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Applicability of Friction Stir Welding to steels

Çam G., İpekoğlu G., Küçükömeroğlu T., Aktarer S. M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

2017

Vol. 80, nr 2

65--85

Purpose: The friction stir welding (FSW) method is widely considered to be one of the most significant developments in joining technology to emerge in the last 30 years. The technique has originally been developed for joining difficult-to-fusion-weld Al-alloys, particularly for high strength grades and now widely used in various industrial applications, such as transport industries. On the other hand, the application of FSW to high temperature materials such as steels is hindered due to the problems associated with the stirring tools although there is a wide interest for the application of this technique to these materials. Design/methodology/approach: The aim of this review is to address the current state-of-the-art of FSW of steels, focusing particularly on microstructural aspects and the resulting properties of these joints and discuss the future prospects of this technique for steels. For instance, the use of FSW can be advantageous for joining steels in some special applications where conventional fusion welding processes fail to produce sound cost effective joints, and the high tooling costs of FSW can be justified (i.e. underwater joining of steel pipes or hot plate welding in steel mills). In this study, only structural steels (mainly plain C steels), ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels and duplex stainless steels will be considered and the other types of steels are out of the scope of this work although some examples are included in the discussion. Research limitations/implications: The tools experience high temperatures in FSW of steels, i.e., above 1000°C. The number of tool materials which can withstand such temperatures is very limited. In addition, the welding of many common steels can be readily conducted by various conventional fusion welding methods. These joining methods are very flexible, easy-to-perform and well established in industrial applications, which further prevents the application of FSW to these materials. These limitations are to be overcome for commercial exploitation of this technique for joining steels.

Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate

Gucluer S., Cakan A., Cam G., Serindag H. T.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

2008

Vol. 30, nr 2

151-156

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to study Al-5086 H32 plates with a thickness of 3 mm friction stir butt-welded using different welding speeds at a tool rotational speed of 1600 rpm. Design/methodology/approach: The effect of welding speed on the weld performance of the joints was investigated by conducting optical microscopy, microhardness measurements and mechanical tests (i.e. tensile and bend tests). The effect of heat input during friction stir welding on the microstructure, and thus mechanical properties, of cold-rolled Al-5086 plates was also determined. Findings: The experimental results indicated that the maximum tensile strength of the joints, which is about 75% that of the base plate, was obtained with a traverse speed of 200 mm/min at the tool rotational speed used, e.g. 1600 rpm, and the maximum bending angle of the joints can reach 180°. The maximum ductility performance of the joints was, on the other hand, relatively low, e.g. about 20%. These results are not unexpected due to the loss of the cold-work strengthening in the weld region as a result of the heat input during welding, and thus the confined plasticity within the stirred zone owing to strength undermatching. Higher joint performances can also be achieved by increasing the penetration depth of the stirring probe in butt-friction stir welding of Al-5086 H32 plates. Research limitations/implications: The results suggest that both strength and ductility performances can be increased by optimizing the tool penetration depth. Originality/value: Examination of mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate.