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Dwujęzyczne nazewnictwo geograficzne w Polsce

Zych M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

2005

T. 37, nr 4

282-297

Po scharakteryzowaniu nowego polskiego prawodawstwa, autor podaje przykłady funkcjonowania dwu- i wielojęzycznego nazewnictwa w krajach, w których stosowane jest ono już od dawna. W ostatniej części artykułu przeprowadzona jest próba zastosowania dwujęzycznego nazewnictwa na mapach z obszaru Polski.

On January, 2005 Polish Parliament passed the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language. It is the first legal act in the post-war history of Poland regulating completely the issues of national, ethnic and linguistic minorities. Until now the Polish legislation regarding this matter was divided among many legal regulations and some issues were not codified at all. The new act defines minorities - national and ethnic, as well as the regional language. According to the act minorities are groups of Polish citizens who differ substantially from other citizens by means of their language, culture or tradition, who are aware of their own historical and national bonds, and whose ancestors have inhabited Poland for at least the past 100 years. A national minority refers to a group that has an independent state elsewhere, and ethnic minority to a group that does not have a state at all. The act mentions 9 national minorities, 4 ethnic minorities and one regional language. In regard to geographical names, two regulations included in the act are of special importance. In communes (3rd level administrative units), in which the given national or ethnic minority constitutes at least 20% of the population, the minority's language may be introduced as an auxiliary language. Similar requirements must be met in case of introducing geographical names in the minority's language, however it can also be applied in reference to names of towns in communes in which the given minority constitutes less than 20% of the population provided the majority of the town's population decides for it. Population using a regional language has the same rights regarding the auxiliary language and geographical names as in case of national and ethnic minorities. At present in Poland, a national or ethnic minority or population using a regional language constitutes at least 20% of the population in 51 communes (out of the total number of 2478) (fig. 2). Implementation of regional languages and bilingual names in Poland will cause those names to appear on maps. Because so far such names have not been present on Polish maps, Polish cartographers have not developed any rules of applying them. In EU countries the situation is different. Bilingual names are common, so a review of methods of their usage on maps can help to establish the best rules also for Poland. Several ways of giving bilingual names can be distinguished. Considering the experience of other countries and Polish regulations in respect to bilingual names on traffic signs it seems that a mixed approach should be applied: a minority name written in the same-type, same-size font should be placed under the Polish name and centered. In the case of extended names (e.g. rivers, finger lakes), the minority name should follow the Polish name, after a slash (fig. 14).