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1

Use of underground space for the storage of selected gases (CH4, H2, and CO2) – possible conflicts of interest

Tarkowski Radosław, Uliasz-Misiak Barbara

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2021

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T. 37, z. 1

141--160

EN

The rational management of underground space, especially when used for various purposes, requires a comprehensive approach to the subject. The possibility of using the same geological structures (aquifers, hydrocarbon reservoirs, and salt caverns) for the storage of CH4, H2 and CO2 may result in conflicts of interest, especially in Poland. These conflicts are related to the use of the rock mass, spatial planning, nature protection, and social acceptance. The experience in the field of natural gas storage can be transferred to other gases. The geological and reservoir conditions are crucial when selecting geological structures for gas storage, as storage safety and the absence of undesirable geochemical and microbiological interactions with reservoir fluids and the rock matrix are essential. Economic aspects, which are associated with the storage efficiency, should also be taken into account. The lack of regulations setting priorities of rock mass development may result in the use of the same geological structures for the storage of various gases. The introduction of appropriate provisions to the legal regulations concerning spatial development will facilitate the process of granting licenses for underground gas storage. The provisions on area based nature protection should take other methods of developing the rock mass than the exploitation of deposits into account. Failure to do so may hinder the establishment of underground storage facilities in protected areas. Knowledge of the technology and ensuring the safety of underground gas storage should translate into growing social acceptance for CO2 and H2 storage.

PL

Zarządzanie podziemną przestrzenią, szczególnie gdy można ją wykorzystać w różnych celach, wymaga kompleksowego podejścia do problemu. Możliwość wykorzystania tych samych struktur geologicznych (poziomów wodonośnych, złóż węglowodorów oraz kawern solnych) do magazynowania CH4, H2 i CO2 może skutkować konfliktami interesów szczególnie w warunkach polskich. Konflikty te są związane z wykorzystaniem górotworu, planowaniem przestrzennym, ochroną przyrody, społeczną akceptacją. Doświadczenia w magazynowaniu gazu ziemnego można przenieść na magazynowanie pozostałych gazów. Przy wyborze struktur geologicznych na magazyny gazów, uwarunkowania geologiczno-złożowe będą w największym stopniu wpływać na ich magazynowanie. Bezpieczeństwo magazynowania oraz brak niepożądanych oddziaływań geochemicznych i mikrobiologicznych z płynami złożowymi i matrycą skalną będą istotnymi czynnikami. Należy także uwzględniać aspekty ekonomiczne i związaną z tym efektywność magazynowania. Wskazano, że brak regulacji prawnych ustalających priorytety w sposobie zagospodarowania górotworu będzie skutkował konkurencją w wykorzystaniu tych samych struktur geologicznych na magazyny różnych gazów. Wprowadzenie do uregulowań prawnych dotyczących zagospodarowania przestrzennego terenu odpowiednich zapisów ułatwi wydawanie koncesji na podziemne magazynowanie gazów. Nieuwzględnienie w przepisach dotyczących obszarowych form ochrony przyrody innych sposobów zagospodarowania górotworu niż eksploatacja złóż może przeszkodzić w zakładaniu podziemnych magazynów w obszarach chronionych. Znajomość technologii i zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa podziemnego magazynowania gazów powinny się w praktyce przekładać na coraz większą społeczną akceptację dla magazynowania CO2 oraz H2.

2

Improving public service culture with reduction of interest conflicts in State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) task enforcement in emerging markets - case in Vietnam

Hue Ly Thy

Management

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2020

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Vol. 24, no. 2

49--68

EN

Nowadays, many developing countries such as China, India and Vietnam, etc. have been trying to improve public service culture in public service organizations through eliminating corruption, more integrity, and training and improving good corporate governance. Based on theories background on public service culture, or public administration culture and conflicts of interest, this paper aims to evaluate real situation of interest conflicts in public enforcement in Vietnam nowadays; then, it will use a combination of logic and synthesis, qualitative and quantitative methods, and inter-social scientific industries analytical method to propose some recommendations to reduce conflicts of interest in public enforcement in the country on the basis of further clarifying the concept of “public service culture” and “conflict of interest” in public service. For instance, the paper suggests that we need to amend regulations on giving and receiving gifts, and increase the control over assets and income. Last but not least, we suggest future desired research direction: we can expand researches to other emerging markets in Asia, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, etc.

3

Traditional pastoralism or mining? Conflict of interest in access to natural pastures in Mongolia and the problem of ecological and environmental justice

Burchard-Dziubińska Małgorzata, Myagmarjav Tsolmontuya

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2019

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nr 4

56--68

EN

The article deals with the problem related to the growing conflict of interest in access to natural pastures, which is the basis of nomadic pastoralism in Mongolia. The discovery of significant mineral resources (inter alia: gold, copper and coal) resulted in a huge increase in interest in their extraction and use of this potential to accelerate the economic development of the country. The opencast mining causes the degradation of natural pastures and permanently hinders the migration of animals between winter and summer stands. This is a serious threat to traditional pastoralism, which is of high importance not only from the economic point of view, but also from cultural one. The aim of the article is to show the specificity of the issue of ecological justice in Mongolia, and to find an answer to the research question: How can ecological justice in this country be restored? Until this day there are no effective solutions to ensure fair access to areas where fossil resources have been discovered. Simultaneously, due to air pollution, and degradation of water resources, environmental health became a problem of the highest importance among Mongolians’ population. Ecological justice is becoming an increasingly pressing issue in the country, that has been so far considered an example of the most successful pro-democracy transformation in Central Asia.

4

“Just culture”? Conflicts of interest in the investigation of aviation accidents

Balcerzak T.A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2017

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z. 94

5--17

EN

The sole purpose of air accident investigations should be the prevention of accidents and other incidents in the future, without apportioning blame or liability. A civil aviation safety system is based on feedback and lessons learned from accidents and incidents, while requiring the strict application of rules on confidentiality in order to ensure the availability of valuable sources of information in the future. Therefore, related data, especially sensitive safety information, should be protected in an appropriate manner. Information provided by an individual in the framework of a safety investigation should not be used against them, in full respect of constitutional principles, and national and international law. Each “involved person” who knows about an accident or serious incident should promptly notify the competent state authority for carrying out an investigation of the event. “Involved person” refers to one of the following: the owner; a member of the crew; the operator of the aircraft involved in an accident or serious incident; any person involved in the maintenance, design, manufacture of that aircraft or in the training of its crew; any person involved in air traffic control, providing flight information or providing airport services, which provided services for the aircraft concerned; staff of the national civil aviation authority; or staff of the European Aviation Safety Agency. In terms of the protection level of the organization (employer), employees who report an event or submit an application to the investigation cannot bear any prejudice from their employer because of information provided by the applicant. The protection does not cover (exclusions): infringement with wilful misconduct (direct intent, recklessness infringement); infringement committed by a clear and serious disregard of the obvious risks; and serious professional negligence, i.e., the failure to provide unquestionably duty of care required under the circumstances, causing possible or actual damage to persons or property leading the level of aviation safety being seriously compromised. All employees in the aviation sector, regardless of their function, have safety-related duties and are therefore critical to the security of the entire civil aviation system. The safety of this system requires that any event that has or may have an impact on security in aviation should be reported voluntarily and without delay, because it is necessary to conduct an appropriate investigation in order to increase the level of safety. “Just Culture” is the basic premise for the effective functioning of the reporting of events required for all aviation organizations in order to maintain and raise the safety level. As safety management is based on precise data, it is necessary to introduce appropriate procedures, which allow for obtaining information not only about the events that have already occurred, but also about any other events that could potentially cause hazardous conditions. All the procedures and rules of operation relating to the policy of Just Culture should be constructed so that they not only comply with the provisions of applicable law, but are also rational and understandable by all stakeholders, as well as provide certain comfort and confidentiality to persons reporting events that affect airline safety. Changes in the existing legal system should be established in cooperation with all concerned institutions: law enforcement, including the courts and public prosecution, aviation insurers, the Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission and other entities. Is it possible to reconcile the interests of the so-called culture of aviation safety, i.e., Just Culture, with the requirements of the above-mentioned institutions and traders involved in the implementation of air transport and the exploration of the effects of aerial surveys? The answers to this and similar questions will be widely presented in this article.

5

An examination of aviation accidents in the context of a conflict of interests between law enforcement, insurers, commissions for aircraft accident investigations and other entities

Balcerzak T.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2017

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z. 95

5--17

EN

The sole purpose of air accident investigations should be the prevention of accidents and incidents in the future without apportioning blame or liability. Any civil aviation safety system is based on feedback and lessons learned from accidents and incidents, which require the strict application of rules on confidentiality in order to ensure the availability of valuable sources of information in the future. Therefore, related data, especially sensitive safety information, should be protected in an appropriate manner. Information provided by a person in the framework of a safety investigation should not be used against that person, in full respect of constitutional principles, as well as national and international law. Each “involved person” in an accident or another serious incident should promptly notify the competent investigating authority of the state of the event. An “involved person” means the owner, a member of the crew, the operator of the aircraft involved in an accident or other serious incident, or any person involved in the maintenance, design, manufacture of the affected aircraft or in the training of its crews, as well as any person involved in air traffic control, providing flight information or providing airport services to the aircraft in question, the staff of the national civil aviation authority, or staff of the European Aviation Safety Agency. The protection level of the organization (employer): employees who report an event or replace applications following an event with regard to the appropriate reporting systems should not face any prejudice from their employer because of information provided by the applicant. The protection does not cover (exclusions): infringement with wilful misconduct (direct intent, recklessness infringement); infringement committed by a clear and serious disregard of the obvious risks; and serious professional negligence of an unquestionably duty of care required under the circumstances, resulting in possible or actual damage to persons or property, or damage that seriously compromises the level of aviation safety. All employees in the aviation sector, regardless of their function, have safety-related duties, which are crucial to the security of the entire civil aviation system. The safety of this system requires that as many events that have or may have an impact on security in aviation are reported voluntarily and without delay in order to conduct appropriate analyses and increase the level of safety. “Just Culture” is the basic premise of the effective functioning of event reporting required for all aviation organizations in order to maintain and enhance safety levels. As safety management is based on data, it is necessary to introduce appropriate procedures, which allow for obtaining information, not only about the events that have already occurred, but also about any other events that could potentially cause hazardous conditions. All the procedures and rules of operation relating to the policy of “Just Culture” should be constructed, so that they not only comply with the provisions of applicable law, but are also rational and understandable among all stakeholders, while ensuring a certain level of comfort and confidentiality to those reporting events that affect airline safety. Changes in the existing legal system should be established in cooperation with all concerned institutions: law enforcement, including the courts and public prosecution bodies, insurers aviation, the aircraft accident investigation commission and other entities. Is it possible to reconcile the interests of so-called “Just Culture” in the aviation industry with the requirements of the above-mentioned institutions and traders involved in the implementation of air transport and the exploration of the effects of aerial surveys? The answers to this and similar questions will be fully addressed in this article.

6

Stosunki polsko-rosyjskie w XX w. Konflikt wartości czy konflikt interesów?

Zalewska Paulina

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2017

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Vol. 46, no.1

222--235

PL

Artykuł omawia problematykę podłoża konfliktu interesów pomiędzy Polską a Rosją formułując pytanie, czy zasadza się on wyłącznie na współczesnych celach politycznych oraz ekonomicznych korzyściach, czy też ma podłoże głębsze – w sferze wartości państwotwórczych. Próba odpowiedzi na to pytanie została podjęta poprzez syntetyczną analizę najnowszych oficjalnych dokumentów strategicznych Polski i Rosji. W aspekcie wartości fundamentalnych, na jakich państwa te opierają swoją narodową tożsamość. Wyeksponowano różnice w bieżącej praktyce polityki zagranicznej, których źródeł można upatrywać z oparcia jej założeń na różnych systemach wartości.

EN

This article is about conflict of interests between Poland and Russia. It poses a question: is the conflict based solely on contemporary political goals and economical benefits? Or is it based on state/country building values. In this article the attempt is made to analyze latest official documents of strategic value both from Poland and Russia. The base for this are fundamental values on which states build their own national identity. The article highlights differences in current foreign affairs, based on different value systems.

7

Zarządzanie bezstronnością w jednostkach certyfikujących

Wiśniewski D., Garbarczyk P.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2016

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nr 10

332--341

PL

W artykule poddano analizie normy PN-EN ISO/IEC 17024:2012 oraz PN-EN ISO/IEC 17065:2013-03 będące podstawą prowadzenia działalności przez jednostki certyfikujące odpowiednio osoby i wyroby w zakresie wymagań dotyczących zarządzania bezstronnością. Zwrócono uwagę na występujące nieścisłości i ogólny charakter niektórych wymagań. Zaproponowano możliwe warianty rozwiązań wybranych zagadnień, które ze względu na podobny charakter wymagań mogą mieć zastosowanie w obu typach jednostek certyfikujących.

EN

The paper analyzes the PN-EN ISO/IEC 17024: 2012 and PN-EN ISO/IEC 17065: 2013-03 underlying the establishment of the certification bodies respectively persons and products in the requirements for management of impartiality. Attention was drawn to inaccuracies occurring and the general nature of some of the requirements. It suggests possible options for solutions to selected issues which, due to the similar nature of the requirements may be applied to both types of bodies

8

Korupcja czy konflikt interesów?

Szalast-Piwińska M.

Biuletyn Urzędu Regulacji Energetyki

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2016

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nr 3

16--19

PL

Od czasu do czasu w mediach pojawiają się informacje o aferach w polityce, gospodarce, administracji rządowej lub samorządowej. Doniesieniom towarzyszą komentarze dotyczące korupcji, nieetycznego postępowania, konfliktu interesów.

9

Senior-friendly urban information system - identification of a problem

Szołtysek J.

Management

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2013

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Vol. 17, no. 2

245--258

EN

Increasing urban population, ageing and growing importance of the elderly - those are three independent trends which are currently observed in urban areas. Place of a senior person within society is changing. Overlapping with above trends is inefficient city management as a consequence of growing and denser city population in big agglomerations. It is a common practice that seniors are perceived as second-class citizens. This is reflected by city politics which overlooks measures facilitating day-to-day existence of the elderly in urban space to the benefit of younger generations. City council is allocated a predetermined budget to cater for needs of various age groups. Those resources should be split in a just way, equally between all citizen groups. The evidence the city governing body is doing just that is assurance of mobility to all groups - including seniors. Bearing in mind their health, fitness, access to infrastructure should be facilitated by customising urban information systems to fit perception of the elderly. This way city management shapes city space, thus providing the space in question with new functions, enabling new bahaviours within the framework of the space that has been available so far. Creating a new system of urban information is therefore a management related problem that has to be dealt with taking city related factors into consideration. Decision makers have to solve a conflict that is observed between different groups of interest.

PL

Współcześnie w miastach obserwujemy niezależnie trzy trendy - zwiększania liczby ludności, starzenia się ludności oraz zwiększające się znaczenie grupy seniorów dla funkcjonowania miast. Zmienia się miejsce seniora w społeczności. Na te trendy nakłada się ponadto - obserwowana dla dużych miast - wraz ze wzrostem liczby mieszkańców - zmniejszająca się sprawność w zarządzaniu miastami. Miasta w swoich politykach traktują seniorów jak obywateli drugiej kategorii i w istocie pomijają te działania, które mogą ułatwić funkcjonowanie osób starszych w przestrzeni miasta, gdy konkurują one z działaniami na rzecz młodego pokolenia. Miasto dla realizacji celów różnych grup użytkowników oddaje do dyspozycji określone zasoby. Dostęp do tych zasobów powinien być sprawiedliwy i zapewniać zaspokajanie wszystkich potrzeb na zasadzie równości. Jednym z podstawowych wyznaczników takiego stanu jest zapewnienie mobilności dla wszystkich grup - w tym seniorów. Uwzględniając ich kondycję zdrowotną, dostęp do przestrzeni należy ułatwiać poprzez dostosowanie systemu informacji miejskiej do percepcji seniorów. W taki sposób zarządzanie miastem kształtuje przestrzeń miasta nadając jej nowe funkcje, umożliwiając nowe zachowania w ramach dotychczasowej przestrzeni. Tworzenie systemu informacji miejskiej jest zatem problemem zarządczym, realizowanym w uwarunkowaniach miasta, w którym zarządzający muszą rozwiązać konflikt jaki istnieje między poszczególnymi grupami interesów.

10

Przestrzeń wspólna - konflikt interesów

Petelenz M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2010

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R. 107, z. 3-A

115-119

PL

Ewolucja kształtowania przestrzeni wspólnej w zespołach mieszkaniowych zatoczyła krąg. Obserwuje się powrót do historycznych tendencji zamykania się i separowania osiedli. Konsekwencje psychologiczne i socjologiczne tego nie są obojętne - stopniowo zmieniają stosunek jednostek do przestrzeni własnej i wspólnej, eskalując wynikające z tego konflikty. W rozwiązywaniu problemów konfliktu interesów dominuje egoizm jednostek i grup.

EN

The evolution of shaping a common space in residential complexes circles. A return to historical tendencies to close and separate estates can be observed. Its psychological and sociological consequences are not indifferent - they gradually change individuals' attitude to private and common spaces and escalate resulting problems. In solving the problems of a conflict of interests, egoism of individuals and groups dominates.

11

Zastosowanie teorii gier w przygotowaniu form ceramicznych do produkcji odlewów. Cz. 2 Konflikt interesów i strategie mieszane

Marcinkowski J.

Przegląd Odlewnictwa

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2007

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Vol. 57, nr 9

490-492

PL

W drugiej części artykułu przypomniano założenia gry dwuosobowej, wskazujące na konflikt interesów gracza A (prowadzącego produkcję odlewów w formach ceramicznych) z graczem B, będącym Naturą. Jest to postać normalna gry, kiedy gracze stosują tzw. "czyste strategie". W tej grze w wyniku każdego rozstrzygnięcia, każdy z graczy może jedynie tyle zyskać, ile drugi straci. Jednak konflikt interesów może prowadzić czasem do sytuacji, kiedy uczestnicy gry liczą na wyższe korzyści np. w rokowaniach handlowych, wówczas stosują strategie mieszane zamiast strategii "czystych".

EN

In the second part of the article the two-person game principles were reminded, showing the conflict of the player A (producing castings in ceramic moulds) with the player B, i.e. the nature. This is the normal game's form, when the players are using the so called "pure strategies". In this game each player can achieve only so much as the another can lose. The business conflict can sometimes conduct, however, to the situation when the game participants count on the higher profits, e.g. in the trade negotiations; in such conditions they are using the mixed strategies instead of the "pure" ones.

12

Inwentaryzacja populacji bobra europejskiego (Castor fiber) w zlewni rzeki Osownicy

Miszczuk H., Oglęcki P.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2004

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Vol. 13, No. 2

179--190

EN

The investigations the beavers were carried out in 2003-2004 with original method worked out by authors on the bases of their own experiences and literature data. About 20 specimens were observed which influences for ecosystems were analyzed in details. The environmental changes corsed by beavers and greliminary suggestions for the sustainable human activity in the future were shown.