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1
Analysis of isothermal thermodynamic processes in the Stirling engine
Chmielewski A., Gumiński R., Mączak J.
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska
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2016
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z. 2/106
21--29
EN
This work presents a thermodynamic analysis for thermodynamic processes taking place in the Stirling engine working space. The working space was divided into operational sections, which corresponded to the analysed control volume units, including: the compression space, cooler, regenerator, heater, and the expansion space. On the basis of the conducted thermodynamic analysis, useful relations were derived, which will be used in the future to build the advanced, combined model in which energy and heat losses are taken into consideration, as well as the Stirling engine dynamics during the work cycle. Among the most important thermodynamic processes presented in this work, are: heat exchange at the heat exchangers (the cooler, regenerator, heater), and the isothermal heat exchange in the compression and expansion spaces.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono analizę termodynamiczną dla procesów termodynamicznych zachodzących w przestrzeni roboczej silnika Stirlinga. Przestrzeń robocza podzielona została na sekcje robocze, które odpowiadały analizowanym objętościom kontrolnym, m.in: przestrzeni sprężania, chłodnicy, regeneratora, nagrzewnicy oraz przestrzeni rozprężania. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy termodynamicznej wyprowadzono użyteczne zależności, które zostaną w przyszłości wykorzystane do budowy zaawansowanego kombinowanego modelu uwzględniającego straty energii, ciepła oraz dynamikę silnika Stirlinga podczas realizacji cyklu roboczego. Do najważniejszych procesów termodynamicznych przedstawionych w niniejszej pracy zaliczyć należy: wymianę ciepła na wymiennikach ciepła (chłodnicy, regeneratorze, nagrzewnicy) oraz izotermiczną wymianę ciepła w przestrzeniach sprężania oraz rozprężania.
2
Content available Microstructure and mechanical properties of ADI depending on austenitization methods and parameters
Giętka T., Szykowny T.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2012
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Vol. 12, iss. 2
19-24
EN
Ductile iron was quenched using two-variant isothermal transformation. The first treatment variant consisted of one-phase austenitization at a temperature t = 830, 860 or 900 C, cooling down to an isothermal transformation temperature of 300 or 400 C and holding from 8 to 64 minutes. The second treatment variant consisted of two-phase austenitization. Cast iron was austenitizied at a temperature t = 950 C and cooled down to a supercritical temperature t = 900, 860 or 830 C. Isothermal transformation was conducted under the same conditions as those applied to the first variant. Ferrite cast iron was quenched isothermally. Basic strength (Rp0.2 Rm) and plastic (A5) properties as well as matrix microstructure and hardness were examined. As a result of heat treatment, the following ADI grades were obtained: EN-GJS-800-8, EN-GJS-1200-2 and EN-GJS-1400-1 in accordance with PN-EN 1564:2000 having plasticity of 1.5-4 times more than minimum requirements specified in the standard.
3
Content available The application of the computer programme to the analysys of microstructure of the matrix of austempering duction iron
Giętka T., Dymski S.
Journal of Polish CIMAC
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2010
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Vol. 5, no 3
27-35
EN
In this work the attempt at quantitative evaluation of the microstructure of ADI cast iron matrix has been made. The automatic analysis of the image of the microstructure of austempered spheroidal cast iron has been used for the evaluation. The treatment variant was a two-phase austenitization. First phase was carried out at a temperature t�Á = 950 0C and after cooling to a temperature t�Á�f = 900 0C. The isothermal process was carried out at a temperature tpi = 300 and 400 0C for 8 �€ 64 min. Ordinary cast iron was austempered. After it the microstructure images were recorded and subjected to automatic image analysis with the use of the NIS ELEMENTS 3,0 AR software.
4
Content available remote The influence of the hardening conditions on the mechanical properties of ductile cast iron
Giętka T., Dymski S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2010
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Vol. 10, iss. 1 spec.
63--68
EN
Ductile cast iron has been austempered according to two variants. The first treatment variant was austenitizing at a temperature tγ = 830, 860 and 900 °C and holding at a temperature tpi = 400 and 300 °C for 8÷64 min. Second variant treatment was two-phase austenitizing. Firstly, it was heated at a temperature tγ = 950 °C and after forecooling and chilling at a temperature tγ' = 900, 860 and 830 °C isothermal process was conducted in the same conditions as in the first variant. The cast iron with ferritic matrix was austempered. After hardening the mechanical (Rp0,2, Rm) and plastic (A5) properties were examined as well as the microstructure of matrix and hardness. It was noticed that the heat treatment carried out according to variants I and II lead to attaining cast iron of grade: ADI EN-GJS-800-8, EN-GJS-1200-2, EN-GJS-1400-1 according to PN–EN 1564 : 2000; in addition, ductility of these grades was 1,5÷4 times bigger than the minimum standard material requirements.
5
Content available remote The attempt at evaluation of the ADI microstructure with the use of the image analysis
Giętka T., Dymski S.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2010
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Vol. 10, iss. 2
57--62
EN
In this work the attempt at quantitative evaluation of the microstructure of ADI cast iron matrix has been made. The automatic analysis of the image of the microstructure of austempered spheroidal cast iron has been used for the evaluation. The treatment variant was a two-phase austenitization. First phase was carried out at a temperature ty = 950°C and after cooling to a temperature ty = 900°C. The isothermal process was carried out at a temperature tpi = 300 and 400°C for 8÷64 min. Ordinary cast iron was austempered. After it the microstructure images were recorded and subjected to automatic image analysis with the use of the NIS ELEMENTS 3,0 AR software.
6
Content available remote Comments to the paper "Experimental study of compression and combustion processes in a very small engine" by P. Kalita, M. Rusinowski and J. Jarosiński, published in Journal of Kones Internal Combustion Engines, 2005, Vol. 12, 1-2
Kowalewicz A.
Journal of KONES
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2006
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Vol. 13, No. 4
511-512
EN
Three comments to the paper mentioned in the above title are presented. First one regards wrong values of measured maximum pressure (after compression), which leads to physically impossible processes. The second one is on the nature of ignition, which is rather not autothermal, as Authors stated. Third one is on the thermodynamic processes presented in Fig. 6.
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