The dynamic development of microelectronics and wireless communication at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries contributed to the increase in the availability and popularity of all kinds of unmanned platforms, air, land, surface, and underwater. In the case of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also popularly known as drones, the significant (crucial) advantages are high freedom of motion (i.e., the ability to move in three planes) and the possibility of using it practically anywhere (as opposed to water platforms). These factors influenced the dynamic development of this market sector and the high availability of various models and equipment. UAVs are being used in many sectors and services, both for civil and military purposes. Widespread availability, low cost, and ease of use also favor the possibility of using civilian UAVs for criminal, smuggling, terrorist, or military purposes. Recent armed conflicts, e.g., in Nagorno-Karabakh or Ukraine, and the situation on the eastern Polish-Belarusian border clearly show this. All countries recognize the potential and threat posed by the development of unmanned platforms. Therefore, for several years, special attention has been paid to analyses and research in sensors, effectors, and anti-drone systems. It is worth emphasizing that some effectors (e.g., jammers or spoofers) may significantly affect the navigation process of neighboring objects that use global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). On the other hand, the use of anti-drone systems is important, especially in the context of protecting institutions and facilities of companies, state administration (i.a., embassies, consulates), army, strategic importance objects (e.g., related to energy, chemical industry), or protection of mass events. In this paper, we present an overview of solutions available on the market and development directions in the field of anti-drone technology.
In the article, the concept, design and realization of the technological demonstrator of a mobile device for generating an electromagnetic curtain (with a name AEGIS) were presented, both in the hardware and software areas. The device is designed to block the radio communication which allow detonating the Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIEDs). The preliminary laboratory tests of the demonstrator for generating the jamming signal, that were presented in the paper, aimed at assessing the correctness of the device operation and verification of generated signal parameters. On the basis of the obtained results, the ability to jam the cellular systems as well as other radio devices operating in the frequency band from 400 MHz to 2700 MHz was assessed.
W publikacji przedstawiono koncepcję oraz konstrukcję systemu zagłuszania sygnałów radiowych przeznaczonego dla służb bezpieczeństwa publicznego i ratownictwa. Zagłuszarkę oparto na układzie cyfrowej, bezpośredniej syntezy sygnału. Urządzenie będzie dostępne w dwóch wersjach obudów — walizkowej i stacjonarnej.
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In the paper we present a concept and design of the system for the radio jamming that is addressed for organizations of public protection and disaster relief. The jammer is based on a Digital Direct Synthesis circuit. The device will be available in two chassis — portable suitcaselike and rack-mounted.
Spoofing, anti-spoofing, jamming and anti-jamming technologies have become an important research topic within the GNSS discipline. While many GNSS receivers leave a large space for signal dynamics, enough power space is left for the GNSS signals to be spoofed and/or jammed. The goal of spoofing is to provide the receiver with a misleading signal, fooling the receiver into using fake signals in the extra space for positioning calculations. The receiver will then generate a false position, thus misleading the navigator. The goal of jamming is to add noise to the satellite signal which leads to fooling the receiver into using “signals plus noise” for positioning calculations. This article discusses the approach to anti-jamming based on the shielding of antennas from the signal jammer.
Spoofing, anti-spoofing, jamming, and anti-jamming algorithms have become an important research topic within the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) discipline. While many GNSS receivers leave large space for signal dynamics, enough power space is left for the GNSS signals to be spoofed. GNSS signal power on the earth’s surface is around 160 dBW. The goal of spoofing is to provide the receiver with a slightly more powerful misleading signal, stronger than the original GNSS signal, fooling the receiver into using fake signals for positioning calculations. The receiver will generate a misleading position of the navigator. Practical spoofing that provides misleading navigation results of the receiver is difficult to conduct due to the signal infrastructure. Using trivial anti-spoofing algorithms in GNSS receivers, spoofing attacks can be easily detected. The article discusses the vulnerability of unmanned vehicles and provides an approach to anti-spoofing based on measuring distance between two antennas.
Artykuł przedstawia krótką charakterystykę stosowanych metod zakłóceń radiolokacyjnych przy pomocy urządzeń instalowanych na platformach powietrznych. Opisano podstawowe parametry i właściwości nadajników zakłóceń i dipoli. Przedstawiono podstawowe zależności matematyczne wykorzystywane do oceny skuteczności zakłóceń radiolokacyjnych aktywnych i pasywnych. Obliczenia numeryczne skuteczności zakłóceń radiolokacyjnych wykonano dla kilku wariantów danych parametrów radaru i stacji zakłóceń. Wyniki obliczeń zilustrowano na odpowiednich wykresach. Skuteczna realizacja zakłóceń radiolokacyjnych w systemach walki elektronicznej, zarówno aktywnych jak i pasywnych, zależy od dokładnej znajomości parametrów zakłócanego radaru i nadajnika zakłóceń, wzajemnej odległości między nimi, przyjętego współczynnika degradacji, warunków propagacji fali elektromagnetycznej oraz zastosowanej metody zakłóceń.
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The article presents the short characteristics of radar jamming’s methods by using devices installed on the airplane board. Describes the basic jammers and chaffs parameters and their features. The basic mathematical formulas for calculating the effectiveness of active and passive radar jamming are presented. The numerical calculations of radar jamming’s effectiveness are made for some examples of different radar and jammers parameters. The results of these calculations are presented on the appropriate figures. The realization of the effective radar jamming in the electronic warfare system depends mainly on the precise knowledge of the radar and jammer’s technical parameters, the distance between, assumed value of the degradation coefficient, conditions of electromagnetic wave propagation and applied jamming method.
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W wielu pracach związanych z hydroakustyką niezbędne jest testowanie urządzeń w oparciu o sygnał hydroakustyczny o znanych parametrach. W tym celu w OBR CTM wykonane zostało urządzenie, nazwane SonarSIM, przeznaczone do syntezy, generowania i analizowania sygnałów hydroakustycznych. SonarSIM posiada możliwość programowej syntezy sygnałów w nieograniczonym paśmie częstotliwości, natomiast ich generowanie ograniczane jest przez pasmo przepuszczania przetwornika hydroakustycznego. Sygnały nadawane mogą być dowolnie kształtowane w zakresie modulacji LFM, FSK, AM, ∆Φ szumów, sygnałów pasmowych itd.). Program urządzenia może dokonywać analizy odebranych sygnałów hydroakustycznych zarówno w dziedzinie częstotliwości, jak i w dziedzinie czasu. Do tego celu służą procedury DFT, FFT, filtry pasmowe, pomiar różnicy fazy pomiędzy sygnałami. SonarSIM jest dobrym narzędziem do uruchamiania i testowania urządzeń hydroakustycznych pasywnych i aktywnych. Przy pomocy urządzenia można również dokonywać weryfikacji pracy urządzeń służących do zakłócania pracy sonaru. SonarSIM został wielokrotnie z powodzeniem użyty do aktywacji i weryfikacji pracy urządzeń służących do obrony okrętów przed atakiem torpedowym. W referacie ujęty został opis budowy urządzenia, opis zastosowanych algorytmów oraz kilka przykładów jego zastosowania.
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A considerable number of hydroacoustic projects require testing of the equipment with the use of a hydoacoustic signal with known parameters. OBR CTM designed and manufactured the SonarSIM equipment for such applications; featuring synthesis, generation and analysis of subject signals. SonarSIM provides generation of hydroacoustic signals in the frequency band within the limitations imposed by the performance of the hydroacoustic transducer only. Emitted signals may be optionally modulated within the LFM, FSK, AM, ∆Φ, noise, frequency signals, and others modulation. The equipment software performs the analysis of received hydroacoustic signals in both the frequency and time domains. The process of the analysis is supported by such procedures as DFT, FFT, band filtration, and phase shift measurement. SonarSIM provides capabilities of operational verification of other equipment designed for sonar disturbance as well. The device was successfully applied for activation and verification of equipment for ship's antitorpe do defence. The paper contains the equipment design, description of implemented algorithms and a few examples of their applications.
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