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Rozwój map ogólnogospodarczych w szkolnych atlasach geograficznych do końca XIX wieku

Kowalski P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

1998

T. 30, nr 2

97-110

Po omówieniu czynników wpływających na powstanie i rozwój kartografii gospodarczej począwszy od końca XVIII wieku, autor prezentuje pierwsze mapy ogólnogospodarcze kolejno w angielskich, francuskich, niemieckich i rosyjskich atlasach szkolnych, a w zakończeniu wyróżnia trzy kształtujące się wówczas typy takich map.

The initial part depicts the conditions under which economic maps (especially general ones) appeared in school atlases. This was the result of the achieved level of socioeconomic and civilization development, which created the demand for such maps. Progress in the techniques of statistical data collecting and the increase of their availability, development of the technology of map compilation and printing, development of geography as a branch of science, progress in teaching methods in geography and the development of cartography itself can be considered as the main factors influencing the development of economic school maps. Although the maps described in this paper do not fully reflect the today's understanding of economic maps, however if they comprise at least two branches of economy they can be considered as such. Initially, the general economic maps contained the nominal point symbols presenting certain forms of economic activity. For the first such maps in a school atlas appeared in 1792 in A.G. Caspari 'Neuer metodischer Schulatlas...' published by J.F. Bertuch's publishing house Industrie Comptoir in Weimar. It was only half a century later that such maps were introduced to the atlases devoted mainly for the professional schools (mainly trade ones). In 1870s the economic maps started to appear in few atlases for colleges. They became common as late as in the beginning of the 20th century. General economic maps in the atlases for high schools and colleges served as supplementary ones. They we drawn to scales a few times smaller than the general reference maps, as oppose to the map for professional schools, were both types of maps were drawn to the same scale, and served as main maps. In the course of time three types of general economic maps emerged, differing in the way of presenting of their contents and the presentation of economic character of particular continents and countries. The first type is constituted of maps having a very specific graphic design, which were included in British atlases (e.g. :'School atlas of physical...', E. Hughes, 1853), and then in French ('Atlas universal et classique...', M.M. Drioux, Ch. Leroy, 1873). These maps contained the names of natural resources, branches of industry and crops. The second type is composed of maps in German atlases (especially in 'Diercke Schulatlas...', 1895), which in the first half of the 20th century became characteristic of all German speaking countries. These maps can be characterized by their small scale. The selected resources, branches of industry and crops were presented with linear and areal ranges using colours and patterns. Finally, the third type are the maps of European Russia prepared by A. Iljin's Publishing House, published in the licensed edition of German atlas by E. v. Sydow ('Ucebnyj atlas E. v. Sidowa', 1896), as well as in 'Ucebnyj geograficeskij atlas A. Iljina' published one year later. The 'Novyj ucebnyj geograficeskij atlas...', 1894 contained a new version of this map, by presenting the selected forms of land cover (tundra, forests), besides the pasture and cropland areas, as well as industrial and mining areas. These maps can be considered as an imperfect prototype of the contemporary general economic map.

Ewolucja map ogólnogospodarczych w europejskich atlasach dla ogólnokształcących szkół średnich w XX wieku

Kowalski P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

1998

T. 30, nr 4

260-273

W nawiązaniu do wcześniej przedstawionych początków rozwoju map ogólnogospodarczych w atlasach szkolnych (P. Kowalski 1998) autor przedstawia ewolucję zakresu i sposobu ujęcia treści oraz wyrazu graficznego tych map w XX wieku.

Economic maps, and among these also general economic ones (showing at least two branches of economy-agriculture and industry), were widely introduced to the school atlases as late as the beginning of the 20th century. During the 19th century economic maps can be found only in few atlases. Maps of the home country were first to appear, followed by the maps of the world showing the transport network, as well as the distribution of cultivated plants and breeding animals. Also, at the end of the 19th century the economic maps of other countries appeared in a few atlases. These maps, drawn to a few times smaller scales than the general reference maps, showed selected natural resources, cultivated plants as well as the branches of industry. At the beginning of the 20th century the contents of economic maps was enhanced by increasing the number of entries, while the scale remained unchanged. The further increase of the number of entries on general economic maps during the period between the two World Wars resulted in the necessity of replacing them by the maps of separate branches of economy (agriculture and industry), or even the separate maps of the most vital branches of industry, agriculture and transport. As a result the share of general economic maps in school atlases was severly decreased. Also, at the same time, the synthetic world maps showing forms of human economic activity were introduced to the school atlases. The classification by E. Hahn was most often used. During the period between the two World Wars such maps also presented the continents. Usually drawn to a uniform scale, these maps enabled the comparison of the stage of economic development of particular regions. After the World War II, together with a new generation of school atlases, a new stage of general economic map development in its today's understanding was initiated. Starting from the fifties, general economic maps were drawn to larger scales, having been treated equally with the general reference maps, with which they were often composed together. The increasing significance of general economic maps in school atlases was a result not only of the increasing importance of the econo- mic issues within the geography curriculum, but also of the rapid development of thematic cartography. Large map scales, advances to the map elaboration technology and printing, as well as the increasing availability of sources made it possible to enhance the map content and their graphic design. As an example, the size of nominal point symbols started to indicate the importance of the industrial area. Also, separate categories of signs were introduced for the mining and processing industries. At that time, new categories of maps were introduced. Maps in Western- -European atlases were most often the analytical ones. They showed the distribution of selected branches of industry and crops against a background of the land use. On Eastern-European maps (excluding East German), the two main branches of economy were presented more synthetically. The distribution of industrial centers was presented using the circular diagrams, whereas the agriculture by the separation of agricultural regions. During the seventies newly projected atlases appeared, influenced by the new didactic trends which stressed the problem formulation of contents and the exemplary method of teaching. These atlases, especially in the German- -speaking countries were characterized by the modified thema- tic structure. The share of socio- economic maps as well at the examples were greatly increased. Also, new types of general economic maps were developed. At the same time the content of general economic maps was enriched with the shaded relief presentation and also with more detailed presentation of the types of natural vegetation. During the recent twenty years, the center of gravity of the economic activity was moved from mining, agriculture and industry toward the sector of services, which was not reflected on school general economic maps. Only in Austrian atlases as well as in one Swiss atlas an attempt was made to present the sector of services on general economic maps, especially trade, craft and tourism - by presenting the dominant function of localities. The general maps of continents entitled 'The Structure of Economy' from the 'Holzel Weltatlas fur die Oberstufe' are very inspiring as exposing the importance of services for the economy. These maps can be considered to constitute a next step in the development of general economic maps in school atlases.