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A study of thermal controls in rapidly developing city using remotely sensed satellite data: spatiotemporal perspective

Mahmood Khalid, Raza Syed Ahmed, Fatima Syeda Yuman

Acta Geophysica

2021

Vol. 69, no. 1

365--379

The unsusual rise in the land surface temperature is playing a vital role toward the rapid and intense changes in global climate. Occurrence of certain land use land cover and alternative changes in them is the prime cause of bringing extreme changes in temperature. In this research, using 30-year long time series (1988–2018) data from Landsat satellites for understanding relation of mean temperature with the two largest and main controlling land use classes (vegetation and built-up) in a rapidly urbanizing district, Lahore. For this purpose, multivariate statistical approaches of scatter plot and correlation coefcient were employed. Temperatures, vegetative and built-up areas were derived using a combination of diferent spatiotemporal tools in a specifcally designed model. Critical analysis suggests breaking up of investigation timeline in two portions based on changing trend. A 23-year period from 1989 to 2011 (Temporal Window-1) and a 6-year period from 2013 to 2018 (Temporal Window-2) were tested separately for the same arguments. Vegetative area showed an increase throughout the temporal window-1 and then a rapid decrease from 2013 to 2018, while built-up area and mean temperature presented an ever-increasing trend during both temporal windows but with much higher rates in second window. Correlation of tempera ture with the both the investigated thermal controls has found getting strong in Temporal Window-2 showing that relation of these landcover areas with temeperature is not linear and severity is increasing with time. Moreover, temperature is found to be strongly dependent upon changes in built-up areas than that of vegetative areas. So, an increase in built-up area has much more devastating efects over the temperature rather than decrease in vegetative area. It was concluded that Lahore district is contributing in global warming more rapidly than it had ever done before.

Selected problems of electronic equipment design in rocketry

Szpakowska-Peas E., Krawczyk M.

Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa

2016

Nr 4 (245)

209--217

The paper introduces selected problems of electronic equipment design in rocketry. It mainly focuses on most common issues of electronic equipment design in rocketry. Some history of electronic equipment designed in the Institute of Aviation is outlined. Subsequently, basic avionics requirements are presented. In the next part of the article inevitable negative phenomena that occur during a short flight of a rocket such as vibrations, shocks, thermal stability or cosmic radiation are presented and discussed. Moreover, a few solutions and precautions for designing electronic equipment are proposed. Additionally, a concept of the on-board computer for the rocket ILR-33 Bursztyn, being which is designed and built in the Institute of Aviation, is presented. The idea of the structure and some components which will create data logger and requirements are outlined.

Artykuł omawia wybrane problemy projektowania urządzeń elektronicznych w technice rakietowej. Przede wszystkim skupi się na najczęstszych problemach podczas projektowania takiego rodzaju sprzętu. Na wstępie przedstawiono trochę historii sprzętu elektronicznego zaprojektowanego w Instytucie Lotnictwa. Następnie są zaprezentowane podstawowe wymagania awioniki. W następnej części artykułu są przedstawione i omówione negatywne zjawiska, które występują podczas krótkiego lotu rakiety, takie jak wstrząsy, uderzenia, stabilność termiczna lub promieniowanie kosmiczne. Ponadto, zaproponowano kilka rozwiązań i przedstawiono środki ostrożności podczas projektowania urządzeń elektronicznych. Dodatkowo w artykule została poruszona kwestia koncepcji komputera pokładowego dla rakiety ILR-33 „Bursztyn", który został zaprojektowany i zbudowany w Instytucie Lotnictwa. Krótko omówiono pomysł struktury i niektórych elementów, które będą tworzyć rejestrator danych według wymagań dotyczących sprzętu.