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Challenges for integration of remotely piloted aircraft systems into the European sky

Zieliński T., Marud W.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

2019

z. 102

217--229

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are widely used in the civil sphere. They offer capabilities predisposed them to be employed by state services in ensuring security and public order, as well as in commercial activities. It should be assumed that the number of RPAS users will grow in geometric progression. It also applies to the European Union, where the market of RPAS is considered to be one of the most prospective in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. This situation generates specific problems that should be solved in order to develop the RPAS’ market without limitations as a part of the European aviation system. The final state should be full integration of RPAS into the European aviation system, to conduct flight operations in non-segregated airspace without additional administrative constraints. Some efforts have been made to achieve this ambitious goal in the European Union. The paper summarises the current status of the legal framework and projects connected with the integration of RPAS into the European airspace. It is mainly based on qualitative analysis of source materials. The purpose of the paper is to identify key problem areas, the solution of which will contribute to the integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system. An analysis of normative documents functioning in the European Union (EU) relating to RPAS has been carried out. In particular, the European Commission (EC) documents and regulations related to RPAS proposed by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) have been taken into account. Three crucial areas have been identified as challenges for the integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system. Firstly, general concepts of integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft into the European airspace including the development of the U-space concept. Secondly, the field of legal regulations, without which the functioning of RPAS as a part of the European aviation system is impossible. In this context, it is justified to continue the implementation of the Roadmap for the integration of civil Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Systems into the European Aviation System proposed by the EC in 2013. Also relevant are the EASA proposals for categorising RPAS and conducting flight operations based on the risk approach which is a new solution. The discussion may be triggered due to by-pass of all regulatory competencies to EASA, without taking into account the specificity of the national systems. Thirdly, the societal field. Full integration of RPAS into the European civil aviation system requires social acceptance for air operations involving RPAS. Despite the undeniable social benefits of RPAS utilisation, in particular in ensuring security and public order, it will be necessary to address issues related to the perception of RPAS by the public, including privacy and data protection, law enforcement associated with the application of RPAS, third-party liability and insurance requirements of RPAS.

Perspektywy rozwoju rynku bezzałogowych statków powietrznych w Polsce

Kochan A., Kruk A., Rutkowska P.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

2018

z. 123

41--53

Obecnie prawo w kwestii korzystania z bezzałogowych statków powietrznych uchwalane jest indywidualnie w każdym kraju członkowskim Unii Europejskiej. Europejska Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Lotniczego EASA zamierza stworzyć jednolite, wspólnotowe przepisy, które regulować będą loty UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) w każdym państwie Unii Europejskiej UE. Głównymi założeniami strategii zaproponowanych w projekcie dokumentu przygotowanego przez EASA "Wprowadzenie ram regulacyjnych dotyczących posługiwania się dronami" jest podział wykonywanych lotów na kategorie: otwartą, specjalną i certyfikowaną, a także wdrożenie koncepcji U-Space, platformy zarządzania ruchem bezzałogowych statków powietrznych. W artykule przedstawione zostały przepisy dotyczące użytkowania bezzałogowych statków powietrznych w polskiej przestrzeni powietrznej zgodnie z bieżącymi normami i rozporządzeniami. Opisane zostały także warunki uzyskania świadectw kwalifikacji operatorów (UAVO), otrzymywane uprawnienia operatorów zarówno podstawowe, jak i dodatkowe oraz proces ich uzyskania. Ponadto, autorzy przedstawili warunki wykonywania lotów BSP w strukturach przestrzeni powietrznej FIR Warszawa. W dalszej części artykuł prezentuje perspektywy rozwoju rynku bezzałogowych statków powietrznych poprzez wskazanie nowych wyzwań prawnych zaproponowanych przez EASA, wprowadzonego nowego rozporządzenia bazowego NBR (New Basic Regulation), a także zarysy projektu nowego Rozporządzenia oraz rządowego programu "Żwirko i Wigura", będącego inicjatywą wynikającą z działań państwa na rzecz rozwoju nowych technologii, w szczególności zintegrowanych systemów zarządzania. W ramach koncepcji U-space został przedstawiony Centralnoeuropejski Demonstrator Dronów, będący częścią Europejskiej Sieci Demonstratorów U-space.

Currently, the law on the use of unmanned aircraft is passed individually in each EU member state. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) intends to create uniform community rules, that will regulate UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) flights in each EU country. The main assumptions of the strategics proposed in the draft document prepared by EASA "Introduction of regulatory framework for the use of drones" is the division of flights into categories: open, special and certified, as well as the implementation of the U-Space concept, a platform for the management of unmanned aerial traffic. The article presents provisions regarding the use of unmanned aircraft in Polish airspace in accordance with current standards and regulations. The conditions for obtaining operator qualification certificates (UAVO) are also described, as well as the permissions for the operators, both basic and additional, and the process of obtaining them. These permissions are issued in the form of a qualification certificate after completing the theoretical and practical training and passing the state examination in presence of the examination board in the scope required for obtaining these qualifications. In addition, the authors presented the conditions for performing UAV flights in the airspace structures of FIR Warsaw. The article presents the prospects for unmanned aerial vehicle market development by identifying new legal challenges proposed by EASA, and the outlines of both the draft of the new Regulation as well as the government programme called "Zwirko and Wigura", an initiative resulting from state actions for the development of new technologies, in particular the integrated management systems.