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Kartografia prasowa w Polsce przed uzyskaniem niepodległości w 1918 roku

Kowalski P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2003

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T. 35, nr 1

12-24

PL

W artykule omówiono tematykę, grafikę i autorstwo map w polskiej prasie codziennej oraz warunki ich pojawiania się w okresie przemian szaty graficznej gazet, przypadającym na pierwsze dwudziestolecie ubiegłego wieku.

EN

In the begining of the XXth century the Polish territories were still, as a result of Poland's partion, divided into three parts, which were annexed and controlled by the country's neighbors. Each part was submitted to the political, legal and economic systems of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, respectively. As a result of a partial abolishment of censorship and liberalization of press regulations - towards the end of the XIXth century in Galicia (Austrian part) and Greater Poland (Prusian part) and after 1908 in the Russian part - a rapid development of Polish press was possible. At that time daily newspapers became attractive graphically, due to a wider use of illustrations and maps. The first maps appeared in Polish newspapers towards the end of the XIXth century, They were very rare and unoriginal - mainly plans of exhibitions and maps reprinted from the press of the occupying countries. In the XXth century they became more common, but still sporadic - one, two or four maps a year. Their topics ranged from the war in Transvaal and the Chinese uprising to plans of new buildings, fragments of cities, international exhibitions, routes and transportation connections. These also appeared first maps of cataclysms and natural disasters. The number of maps rose at the time of armed conflicts, e.g. during the wars in the Far East (in 1904, 1905 and 1911). They were reference maps, either with rich contents and often even relief, or very simplified. They supplemented the descriptions of warfare or "War reports" and "Telegraph News". Maps showing army positions were less frequent. A rapid growth in the number of maps in daily newspapers came with the beginning of the World War I. They illustrated news from the war theater. Publicly awaited news and enormous interest in press as the main source of information multiplied the circulation and number of daily editions of many newspapers. At the beginning of the war most dailies published several tens of maps a year; towards the end their number usually went down. Maps, which proved essential in presenting information about the current situation on the frontiers came from different sources. Usually they were chorographic maps drawn for a particular purpose. There also appeared maps, which presented specific war operations. Newspapers, which could not afford to prepare or buy proper maps usually printed primitive sketches. Maps were prepared by specialized agencies. In Polish press, especially in Poznan, but also in Galicja, one could often find maps from Antoni Fiedler's, which were the biggest chemigraphic works in Greater Poland. Maps prepared by ASTA, a German agency were also common. Some newspapers reprinted maps from German and austrian press. Occasionally the legend of the map was not even translated, but only explained below or in the text. Maps , which appeared in Polish press in the first two decades of the twentieth century represented various graphical level. The maps edited by specialized foreign agencies and those prepared by Antoni Fiedler's works were relatively advanced. The maps of foreign agencies had a serious flaw - they used names different from those in the accompanying texts (subtitles, explanations) and press articles.

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Kartografia prasowa w Polsce Ludowej (1945-1989)

Kowalski P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2003

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T. 35, nr 2

114-125

PL

W artykule omówiono tematykę i grafikę map w większych gazetach centralnych na tle warunków funkcjonowania polskiej prasy w czterdziestopięcioletnim okresie od zakończenia drugiej wojny światowej do 1989 roku.

EN

After WW II Polish press cartography could develop spontaneously and multidirectionally only for a short period of time. During that time it followed the example of pre-war press. Communist authorities intended to subordinate the press completely - they finally achieved that goal after falsified elections of 1947. For the next decades the press was controlled practically by a one party - Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). Press illustrations (photographs, maps, diagrams, also for propaganda use) were initially (in the forties) provided by two agencies. From 1951, after a further reorganization there remained only one - Central Agency of Photography (CAF). Newspaper publishers, especially of national papers, often had their own artists, who drew maps and other illustrations. Party and state authorities not only restricted the flow of information, but also affected its character. As early as in the late firties information was being controlled and selected; international news (in the wake of Cold War) as well as domestic - e.g. concerning industry. Maps published in central dailies to a large extent reflected the topics of publications as well as features of infornational policy and propaganda of the time. They were mainly reference maps presenting international affairs. Their number grew during the times of political changes (e.g. decolonization of Africa) military conflicts (e.g. in Korea, China, Indochina, Middle East, Latin America) and during the periods when the attention of society was to be diverted from domestic and local affairs (e.g. in the seventies and eighties). Percentage of maps dealing with domestic and local (the place of publication) issues was significantly lower than those on international affairs; it also varied in different periods. It was relatively high in the first post-war decade, because of the publication of many plans and town-planer concepts of reconstruction of ruined cities, especially the capital. Plans of new investments in industry and agriculture were also common at that time. The number of maps and plans of new instruments rose again in the seventies, during the time of economic prosperity and the later "propaganda of success". The number of communication maps also went up, mainly in connection with new investments and changes in the organization of traffic. In order to "strengthen people's faith in the Party and Authorities" newspapers organized picnics, which were preceded by the publication of plans and traffic schemes. The decline of economy in the late seventies brought on the general strike of 1980, the rise of Solidarity and the end of Party's monopole in information policy. After the Martial Law has been introduced on 13th December 1981, all dailies except Trybuna Ludu and Żołnierz Wolności were closed. After the suspension of the Matial Law the press continued to write more about foreign than domestic affairs, with the percentage of reference and locator maps reaching 80% in some years. The political changes after 1989, which resulted in the abolishing of censorship and the end of Party's and State informational monopole also transformed press. Thw range of maps became significantly wider, their number grew and their graphic design improved. Introduction of computer technology into editing was also significant for press cartography.

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Kartografia prasowa w Polsce w ostatniej dekadzie XX wieku

Kowalski P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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1999

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T. 31, nr 3

159-168

PL

W artykule przedstawiono uwarunkowania kilkukrotnego, a w niektórych gazetach kilkunastokrotnego wzrosu liczby map w prasie ogólnoinformacyjnej o zasięgu ogólnopolskim po 1989 r., zmian formy i poziomu graficznego map oraz próbę oceny ich poprawności metodycznej.

EN

The political changes in Poland after 1989 resulting in, among others, the introduction of market economy, suppression of censorship and state mass media monopoly did have significant impact on the development of Polish press and indirectly also on journalistic cartography. Several new daily newspapers (especially regional and local ones) have been launched, whereas half of the already existing went bankrupt. The process of privatization as well as foreign investments resulted in an increased competition and also contributed to the improvement of editorial standard of both newly launched as well as transformed old titles. Journalistic maps of the late 80s and early 90s were mostly produced by means of the photomechanical technology: hand-drawn, with Letraset, linotype or sometimes typewriter lettering. Even some hand-lettered maps appeared. Maps reproduced from foreign papers, often without translations of geographic names and map explanations, had large share in overall number of all maps (especially in regional and local newspapers). After 1995 the number of such maps fell radically. During the early 1990s digital technology was introduced to the newspapers' graphic departments. The use of computers not only revolutionized the processes of preparing, typesetting and printing, but also significantly shortened the time necessary to prepare a map. Computers also enabled the editors to use specialized infographic services (provided by Reuter, AP, AFP, Graphic News and also by Polish press agency PAP since 1997). Moreover, it became easier for nonspecialists to correctly prepare a map. Advances in press printing (introduction of offset printing) led to the improvement of map graphic standard. Also, non-cartographers were hired to produce maps in the graphic departments, which resulted in a fact that the advancements of graphic standard of maps were not always reflected by a similar improvement of their cartographic correctness. The early 1990s brought a gradual increase of number of maps published, which was even more significant after 1993 in nationwide newspapers. The regional and local papers increased the number of maps in the late 1990s. Over 2400 maps appeared in the 7 analyzed paper between 1989 and 1993, of which as many as 73% of them in newly launched "Gazeta Wyborcza" and in privatized "Rzeczpospolita" - both using the foreign infographic services. Over the next 5 years 6500 maps were published. As a result, over 9000 maps altogether appeared between 1989 and 1998. The were subject to analyses of changes in their graphic standard and cartographic correctness.