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Kopalnictwo soli i domy z soli w Boliwii

Gierlotka Stefan

Napędy i Sterowanie

2019

R. 21, nr 2

106--107

Boliwia jest najwyżej położonym krajem Ameryki Południowej. Stolica La Paz, leżąca na wysokości około 4000 m n.p.m., jest najwyżej położoną stolicą państwową na świecie. Na zachodzie kraju wznoszą się kordyliery Andyjskie. Pomiędzy kordylierami rozciąga się na wysokości 3300–3800 m n.p.m. płaskowyż Altiplano. W południowo-zachodniej części Altiplano znajdują się rozległe solniska, w tym największa na świecie pustynia solna Salar de Uyuni.

Metodyka grawitacyjnego zatłaczania zaczynów uszczelniających do wyrobisk górniczych w kopalniach soli

Stryczek S., Wiśniowski R.

Archives of Mining Sciences

2004

Vol. 49, nr 1

55-69

W artykule przedstawiono technologię grawitacyjnego zatłaczania zaczynów uszczelniających w celu wypełniania wyeksploatowanych wyrobisk górniczych w kopalniach soli. Opisano doświadczenia pracowników Zakładu Wiertnictwa i Geoinżynierii AGH w Krakowie w zakresie doboru i optymalizacji stosowania solankowych zaczynów uszczelniających. W dalszej części pracy podano zależności umożliwiające obliczanie oporów przepływu cieczy uszczelniających podczas napowierzchniowego grawitacyjnego zatłaczania ich do podziemnych wyrobisk górniczych. Wyprowadzone zależności matematyczne oraz proponowana metodyka postępowania zostały sprawdzone w praktyce.

The number of old workings that need sealing increases all over the world each year. In the course of many year researches, a variety injection technologies have been worked out either to fill in the rock voids with sealing slurries or to liquidate the physical discontinuities in the rock mass. Bearing in mind the present state of technical, operational and economic possibilities related with sealing of a selected part of the rock mass, the surface gravity injection method seems to be the most economic in a majority of cases. The efficiency of sealing greatly depends on the selection of a proper technique and technology as well as the selection of optimum recipe for the sealing slurry. The type of sealing material, its chemical composition, physical properties and rheological parameters are particularly important when sealing old workings in salt mines (Hliniak, Stryczek 2000; Stryczek, Gonet 2001; Stryczek 1997, 1998). The workers of numerous research units, in that the Department of Drilling and Geoengineering, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, and the Department of Construction Materials, Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, AGH - University of Science and Technology investigate how to obtain and then apply new unconventional slurries for sealing and reinforcing the salt rock mass. Basic and application researches led to the elaboration of a number of patents, which were then widely imple-mented to the liquidation of physical discontinuities of the rock mass. The optimum recipe for the sealing slurry should be selected on the basis of the results of the laboratory experiments. Then the rheological model should be made and hydraulic calculations performed. Many year researches on rheological parameters of saline sealing slurries have shown that Bing-ham model is most frequent. The paper gives the rudiments of hydraulic calculations of a saline sealing slurry, described by the Bingham model. Hydraulic calculations lie in checking or designing flow geometry, assumed physical and rheological properties in view of spontaneous (gravity) injection of brines. It should also be stated whether or not the maximum internal pressure can destroy the injection pipeline. The calculation was based on the Bernoulli equation, describing the energy balance of actual fluid running in the injection system (Fig.1). Equation (18) is a confounded equation with one variable, i.e. outflow rate. To solve it, one of numerical methods has been applied. The workers of the Department of Drilling and Geoengineering, AGH - University of Science and Technology in Krakow elaborated a program enabling a numerical solution of the problem equation (18), employing the method of halving intervals. By solving equations (11), (12) and (13), three rates are obtained. 2. For each calculated value of saline sealing slurry outflow rate, the character of flow in pipes having inner diameter is determined, respectively. 3. For each rate, the character of flow in pipes having inner diameter is compared in view of the assumptions made for its determination. It has been assumed that the rate providing the congruence of the calculated flow rates and all assumptions is correct. 4. To calculate the flow rate, pressure losses in the circulation system are determined. Based on the worked out algorithm, the pressure losses accompanying the injection of saline sealing slurries to old workings in a salt mine, were calculated. A change of the outflowing volume of saline sealing slurry was determined for the assumed design data in a function of the length of the horizontal injection pipe having the inner diameter (Fig. 3). The volume of the saline sealing slurry outflow was calculated (Fig. 4).