieskich, poczynając od pierwszych map Księżyca opracowanych na podstawie obserwacji teleskopowych, po współczesne mapy wykonywane z wykorzystaniem sond kosmicznych, scharakteryzowano podstawowe źródła danych oraz przedstawiono rozwój metod ich pozyskiwania, opisano najważniejsze misje kosmiczne, od pionierskich wypraw radzieckich po współczesne badania Marsa i asteroid; przedstawiono również wybrane aspekty metodyki opracowania map obiektów pozaziemskich.

EN

The article is the first in the series of two articles outlining the problems of planetary cartography. The article is a review, it presents, among others, the outline of history of celestial bodies mapping, to begin with the first map of the Moon developed on the basis of telescoping observation, to contemporary maps based on measurements made by the space probes. It characterizes the basic data sources and presents the development of data obtaining methods, the article describes the most important space missions from the pioneer Soviet expeditions to current research of Mars and asteroids, it also presents some aspects of extraterrestrial objects mapping methodology.

4

Slumsy doby księżyca

Mizia M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2012

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R. 109, z. 1-A/1

515--522

PL

Żyjemy w dobie Księżyca. Tak można by najkrócej nazwać obecną rzeczywistość. Zdobywamy z sukcesami kosmos, badamy możliwości ucieczki w przeczuciu nieuchronnej katastrofy globalnej. Zanim jednak odkryjemy realne możliwości dla przyszłych pokoleń, zobligowani jesteśmy do tworzenia godziwych warunków życia dla siebie i najbliższych pokoleń. Na ile współczesne i przyszłe miasta mogą odpowiadać ludzkim marzeniom, reguły gry dyktuje ekonomia i wolny rynek.

EN

We are living in the era of the Moon. That is how we could briefly characterize our present-day reality. We conquer outer space; we explore the possibility of an escape in anticipation of inevitable global catastrophe. Yet before we are able to discover real possibilities for future generations, we are obliged to create decent conditions of life for ourselves and for successive generations. To what extent our contemporary and future cities can fulfill to our dreams? The rules of the game are established by the free market economy.

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„Dwadzieścia osiem księżycowych stacji w stosunku do magicznych operacji”

Hołda J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2004

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R. 49, nr 2

7--31

EN

The article is devoted to the issue o f the the twenty eight lunar mansions (Moon stations) and the magical practices based on their talismans as described in the Libro de la Luna, the third part o f Libro di astromagia, an astrological-magical treatise attributed to King Alfonso X the Wise. The main purpose of the article is to pinpoint the essence of the practices in question and to try to establish what type o f magic: natural, demonic or theurgic, they belonged to. Lunar mansions arc groups of stars which delineate the path of the Moon along the ecliptic during succcssive 27 or 28 nights. The astronomical system based on the mansions was well-known in ancient China, India and Persia, and perhaps derives from the Sumcrian-Babylonian tradition. The astronomical-magical dimensions of the system are connected with the Greek tradition, while the practices based upon it, which used lunar talismans, may have arisen in the town o f Harran, in northern Mesopotamia. The practices described in the articlc were based on the belief, stemming from the ancient model of the Cosmos, that the Moon was an intermediary between the heavenly and earthly world, and a transmitter of planetary influences. The power of the 28 lunar mansions and their talismans derived from the soul of the world, which transferred it to the fixed stars. It was from those that the power was derived by planets in their apogee, and later, when the planets moved to their perigee, they transferred it to the entities of the sub-lunar world, i.e stones, plants, animals and people. The character and properties of the mansions and their talismans depended on the quality and character o f the fixed stars, zodiac signs and planets with which the Moon was associated at a given time. In order to draw upon those forces, a special ritual was developed using talismans of the mansions, invocations and fumigation. The practices involved had a lot in common, on the one hand, with natural magic, in that they also utilized only the natural links between heavenly and earthly entities, but sometimes were used for evil purposes, and, on the other, with astral and talisman magic, which relied on talismans o f the 7 planets and 12 zodiac signs made and used in accordance with the arrangement o f heavenly bodies; there was a connection to theurgy, as well, in that the practices also required a proper spiritual and physical preparation, even though unlike theurgy they served only for practical purposes. The magical practices described in the article combined elements of various kinds o f magic and since they cannot be classified as belonging to any o f the varieties, the term ''Harran magic” proposed by Garcia Aviles has been adopted in the article to refer to them. A characteristic feature of Harran magic was that during the ritual the magician directed his invocations not to the planets themselves but to the intermediary angels. The magic based on the 28 lunar mansions was reflected in the Squire’s Tale o f the Canterbury Tales, a 14th-century poetic work by Geoffrey Chaucer. The mansion used by the magician to create illusions can be identified with mansion 19 according the the zodiology of Hermuz, the fifth part o f the Libro de la luna, which favours adultery, illusion and deceit.