Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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Transport przeznaskórkowy aktywnych składników kosmetycznych

Malinowska M., Sikora E., Ogonowski J.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2013

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[Z] 67, 3-4

321--344

EN

This article presents the science output regarding percutaneous transport mechanisms, penetration promotors and the methods of active substances skin absorption enhancement. The interaction between cosmetic ingredient and skin cells determines efficiency of the product. The study presents the most important functions of the skin outlayer (stratum corneum), its structure (Fig. 1) and permeability [1–7]. Due to the compact structure, stratum corneum prevents skin water loss. Moreover, it protects human body from outer substances influence [8–12]. Relationship between compound properties and its ability to skin absorption was also described. Physicochemical properties like lipophilicity, compound structure and particle size have a significant influence on intensity of the compounds skin penetration [4, 16–25]. Lipophilicity of a molecule is defined using many theoretical and experimental methods which allow to predict cosmetic ingredients assimilation [26–42]. Moreover, cosmetic base composition [43–47] and the presence of the penetration enhancers (promotors) also affect active ingredients absorption through the skin [48–49]. The most popular equipment used for testing the absorption and the penetration of active substances through the human skin are described in the last part of the manuscript. Compounds permeability through the skin could be tested using various experimental methods [50–58] including the diffusion cells equipped with membranes or prepared skin fragments [37, 55, 64–67]. The most common used are Franz diffusion cells (Fig. 4) and flow diffusion cell (Fig. 5). The measurement of permeation through stratum corneum using ATR -FTIR method is quite reliable and simple (Fig. 8), although measuring skin penetration is made by Saarbrucken penetration model (Fig. 6) and by application of Tape Stripping technique (Fig. 7). The study of skin absorption mechanisms and factors influencing this process is a great opportunity to design efficient cosmetic recipes and a possibility to make more effective, active cosmetic ingredients.

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Analiza przydatności stosowania komór dyfuzyjnych do oceny wielkości emisji metanu i ditlenku węgla z obiektów powierzchniowych

Rachwalski J., Steczko K.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu

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2010

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nr 170 wyd. konferencyjne

353--357

PL

Emisje metanu i ditlenku węgla z gleby mogą pochodzić zarówno ze źródeł naturalnych, jak i antropogenicznych. Przykładem naturalnych źródeł metanu są złoża gazu lub procesy beztlenowego rozkładu substancji organicznych w glebie. Emisje antropogeniczne mogą być spowodowane nieszczelnościami podziemnych magazynów gazu, infrastruktury gazowniczej, upraw ryżu lub być efektem składowania odpadów organicznych. W artykule omówiono wyniki pomiarów emisji z powierzchni terenów podziemnych magazynów gazu ziemnego i gazów kwaśnych. Metoda pomiaru emisji za pomocą komór dyfuzyjnych opracowana w IGNiG może być również stosowana do oceny emisji z gleby w pobliżu odwiertów gazowych podczas ich wiercenia i eksploatacji, a także emisji z podziemnej infrastruktury gazowniczej. W artykule omówiono również podstawowe zasady prowadzenia pomiarów emisji na terenach zagrożonych ekshalacjami.

EN

Emissions of methane and carbon dioxide can origin from natural as well as from antropogenic sources. As the examples of natural sources can be given natural gas fields or anaerobic organic substances decomposition in soil. The antropogenic emissions can be caused by leaking from underground natural gas storage, subsurface natural gas infrastructure, rice cultivation as well as effect of landfilling of organic wastes. In the paper the research results of emission measurement from areas of underground natural gas storages as well as for the acid gases underground storage have been reported. The method of emissions' measuring by flux chambers elaborated by the Oil and Gas Institute can also be used for methane emission evaluation from soil in vicinity of gas well during drilling and exploitation as well as for emissions from natural gas underground infrastructure. In the paper there are discussed the basic rules of carrying out the emission measurements on terrains threaten by exhalations.

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Komory dyfuzyjne-przykład zróżnicowanej reologicznie reakcji osadu ziarnistego na wstrząs sejsmiczny

Wojewoda J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 9

842-847

EN

Frontally fluidized slump sheet containing water-and-sediment escape structures, interpreted as earthquake-driven deposit occur in Permian conglomerates in Golińsk (Saxonian, Mieroszów Conglomerate Member) in the Intrasudetic Synclinorium. Their internal architecture, lithology and position within the slump sheet suggest a rheologically differentiated reaction of sediment to the seismic shock - from brittle failure to liquefaction. The onset of the latter involved diffusional grain displacement in zones of contrasting density resulted from brittle fracture in unconsolidated sediment.