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Rozszerzenie kartograficznej metody koncentracji

Fiedukowicz A., Grabowska A., Olszewski R.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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T. 45, nr 2

121--130

PL

W artykule zaproponowano rozszerzenie metodyki opracowywania map koncentracji przestrzennej. Omówiono także wyniki przeprowadzonych badań, wskazując iż dodatkowy parametr metody pozwala na uzyskanie przestrzennie spójnych klas obiektów dla poszczególnych wydzieleń tematycznych.

EN

The ability to think of the map as a means of presenting not only real objects, but also abstract phenomena allowed for intensive growth of thematic cartography in 19th century. Later development of cartographic research method (analytical cartography) was the result of perceiving the map as a tool for examining spatial dispersion and interdependence of phenomena. The methodology of elaborating maps of spatial concentration is one of them. Contemporary technological development allows to eliminate calculation problems connected to elaborating such maps, it requires however making the rules of creating them more precise. The authors present the implementation of both the mosaic and the zone concentration method for a few selected phenomena. Whereas mosaic concentration maps were done according to original methodological assumptions (see F. Uhorczak 1971), an additional parameter of distance from zone nucleus was used for zone concentration. The parameter prevents concentration zones from expanding, which on previously elaborated concentration maps was the cartographer's task and resulted from his knowledge and experience. It was shown how the change in weight of that parameter impacts shape and distribution of concentration zones. It was also demonstrated how the change in base unit shape impacts the result of the method.

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Mapa sozologiczna obszarów zurbanizowanych w skali 1:10 000

Kubiak J., Ławniczak R.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2011

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T. 43, nr 3

252--262

PL

Podjęty temat z zakresu kartografii tematycznej, dotyczy rozwinięcia treści mapy sozologicznej. Prace związane z powstaniem, ewolucją i praktycznym wykorzystaniem mapy w skali 1:50 000 prezentowane były już wielokrotnie np. przez S. Żyndę (1999), J. Kijowską i S. Żyndę (2007) oraz R. Ławniczaka i J. Kubiaka (2009). Informacje o tej mapie dostępne są ponadto poprzez serwis WWW Głównego Urzędu Geodezji i Kartografii w Warszawie. Autorzy podejmują natomiast próbę prezentacji kartograficznej form ochrony i degradacji środowiska przyrodniczego w formie mapy wielkoskalowego. Problematyka dotyczy głównie obszarów zurbanizowanych i silnie przekształcanych przez człowieka. Opracowanie to wykonane w postaci analogowej, a także w formie numerycznej, jest odpowiedzią na oczekiwania użytkowników tego systemu dotyczące zwiększenia dokładności i szczegółowości mapy. W tym celu zaproponowano skalę 1:10 000, której wybór uzasadniony jest dostępnością innych materiałów źródłowych niezbędnych do prawidłowego opracowania mapy. Zastosowanie większej skali dla mapy sozologicznej, pozwala przede wszystkim na: • poszerzenie charakterystyki jakościowej, zwłaszcza form użytkowania terenu, • zmianę typu geometrycznego niektórych obiektów (zastosowanie regionów zamiast punktów), • zmniejszenie stopnia generalizacji prezentowanego obszaru, tym samym skartowanie większej liczby szczegółów, • precyzyjniejszą lokalizację kartowanych obiektów, • większe możliwości analityczne systemu. Na prezentowane w artykule wyniki składają się doświadczenia zebrane w trakcie wykonywania różnorodnych opracowań (realizowane prace magisterskie, wykonywanie opracowań ekofizjograficznych podstawowych gmin). Mapa sozologiczna w skali 1:10 000 stanowi rozwinięcie treści mapy sozologicznej opracowanej w skali 1:50 000. Jest ona traktowana jako materiał źródłowy, toteż wiele elementów jej treści zostało bezpośrednio przeniesione do mapy wielkoskalowej. W treści nowej mapy znalazły się ponadto niektóre elementy zaczerpnięte z mapy hydrograficznej w skali 1:50 000, mające związek z degradacją i ochroną wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych. Zachowana została główna struktura legendy – treść tematyczna uszeregowana jest w oparciu o takie same poziomy informacyjne. Zwiększeniu oraz pewnym modyfikacjom uległy natomiast grupy występujących tu elementów. Zakres treści mapy analogowej jest nieco węższy w stosunku do jej wersji numerycznej, z uwagi na ograniczenia redakcyjne wpływające na czytelność, np. liczba stosowanych barw, liczba nakładających się deseni, duża liczba stosowanych linii zasięgu itp. Ograniczeń tych nie ma wersja cyfrowa. W wersji cyfrowej zachowano tę samą strukturę warstw tematycznych co na mapie w skali 1:50 000, ale rozbudowano o nowe warstwy, dodając ponad 40 nowych wydzieleń. Przedstawiona propozycja rozszerzonej treści mapy wymaga dalszej dyskusji. Istotne jest precyzyjne zdefiniowanie poszczególnych warstw tematycznych, gdyż w dynamicznym środowisku przyrodniczym, przy dużej skali mapy częstym problemem będzie właściwe zakwalifikowanie niektórych obszarów, a ma to znaczenie w późniejszych pracach analitycznych. Wydaje się celowe podjęcie prac nad opracowaniem instrukcji, która ostatecznie zdefiniuje zakres treści mapy, jej formę graficzną dla wersji analogowej i strukturę baz danych dla wersji numerycznej.

EN

The discussed subject, in the fi eld of thematic cartography, regards the expansion of 1:50 000 ecological map content. Papers related to the making, evolution and practical use of the map in 1:50 000 were presented many times in Polish cartographic literature. In addition, information on the map is accessible on the WWW service of GUGiK (Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography) in Warsaw. The authors attempt to cartographically present forms of environmental protection and degradation in the form of a large-scale map. The issue mainly concerns urbanized areas and those strongly transformed by man. The elaboration made both in analogue and digital forms responds to the expectations of users of the system regarding improvements on precision and detail of the map. To meet the expectations, 1:10 000 scale was proposed, which was justified by the availability of other source materials indispensible for the correct making of the map. Using a larger scale ecological map mainly allows to: • expand on quality characteristics, especially on forms of land use, • change the geometrical type of some objects (application of area instead of points), • lower the degree of generalization of presented area, and thus map a larger number of details, • more precisely localize the mapped objects, • increase the analytical potential of the system. Results presented in the article are compiled from experience of making various kinds of elaborations (M.A. theses, eco-physiographical elaborations of basic districts). The ecological map in 1:10 000 constitutes an expansion of content of the ecological map in 1:50 000. It is treated as source material, so many of the elements of its content were directly transferred to the large-scale map. In addition, the content of the new map contains some elements related to degradation and protection of surface and underground waters taken from a hydrographic map in 1:50 000. The main structure of the legend was maintained – the subject matter is listed on the basis of the same information levels. However, groups of appearing elements were enlarged and modified to a certain extent. The scope of content of the analog map is somewhat narrower than that of its digital version due to editorial limitations affecting its clarity, e.g. the number of colors used, the number of overlapping patterns, large number of range lines used, etc. The digital version does not have these limitations. In the digital version the same structure of subject layers as in the map in 1:50 000 was maintained, but it was enlarged by new layers, adding over 40 new divisions. The presented proposition of the map’s extended content needs further discussion. It is essential to define the particular subject layers precisely, because in a dynamic natural environment, a frequent problem with the large-scale elaboration is adequate classification of some regions, and this in turn is important in later analytical work. It seems necessary to elaborate an instruction to finally define the scope of map content – its graphic form for the analog version and the structure of data bases for the digital one.

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Rozwój kartografii tematycznej na Litwie po odzyskaniu niepodległości w 1990 roku

Beconytè G.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2003

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T. 35, nr 1

25-32

PL

W artykule autorka omawia rozwój kartografii tematycznej Litwy po odzyskaniu niepodległości w 1990 roku, wpływ stosowanych w tym czasie technologii cyfrowych i związane z nimi problemy metodyczne oraz możliwości ich rozwiązywania. Przedstawia już wydane i opracowywane publikacje kartograficzne, a także najważniejsze badania teoretyczne prowadzone na Uniwersytecie Wileńskim.

EN

This paper is a summary of the results of investigation into development of thematical cartography in new society, concentrating on the main problems and with a perspective of building the informational system for thematical mapping at national level. It provides an overview of development of Lithuanian thematic cartography after the restoration of independence in 1990. As that decade can be characterized as a period of rapid and often uncontrolable implementation of novel digital technologies in cartography together with corresponding growth of informational complexity in this area, we argue, that observed crises in development of thematical cartography in Lithuania reflect the pressing problems of modern cartography in general, revealing the most sensitive points of every stage of implementation of new technologies and methods of visualization. These problems can be defined as: task complexity (how to build a functioning informational system for thematic mapping considering diverse and complex spatial information, need for efficient cooperation of specialists from various disciplines with increasingly wide range of skills and finally, mostly limited resources); the quality of production (problems of unbiased quality evaluation, formal quality criteria, quality assurance starting with early stages of thematical map design); lack of user-oriented approach (pragmatic aspects of map quality, usability testing for different kinds of thematical maps). Each methodological problem is related with a specific area of cartographical information and corresponding engineering (structural, functional and semantic) of informational system for large compound products such as the national atlas of the country. Provided solutions for above mentioned problems were attained for the most part applying methods of system engineering and object-oriented design, life cycle modelling and building the system of quality criteria for thematical maps. It was proved that these methods help to attain better communicative quality of maps with any technology of cartographic visualization. In 1990-2000 many thematic maps of Lithuania were published, however the lack of cartographic representation of socio-cultural and economic phenomena is obvious.

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Od Bertina i Hotellinga do Zadeha i Kohonena, czyli o zastosowaniu sztucznych sieci neuronowych w kartografii tematycznej

Kępińska M., Olszewski R.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2002

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T. 34, nr 2

103-114

PL

W artykule omówiono wybrane współczesne metody klasyfikowania danych oraz pokazano możliwość ich wykorzystania w kartografii. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na możliwość zastosowania sieci neuronowych Kohonena jako narzędzia nienadzorowanej klasyfikacji danych przestrzennych.

EN

The article discusses selected contemporary methods of multi-feature data and shows their possible applications in cartography. Graphic information processing described by J. Bertin and principal components analysis created by H. Hotelling, which enables the transfer of results from n-dimensional space to three-, two-, and even one-dimensional space, are examples of non-standard classification in cartography. An examples of spatial data classification using L.A. Zadeh's theory of fuzzy sets is presented. In this classification particuler objects belong to different classes, with various levels of subordination. The article draws special attention to possibility of using neural networks (NN) as a tool for unsupervised classification of spatial data. NN using systems are widely applied in branches of knowledge, which research prediction and classification. From the point of view of source data classification, it is interesting to use NN prepared by unsupervised learning. A so called Kohonen's network is an example of such structure. During the learning process this network does not receive feedback on the correctness of particular answers. Not knowing the expected output information, the network selflearns to recognize data structure. The outer surface of the network creates a, so called, Kohonen topological map, which projects the relations of similarity between the features of analyzed objects into one- or two-dimensional space. The article presents two examples of practical applications of Kohonen's network in classification of multi-feature spatial data. Presented multi-feature data classification methods, despite high differentiation of algorithms, show similar approach to the discussed problem. Self-learning of Kohonen's network, like permutation method, consists in revealing the structure of source data. Application of neural networks, similarly to the method of principal components, allows to reduce the dimension of the space of attributes. In neural networks, as in the classification method basing on theory of fuzzy sets, the final interpretation should be preceded by an estimation of the level of activation of particular neurons. Application of one-dimensional out surface of Kohonen's net-work makes it possible to directly present the classification results on a thematic map, which is optimal from a cartographic point of view.

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Mapy w polskiej prasie codziennej w latach 1918-1939

Kowalski P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2002

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T. 34, nr 2

115-131

PL

Na tle uwarunkowań rozwoju prasy codziennej w okresie międzywojennym przedstawiono zmiany struktury tematycznej i liczby map publikowanych na jej łamach, a także ewolucję ich formy, poziomu graficznego i treści, które wynikały z ich specyfiki i wykształcenia osób je opracowujących.

EN

When in 1918 Poland regained its independence after over a century of subordination, new conditions were established for the development of press and press cartography. Difficult beginnings of the Polish state effected from two major reasons. First was the extent of damages after the World War I. Secondly, the state had to unify the areas of three former partitions which had been at different stages of social, economic and cultural development. These factor also influenced the development of press. Additionally, press had to struggle with illiteracy, poor general education, national diversification, poverty of certain social groups, technical conditions and division of printing industry and conditions of press distribution. In the period between the world wars the development of press was closely linked to the general phases of development, stagnation and breakdown of economy, as well as political situation. The subject of research presented in the article are maps (over 3000) published in 14 selected dailies from 6 biggest press centers in the country as well as two provincial ones. Sources available in the archives were not always complete, so the results of statistical analyses should be treated as approximate. In the years 1918-1939 most m,aps (excluding advertisements) were printed in Ilustrowany Kurier Codzinny (Ilustrated Daily Courier)(over 1000), Kurier Poznański (Poznań Courier) (aprox. 630), Kurier Poranny (Morning Courier) (aprox. 330), Kurier Warszawski (Warsow Courier) (over 240). Remaining newspapers printed much less than 200 maps. Initially the small number of maps reflected difficult financial situation of publishing companies, later it resilted from stagnation of the Big Crisis, which reached Poland in the early thirties. A sudden rise in the number of maps published in newspapers can be observed in the second half of the thirties. It was caused not only by the improved economy of the country, dynamic development of publishing houses and growing competition on the market. One can see direct links to international events, mainly military conflicts (wars in the Far East, the Balkans, Morocco, Abyssinia, Spain). Biggest newspapers devoted 25-30% of their maps to those events; smaller dailies even over 60%. Maps of expedition routes, trips, rallies and flights represented a significant share of almost 13%. They were published systematecally throughout the whole period between World Wars. With the development of Polish economy there appeared more communication maps showing communication routes and junctions, projected air routes, localization of new canals, bridges, border crossing points etc. A distinctive group consisted of population maps, which showed distribution of national groups, ethnic groups, level of life, diseases rate, spread of epidemics. Maps of ethnic groups often appeared at the times of ethnic unrest or plebiscites, e.g. during the plebiscite in Upper Silesia. They often had propagandistic character. Propagandistic maps in Polish press were specific and less numerous than in the presses of neighboring countries - Germany and Soviet Russia. Most of tham were reprinted from the newspapers of totalitarian states, mainly Germany and Italy, with attached explanation, commentary, sometimes also a correct interpretation of the problem in the form of a new map. Press maps of the period between the world wars, especially those printed in the twenties in smaller newspapers, often came from foreign press agencies, which provided map services, or other sources. In such cases Polish names and legends were introduced. Original maps were usually prepared by graphic artists, illustrators, cartoonists and sometimes military commentators. In Poland, map service (relatively modest and too expensive for small newspapers) was offered by Polska Agencja Telegraficzna (Polish Telegraph Agency). During the discussed period the cartographic level of maps rose significantly (often simultaneously with the editorial level of publications). In the late thirties it reached the level of maps in press of West European countries, which had far superior financial capacity.The lavel of some maps in Polish newspapers shows that they had been prepared by professional cartographers.