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1

Synthesis of kaliophilite by alkaline fusion and ultrasonic treatment method from kaolin raw material

Aristeo-Domínguez Cynthia, Vargas-Ramírez Marissa, Herrera-González Ana M., García-Serrano Jesús, Téllez-Jurado Alejandro, Cruz-Ramírez Alejandro

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 2

art. no. 186627

EN

Mexico has important kaolin deposits, which must be assessed to obtain products with a high commercial value, such as kaliophilite as raw material for biodiesel production. Two kaolins, A and B, with approximate SiO2:Al2O3 ratios of 1 and 1.2, respectively, were used as raw materials to produce kaliophilite. Both kaolins were obtained from the municipality of Agua Blanca in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico. Kaolins are a source of Al and Si for the synthesis of kaliophilite through an alkali fusion process at 700 °C followed by ultrasonic treatment at 28 kHz to different times and for Kaolin-KOH ratios of 1:1 and 1:1.2 (mass: mass). The kaolins as received and the alkaline mixtures heat and ultrasonically treated were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The most suitable kaolin for synthesizing kaliophilite was kaolin A with the Si/Al mass ratio of approximately 1, which exhibited a higher crystallinity index range from 54 to 79.6%. Higher KOH concentrations promote the amorphous material formation decreasing the kaliophilite amount. The crystallinity index was increased when the time of ultrasonic treatment was increased.

2

Effect of bulk nanobubbles on flocculation of kaolin in the presence of cationic polyacrylamide

Sha Jie, Yuan Shuai, Chen Xinbo, Chen Wenmao, Wang Jin, Alheshibri Muidh, Bu Xiangning

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 2

art. no. 186729

EN

The study explores the impact of nanobubble flotation technology on fine mineral processes, focusing on its interaction with cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) in kaolin flocculation. Nanobubbles influence particle size and promote aggregation. Experimental procedures involve bulk nanobubble preparation, kaolin suspension, and CPAM solutions, with analysis of sedimentation rates, turbidity, and zeta potential. Results show accelerated sedimentation and reduced turbidity with nanobubbles compared to traditional methods. Zeta potential measurements and DLVO theory support nanobubbles' role in reducing electrostatic interaction, facilitating flocculation. This research advances understanding in nanobubble-mediated mineral processing, highlighting eco-friendly flocculants and practical implications for optimization.

3

Comparative study on the adsorption of lead ions by kaolin loaded chitosan by different modification methods

Zhang Shuqin, Boyue Yuan, Liu Yi, Zhang Kening, Ren Dajun, Zhang Xiaoqing

Environment Protection Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 50, nr 1

27--41

EN

The adsorption effect of two modified kaolin-chitosan composites prepared by different modification methods (cross-linking method (GL-CS) and click reaction method (TGL-CS) on lead ion wastewater was studied. The structure of TGL-CS has a denser pore structure than that of GL-CS, and the distribution of adsorption sites is more uniform. At 25 °C, pH 4, the adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g/dm3, reaction time of 4 h, and initial mass concentration of 150 mg/dm3, TGL-CS had the best effect on Pb2+ wastewater treatment, and the adsorption capacity was 76.159 mg/g. The adsorption studies of kinetic, thermodynamic, and thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption on GL-CS and TGL-CS was best described by the Langmuir model. The adsorption mechanism is mainly chemical adsorption. The adsorption process is spontaneous. These results show that the adsorbent prepared by click reaction has obvious advantages, with more adsorption capacity and adsorption sites, faster adsorption rate, and better application potential.

4

Effect of Composition on Melt Flow and Density of Polypropylene Copolymer/Kaolin Geo-Filler Composites

Zulkifli Zulaikha, Daud Yusrina Mat, Zainal Farah Farhana, Hashim Mohammad Firdaus Abu, Aygörmez Yurdakul

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 1

369--373

EN

This study examined the effects rheological properties of different composition kaolin and kaolin geo-filler in polypropylene composites. Polypropylene composites with varying composition of kaolin geo-filler 0 wt%, 2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%, 8 wt%, and 10 wt% was prepared and compared with polypropylene composite with raw kaolin. Kaolin is an aluminosilicate based mineral filler was used to prepare geopolymer paste by combining with alkaline activator solution. The polypropylene composite was compounded using a twin-screw extruder and the melt flow index was determined by a constant weight pressure of 2.16 kg at 230°C in 10 min. Knowing the melt flow index is necessary to predict and control the process, the study has demonstrated that the composition of kaolin filler and kaolin geo-filler affects the melt flow, melt density and surface morphology at varies composition. Composites with kaolin geo-filler have demonstrated high melt flow index process and having better distribution and flow.

5

Active Capping Treatment of Copper and Chromium Contaminated Sediment with Bentonite Kaolin and Sand to Inhibit their Release to the Overlying Water

Aliyu Mohammed Kabir, Abd Karim Ahmad Tarmizi Bn, Chan Chee Ming, Abdulkadir Aeslina, Bin Daud Zawawi, Oyekanmi Adeleke Abdulrahman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 12

264--272

EN

The public concern over sediment contamination brought on by mining operations, excessive use of chemical fertilisers or pesticides, industrial, agricultural, and municipal effluent, is increasing. Dredging is a more expensive treatment option than in situ capping of polluted sediment for immobilising pollutants in sediments on site. In order to stop the release of Cr and Cu from chemically contaminated sediments, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of utilising active capping materials such as bentonite (B), kaolin (K), and a 1:1 combination of bentonite and kaolin (BK) as capping materials. In a 90-day laboratory experiment carried out in glass tanks with a 1 cm thickness cover of capped material plus sand spread over the polluted sediment, the efficacy of B, K, and BK in inhibiting trace metal leachability was examined. The findings demonstrated that B and BK decreased the ability of sediments to leach Cr and Cu. The results suggest that BK and B should be considered as a suitable active material for capping treatment of polluted sediment sites because of their high Cu and Cr trapping. According to an analysis of adsorption kinetics, chemisorption was the adsorption process. The outcomes of this study demonstrated the potential for using kaolin, a bentonite-kaolin clay mixture covered with sand, and bentonite as capping materials for the in-situ treatment of Cr and Cu polluted coastal sediments.

6

Assessment of Geopolymer Concrete for Underwater Concreting Properties

Zaidi Fakhryna Hannanee Ahmad, Ahmad Romisuhani, Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa, Wan Ibrahim Wan Mastura, Aziz Ikmal Hakem, Junaidi Subaer, Luhar Salmabanu

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 2

677--684

EN

For ages, concrete has been used to construct underwater structures. Concrete laying underwater is a very complex procedure important to the success or failure of underwater projects. This paper elucidates the influence of alkali activator ratios on geopolymers for underwater concreting; focusing on the geopolymer concrete synthesized from fly ash and kaolin activated using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. The geopolymer mixtures were designed to incorporate multiple alkali activator ratios to evaluate their effects on the resulting geopolymers’ properties. The fresh concrete was molded into 50 mm cubes in seawater using the tremie method and tested for its engineering properties at 7 and 28 days (curing). The control geopolymer and underwater geopolymers’ mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, water absorption density, and setting time were also determined. The differences between the control geopolymer and underwater geopolymer were determined using phase analysis and functional group analysis. The results show that the geopolymer samples were optimally strengthened at a 2.5 alkali activator ratio, and the mechanical properties of the control geopolymer exceeded that of the underwater geopolymer. However, the underwater geopolymer was determined to be suitable for use as underwater concreting material as it retains 70% strength of the control geopolymer.

7

Thermodynamic analysis of the influence of potassium on the thermal behavior of kaolin raw material

Hernández-Chávez Macaria, Vargas-Ramírez Marissa, Herrera-González Ana Maria, García-Serrano Jesús, Cruz-Ramírez Alejandro, Romero-Serrano José Antonio, Sánchez-Alvarado Ricardo Gerardo

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2021

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Vol. 57, iss. 1

39--52

EN

The mineralogy and thermal properties of two kaolin clay samples from Agua Blanca (Hidalgo-México) were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS, TGA-DSC techniques. Kaolin clay A contains a higher Al2O3 and lower impurities (K2O, TiO2, Fe2O3) amount than kaolin clay B, while the SiO2 amount is similar for both kaolin clays. A theoretical approach was carried out by a thermodynamic analysis considering the chemical composition of both kaolin clay samples with the FactSage 7.3 software. Stability phase diagrams were obtained to different K2O content from 0.1 to 3 wt % and temperatures in the range from 600 to 1600°C based on the chemical composition of the kaolin clay samples. The main mineralogical compounds predicted are andalusite (Al2O3•SiO2), K-Potash feldspar (K2O•Al2O3•6SiO2), and the SiO2 polymorphs (quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite) with small amounts of ferric-pseudobrookite (Fe2O5Ti), and rutile (TiO2). As K2O content is increased, the amounts of mullite and tridymite decrease meanwhile the potash feldspar is increased at high temperatures. A liquid phase is formed at around 1350 and 1400°C for the kaolin clay samples A and B, respectively. The viscosity of the melt is increased for the evaluated K2O additions to 1400, 1500, and 1600°C.

8

Wpływ dodatków paliwowych na emisję tlenków azotu przy spalaniu biomasy agrarnej

Sobieraj Jakub, Kalisz Sylwester

Instal

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2021

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nr 3

22--25

PL

Praca przedstawia analizę wpływu dodatków paliwowych na emisję tlenków azotu z procesu spalania biomasy w laboratoryjnym piecu rurowym. Analiza wykonana została dla dwóch udziałów masowych, dwóch glinokrzemianów z grupy kaolinitu – kaolinu oraz haloizytu. Oba glinokrzemiany są przedmiotem badań naukowców z Politechniki Śląskiej jako substancje wpływające pozytywnie na proces spalania, tj. zmniejszające zanieczyszczanie powierzchni ogrzewalnych kotła, a także poprawiające jakość UPS – Ubocznych Produktów Spalania, do których zaliczany jest popiół lotny. Ten ostatni fakt jest o tyle istotny, że w obecnej sytuacji, w której obszarem priorytetowym staje się Gospodarka Obiegu Zamkniętego, popioły stanowią potencjalne źródło surowca, który jeszcze niedawno uznawany był za odpad, a spektrum jego ponownego wykorzystania było dość wąskie. Analiza ta ma na celu laboratoryjne sprawdzenie wpływu zastosowania addytywów na emisję NOx przy spalaniu biomasy i wynika z niejednoznacznych obserwacji dokonanych podczas badań wpływu addytywów na inne własności procesu spalania. Zaobserwowano wówczas, że jedynym negatywnym wpływem zastosowania glinokrzemianów jest nieznaczne zwiększenie emisji NOx. Niniejsza praca uściśla te obserwacje.

EN

This paper presents an analysis of the effect of fuel additives on nitrogen oxide emissions from biomass combustion in a laboratory tube furnace. The analysis was performed for two mass fractions, i.e. two aluminosilicate minerals from kaolinite group – kaolin and halloysite. Both aluminosilicates are the subject of research carried out by scientists from the Silesian University of Technology as substances that have a positive effect on the combustion process, i.e. reduce the fouling effect in the boiler heating surfaces and improve the quality of combustion by-products of, which include fly ash. It is very important because while the Circular Economy is becoming a priority area, ash is a potential source of raw material that until recently was considered as waste and the spectrum of its reuse was quite narrow. This analysis is intended as a laboratory test of the effect of the use of additives on NOx emissions from biomass combustion and stems from the inconclusive observations made when studying the effect of additives on other properties of the combustion process. It was observed then that the only negative effect of using aluminosilicates was a slight increase in NOx emissions. The present work clarifies these observations.

9

Rational use of selected mining by-products in the ceramic industry in Poland

Lewicka Ewa

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2020

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T. 36, z. 1

59--76

EN

The paper discusses the issue of the utilization of selected raw materials obtained as by-products of rock mining and processing in the ceramic industry in Poland. The raw materials in question are: kaolinite-rich clayey substance remaining after quartz sand washing and alkalis-rich finest fractions generated in the course of the production of granite crushed aggregates. Despite usually high content of coloring oxides, they have been utilized for the production of ceramic goods, the high whiteness of which is not required after firing. High interest in these materials was connected with the implementation of the fast firing method as well as modernization and large scale expansion of the domestic ceramic industry, especially ceramic tiles and sanitaryware sectors. Between the mid-1990s and 2018, the annual consumption of kaolinite raw materials being by-products of quartz sand washing increased from ca. 20,000 to 100,000–120,000 Mg. At the same time the sales of secondary granite fractions utilized as a flux in the ceramic industry rose from 30,000 to 120,000 Mg per year in 2007–2008, and 50,000–70,000 Mg per year most recently. The development of the utilization of these raw materials has been an example of the rational and comprehensive management of all the minerals that occur in deposits in operation. This is particularly important in the context of the depletion of these raw materials reserves and the limited availability of their new deposits. Furthermore, this also makes a contribution towards reducing the scale of imports of raw materials for the ceramic tile industry, which is inevitable due to insufficient supplies from domestic sources.

PL

W artykule omówiono znaczenie wykorzystania ubocznych surowców mineralnych z górnictwa i przeróbki kopalin skalnych w przemyśle ceramicznym w Polsce. Wśród tych surowców istotną rolę odgrywają: wzbogacona w kaolinit substancja ilasta stanowiąca produkt uboczny płukania piasków kwarcowych oraz bogate w alkalia odpadowe najdrobniejsze frakcje ziarnowe powstające przy produkcji granitowych kruszyw łamanych. Surowce te, mimo zwykle dużej zawartości tlenków barwiących, znajdują zastosowanie w produkcji wyrobów ceramicznych, które nie muszą mieć wysokiej białości po wypaleniu. Rozwój ich wykorzystania ma ścisły związek z wdrożeniem w przemyśle ceramicznym technologii szybkiego wypalania oraz rozbudową sektora płytek ceramicznych i wyrobów sanitarnych w Polsce. Dynamiczny rozwój zapotrzebowania na surowce do ich produkcji zapoczątkowany został w połowie lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku. Do 2018 r. zużycie surowca kaolinowego pozyskiwanego ubocznie zwiększyło się z około 20 tys. Mg/r. do 100–120 tys. Mg/r. Sprzedaż frakcji granitowych wykorzystywanych w przemyśle ceramicznym w roli topnika wzrosła w tym okresie z poziomu około 30 tys. Mg/r. do maksymalnie 120 tys. Mg/r. w latach 2007–2008, oraz 50–70 tys. Mg/r. w ostatnim okresie. Omawiane surowce nadal będą stanowić istotne uzupełnienie krajowej podaży surowców ceramicznych. Rozwój ich wykorzystania jest przykładem racjonalnej i kompleksowej gospodarki kopalinami w złożach eksploatowanych. Jest to szczególnie istotne wobec wyczerpywania się zasobów złóż eksploatowanych oraz ograniczonych możliwości udostępnienia nowych złóż. W istotny sposób przyczynia się także do zmniejszenia skali importu surowców mineralnych dla przemysłu płytek ceramicznych, w związku z niewystarczającą w stosunku do potrzeb podażą ze źródeł krajowych.

10

Study of methylene blue adsorption by modified kaolinite by dimethyl sulfoxide

Lellou Salima, Kadi Samir, Guemou Laid, Schott Jacques, Benhebal Hadj

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 2

225--239

EN

Tamazert kaolin was modified with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The starting material and resulting from the intercalation were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Intercalation caused considerable changes in our clay by increasing the basal spacing to 11.22 Å, an intercalation rate of 98 %. The adsorption of methylene blue was studied as a function of pH, contact time, temperature, dye concentrations and adsorbents. Kinetic data have been adequately described by the pseudo-second order and intraparticle scattering model. The adsorption isotherm is in good agreement with the Redlich-Peterson model. A change in thermodynamic values (ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG°) was observed after intercalation. Adsorption became non-spontaneous exothermic and ordered.

11

Nano-modified cementing composites for self-cleaning building materials

Sanytsky Myroslav, Kropyvnytska Tetiana, Hohol Marko, Kotiv Roman

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2020

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Vol. 9 Nr 1

7--14

EN

This paper is devoted to the development of nano-modified cementing composites in the field of self-cleaning building materials. Particle-size distributions of the main constituents such as ultra-fine zeolite and limestone of multicomponent cements, and titanium dioxide and kaolin additives are given. The degree of the interphase of the active surface in Portland cement and supplementary cementitious materials is calculated. It has been shown that due to the synergistic effect, anatase and rutile mixtures can be included in cementing composites to improve the properties of self-cleaning plasters. The influence of titanium dioxide and kaolin additives on the mechanical properties of nano-modified multicomponent cement was investigated using the method of mathematical planning for the experiment. The results obtained using the XRD and SEM methods showed that the addition of high-surface-area nano-scale particles of TiO2 to the cement paste leads to the formation of a denser microstructure in the cementing matrix.

12

Spoiwo geopolimerowe z prażonej gliny o umiarkowanej zawartości kaolinu

Abbas Rafik, Aly Mona, Ghorab Hanaa Y.

Cement Wapno Beton

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2019

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R. 24/86, nr 1

33--44

PL

Glinę prażoną z 30% zawartością reaktywnej krzemionki aktywowano alkalicznie w temperaturze pokojowej mieszaniną krzemianu sodu i wodorotlenku sodu, w proporcjach Na2O/Al2O3 od 1,2 do 1,7 oraz H2O/Na2O od 10 do 6. Uzyskane zaczyny geopolimerowe badano w ciągu jednego roku dojrzewania. Pomimo względnie małego stosunku SiO2/Al2O3 wynoszącego 2,06; Na2O/Al2O3 równego 1,4 oraz H2O/Na2O wynoszącego 8, wytrzymałość na ściskanie po trzech dniach i po roku wynosiła odpowiednio 39 i 80 MPa. Z betonu geopolimerowego z powodzeniem wzniesiono prototypowy budynek, co przyczyniło się do popularyzacji geopolimerów w Egipcie. Wytrzymałość fundamentów na ściskanie po 3 i 28 dniach wynosiła odpowiednio 11 i 35 MPa, pomimo zwiększonej ilości wody zarobowej w porównaniu do zaczynów, w celu zapewnienia odpowiedniej urabialności. Uzyskane wyniki stanowią dobrą informację odnośnie do przyszłych konstrukcji geopolimerowych, w Egipcie.

EN

Metakaolin clay of 30% reactive silica was alkali activated by blends of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide using Na2O/Al2O3 = 1.2 to 1.7 and H2O/Na2O = 10 to 6. at room temperature. The geopolymer pastes obtained was investigated for durations up to one year. In spite of the relatively low SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 2.06, 3 days and one year strength of 39 and 80 MPa are obtained at Na2O/Al2O3 = 1.4 and H2O/Na2O ~8. A successful prototype of geopolymer concrete building was realized to introduce the geopolymer application in Egypt. A geopolymer concrete foundation with 3-days and 28-days strength of 11 and 35 MPa was achieved with lower ratios than those used in the pastes and an with increased amount of water to insure the workability. The results are good reference for the achievement of geopolymer construction of better properties in the future, in Egypt.

13

Ewolucja wykorzystania wypełniaczy mineralnych w przemyśle papierniczym

Lewicka E.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

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2018

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nr 106

101--110

PL

Wypełniacze mineralne są wykorzystywane głównie w produkcji papierów określanych łącznie jako drukowe i do pisania w celu poprawy ich właściwości optycznych i podatności na drukowanie. Ich podstawowym zadaniem jest zastąpienie części kosztownych włókien roślinnych (celulozowych) i przez to obniżenie kosztów produkcji papieru. Przez wiele lat jedyną metodą formowania papieru była metoda kwasowa, a surowcem dominującym w wypełnianiu papieru i tektury oraz ich powlekaniu pigmentowym był kaolin. Na początku lat 70. ubiegłego wieku w Europie Zachodniej stanowił on 80% stosowanych wypełniaczy i 94% – gatunków kryjących, a w USA – odpowiednio 92 i 96%. Wdrożenie nowych metod formowania papieru w środowisku obojętnym lub słabo zasadowym (alkalicznym) spowodowało znaczne ograniczenie stosowania kaolinu na rzecz konkurencyjnych cenowo pigmentów węglanowych: mielonego węglanu wapnia (GCC – Ground Calcium Carbonate) i strącanego węglanu wapnia (PCC – Precipitated Calcium Carbonate). Przyczynił się do tego również fakt postępującej autodestrukcji kwaśnych papierów produkcji maszynowej. W 2013 r. udział wypełniaczy węglanowych w łącznej światowej podaży osiągnął 83%, podczas gdy na kaolin przypadało 10%, a na talk – 7%. Artykuł omawia właściwości podstawowych wypełniaczy stosowanych w przemyśle papierniczym oraz powody ich wykorzystania w produkcji określonych gatunków papieru. Kaolin, ze względu na płytkowy pokrój ziaren jego głównego składnika mineralnego – kaolinitu, jest preferowany w wielokrotnym powlekaniu papieru. Za wyborem GCC przemawia jego cena i właściwości (zwłaszcza białość), podczas gdy PCC, dzięki możliwości modyfikacji kształtu i wielkości cząstek, służy jako wypełniacz w papierach niepowlekanych, w przypadku których kluczowe znaczenie ma jasność i nieprzezroczystość. Rozkład ziarnowy stanowi główną różnicę pomiędzy wypełniaczami węglanowymi PCC i GCC. Artykuł przedstawia także tendencje obserwowane w ostatnich kilkunastu latach na rynku papierniczym w Polsce. Należą do nich: rosnące zapotrzebowanie na papiery i tektury powlekane do produkcji opakowań, a także kurczące się zapotrzebowanie na papier gazetowy, co jest konsekwencją postępującej digitalizacji i cyfryzacji.

EN

Mineral fillers are mainly utilized in the production of printing and writing papers (P&W) to improve their optical features and their vulnerability to printing. With the high cost of pulp, the aim of their introduction has been to 102 increase mineral loading in paper and reduce the overall cost of production. For many years the only method of paper formation was acid technology, while the only raw material of choice for filling and coating paper and cardboard was kaolin (in the beginning of the 1970s it was 80% of fillers and 94% of coating grades used in Western Europe, while in the USA – 92% and 96%, respectively). The onset on new methods of acid-free (alkaline) paper forming caused a drastic reduction in the kaolin demand for cost-competitive calcium carbonate: GCC – Ground Calcium Carbonate) and PCC – Precipitated Calcium Carbonate. This also resulted from the progressive self-destruction of machine-made acid papers. In 2013, the share of calcium carbonate in the total production of fillers was 83%, while kaolin accounted for 10%, and talc – 7%. The article presents the parameters of principal mineral fillers for the paper industry and the main reasons why they are suitable for particular kinds of paper. Kaolin, due to the platy nature of its main mineral constituent – kaolinite, is preferred in multiple coating papers. The choice of GCC is beneficial because of its low price and properties (especially whiteness). PCC, due to the possibility of shape and particle size modification serves as filler in uncoated woodfree papers, the key features of which are expected to be lightness and opacity. Size distribution is the main difference between PCC and GCC. The article also presents tendencies observed over the last several years in the paper market in Poland, i.e. in a significant growth in coated paper and board for packaging, as well as the decreasing demand for newspaper, which is a consequence of progressive digitalization.

14

Analiza dylatometryczna jako metoda oznaczania zawartości kwarcu w surowcach ilastych

Gajek M., Wyszomirski P.

Materiały Ceramiczne

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2018

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T. 70, nr 2

161--173

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wykorzystania pomiarów dylatometrycznych jako metody oznaczania zawartości kwarcu w surowcach ilastych. Surowce te – jako podstawowy składnik stosowany w masach ceramicznych – decydują o wielu parametrach takich jak: właściwości reologiczne, temperatura wypalania, skurczliwość suszenia i wypalania, czy podatność na deformację piroplastyczną. Występowanie domieszek innych, nieilastych minerałów w podstawowym surowcu zazwyczaj jest niekorzystane, szczególnie dotyczy to nadmiernej zawartości kwarcu. Jego obecność jest na ogół szkodliwa ze względu na możliwe występowanie niekorzystnych przemian polimorficznych SiO2, którym towarzyszy zmiana objętości, co w konsekwencji może doprowadzić do zniszczenia wyrobu. W prezentowanej pracy określono metodą dylatometryczną zawartość kwarcu w wybranych surowcach ilastych takich jak: kaolin z kopalni „Turów II” w Turoszowie oraz czerwone iły triasowe z monokliny śląsko-krakowskiej ze złóż: Patoka, Albertów, Ligota Dolna i Woźniki. Przeprowadzona analiza dylatometryczna wykazała zróżnicowaną w nich zawartość kwarcu, która dla surowego kaolinu „Turów II” wynosi 40%, zaś dla iłów z monokliny śląsko-krakowskiej mieści się w przedziale (11-25)%.

EN

The results of research on the use of dilatometric measurements as a method for determining of quartz content in clayey raw materials are presented in this paper. These materials – as the main component used in the compositions of ceramic masses – determine many parameters such as: rheological properties, firing temperature, drying and firing shrinkage, as well as susceptibility to piroplastic deformation. The presence of admixtures of non-clay minerals in the basic raw material is usually unfavorable, especially in the case of excessive quartz content. Its presence is generally harmful due to the possible occurrence of unfavorable polymorphic SiO2 transformations, which are accompanied by a change in volume, which in consequence can lead to the destruction of the product. The quartz content of in selected clay raw materials were determined using the dilatometric method in the presented work. The studied samples were as follows: kaolin from the "Turów II" mine in Turoszów and Triassic red clays from the Silesian-Cracow monocline from the deposits: Patoka, Albertów, Ligota Dolna and Woźniki. The dilatometric analysis revealed different quartz content, which for "Turów II" kaolin is about 40%, and for red clays of Silesian-Cracow monocline is in the range of 11-25%.

15

Właściwości fizyczne żeli pektynowych zawierających glinkę kaolinową

Muszyński S., Kwaśniewska A., Sołowiej B., Tomczyk A., Leus A., Szymanek M., Siedliska K., Gładyszewska B.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2017

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T. 96, nr 2

422--426

PL

Zaprezentowano wyniki eksperymentalnych badań cech fizycznych żeli otrzymanych z mieszanki pektyny z nanododatkiem w postaci gliny kaolinowej. Badania przeprowadzono dla 6 różnych kombinacji, wyznaczając podstawowe parametry fizyczne (gęstość, aktywność wody, barwa, zwilżalność) termiczne (analiza DSC) oraz reologiczne (profilowa analiza tekstury TPA). Stwierdzono istotny wpływ zarówno zawartości pektyny, jak i dodatku kaolinu. Wykonana analiza korelacji wykazała istnienie związku pomiędzy zmierzonymi parametrami fizycznymi a wyznaczonymi cechami TPA.

EN

Low-ester pectin was mixed with various amts. of kaolin clay to obtain hydrous gels. The addn. of clay resulted in an alteration of phys. parameters of gels, esp. d. and colour. Performed texture profile anal. revealed an increase of hardness, adhesiveness and flexibility of the kaolin-enriched gels.

16

Kompozyty elastomerowe z dodatkami proekologicznymi

Zaborski M., Kosmalska A., Masek A.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2017

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T. 96, nr 1

163--168

PL

Dokonano przeglądu najczęściej stosowanych biomateriałów do kompozytów polimerowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kompozytów elastomerowych. Omówiono syntezę wybranych polimerów, ich podatność na degradację, a także podstawowe właściwości użytkowe i technologiczne aspekty wytwarzania oraz stosowania polimerowych materiałów biodegradowalnych.

EN

A review, with 86 refs., of polymer matrices (natural rubber, polyesters), biofillers (starch, cellulose, wood flour), mineral and hybride fillers (SiO₂, Al and Ca silicates, kaolin, chalk, talcum, montmorillonite, keratin) and antiageing agents (polyphenols).

17

Development of kaolin production, reserves and processing in the Czech Republic in 1999–2015

Starý J., Pticen F., Jirásek J., Sivek M.

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2017

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T. 33, z. 3

121--142

EN

This paper aims to characterize and interpret the trends in reserves, resources, and in the mine production of crude kaolin and output of beneficiated kaolin between 1999 and 2015 in the Czech Republic. With nearly 1.2 billion tonnes of total resources, kaolin belongs to the key industrial minerals of the Czech Republic. With an annual output of about 3 to 4 million tonnes of crude kaolin and of around 0.6 million tonnes of beneficiated kaolin, the Czech Republic ranks among the top European and world kaolin producers. Mine production of crude kaolin has been relatively stable since 1997, while the output of beneficiated kaolin has been increasing gradually during the same period. The increased production and yield of beneficiated kaolin resulted from the use of progressive methods in kaolin processing, primarily high-intensity electromagnetic separation. The positive growth trend was not a reflection of the stability of the extractive sector and domestic industry, but it was the result of a pro-export orientation. The amount and share of exports are continuously increasing and constitute 80% of the entire kaolin production sector at the present time. The only exception occurred in 2005–2008, when exports declined by one-half as a result of the government´s export restrictions. The results of analyses were not optimistic for the Czech economy and indicated a sharp downturn in the domestic mining industry. Moreover, a similar situation exists in the case of other essential industrial minerals such as feldspar, clays, and silica sand.

PL

W artykule dokonano charakterystyki i interpretacji trendów dotyczących zasobów, produkcji surowego oraz wzbogaconego kaolinu w Republice Czeskiej w latach 1999−2015. Zasoby kaolinu szacowane są na około 1,2 mld ton i należą do najważniejszych przemysłowych surowców mineralnych Republiki Czeskiej. Z roczną produkcją około 3−4 mln ton surowego kaolinu i około 0,6 mln ton wzbogaconego kaolinu, Czechy należą do czołowych europejskich i światowych producentów kaolinu. Wydobycie surowego kaolinu jest stosunkowo stabilne od 1997 r., natomiast produkcja wzbogaconego kaolinu stopniowo wzrasta. Rosnąca produkcja i coraz lepsza jakość kaolinu wzbogaconego wynika z zastosowania zaawansowanych metod przeróbki, głównie separacji elektromagnetycznej. Ten wzrost nie był odzwierciedleniem stabilności sektora wydobywczego i krajowego przemysłu, ale wiązał się z działalnością proeksportową. Wielkość eksportu i jego udział stale rośnie i stanowi obecnie 80% łącznej krajowej produkcji kaolinu. Jedyny wyjątek miał miejsce w latach 2005−2008, kiedy eksport spadł o połowę w wyniku rządowych ograniczeń eksportu. Wyniki analiz nie były optymistyczne dla czeskiej gospodarki i wskazywały na gwałtowny spadek produkcji krajowego przemysłu górniczego. Ponadto podobna sytuacja występuje w przypadku innych, istotnych przemysłowych surowców mineralnych , takich jak: skaleń, iły i piasek krzemionkowy.

18

Wpływ napełniaczy krzemowych na właściwości samoprzylepnych klejów silikonowych

Antosik A. K., Czech Z.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2016

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[Z] 70, 11-12

761--769

EN

Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) represent a system that actually dates back to the invention of the self-adhesive articles in 1935 when R. Stanton Avery produced the first coating unit using a wooden cigar box with two holes cut in the bottom. PSAs can be defined as a special category of adhesive which in dry form are permanently tacky at room temperature [2, 6–8]. Since 1960s, silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives have found many uses. They are used in industrial plants, as tapes for joining materials with low surface energy, as well as in the sectors of electrical and electronic, medical care, health care and automotive industry. For about 10 years there has been great interest in new uses for the silicone PSA, particularly for medical and industrial belts. The above examples describe a growing range of potential commercial applications of silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives [2, 7, 9–11]. In contrast to the pressure-sensitive adhesives organic silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives show much better performance by this well known it happened that are used to obtain self-adhesive materials for special purposes. Si-PSA usually consist of large segments of the silanol-functional silicone polymers, and silicone resins. Polymeric chains comprising the silicone resins include methyl and phenyl groups thus are very little reactive chemicals. In order to obtain the best adhesion-cohesion balance are used crosslinked thermally in a temperature range of 120–150°C by using organic peroxides. Peroxides most commonly used in industry benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide (DClBPO). Silicone pressure- -sensitive adhesives are characterized by high flexibility of connections Si-O-Si, low impact intermolecular, low surface tension, excellent thermal stability and transparency for UV radiation, excellent electrical properties, high chemical resistance and weather resistance [2, 6, 7, 14]. In the available literature the montmorillonite and kaolin modified silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives which exhibited increased thermal resistance are reported. The thermal properties of adhesives compositions are better to compared with “pure” silicon composition without any filler [6, 12–14].

19

Effects of acid leaching on halloysite

Saklar S., Yorukoglu A.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2015

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Vol. 51, iss. 1

83--94

EN

A characteristic iron-containing halloysite sample from Turkey was subjected to acid leaching using organic and inorganic acids for removing iron impurities. The aim of this study was to compare the raw hydrated and dehydrated halloysites with the leached products. Hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid were chosen as leaching agents for the removal of iron impurities at 80 °C for 2.5 h. The physicochemical properties of the acid-treated halloysite were analyzed by XRF, XRD, FTIR, TGA, DTA, SEM, and TEM. The XRF results showed that the acid treatment caused the dissolution of minor amounts of Al3+ ions from the clay layer. The XRD results indicated that the crystalline structure was unchanged after the leaching. However, it was observed that the hydrated (1 nm) halloysite readily lost its interlayer water and was transformed to the dehydrated (0.7 nm) form. In addition, no visible effects of the acid treatment on the tubular structure of halloysite were detected in the SEM and TEM images. Typical pores of varying dimensions were observed in all of the samples regardless of their form or treatment. Furthermore, the TG-DTA and FTIR analysis results were similar for both the raw and the acid-treated samples.

20

Chemical treatment of kaolin. Case study of kaolin from the Tamazert– Jijel mine

Chouafa M., Idres A., Bouhedja A., Talhi K.

Mining Science

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2015

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Vol. 22

171--180

EN

The Tamazert-Jijel kaolin deposit is located in eastern Algeria, It was formed during a process of hydro-thermal alteration of feldspars rich in potassium. Kaolin, obtained at the mine, mainly contains varying amounts of impurities such as iron oxide (Fe2O3) and anatase (TiO2). These components negatively affect the quality of the commercial product. This research was performed to improve the quality of kaolin to be used in the paper industry with the goal of reducing the impurities of iron and titanium oxides. Different sized fractions of the original sample were analyzed by XRD. The results obtained showed that the mineralogical composition is: quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, dolomite, albite and orthoclase. Kaolin, like all clays, has a thin dissemination of minerals throughout it. After processing kaolin, the particle size fraction of less than 45μm, corresponding to the liberation mesh size, was retained for purification by chemical treatment with different acids of different concentrations (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid), heated to boiling point temperatures. The kaolin samples treated with the various acids above were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and by XRD. The results obtained from the sample treated with hydrochloric acid show that the iron oxide content of acid is reduced by 1.65% to 0.88%. Meanwhile, the brightness of the sample reached 90% under the effect of the treatment with hydrochloric acid at concentration of 2 mole/dm3.