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1

Treatment Ability and Community Responses of Candung as an Appropriate Technology to Maintain Irrigation Water Quality

Sumantra I. Ketut, Widnyana I. Ketut, Wijaya I. Made Wahyu, Bouchama Khaled

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

348--365

EN

With the burgeoning population, the community activities, such as laundering, washing, or even bathing, have expanded along the irrigation canal. Consequently, some chemicals from those activities are released and pollute the water body. Besides, the discharge of wastewater into the irrigation system is also an issue of public health concern, because it creates an environment conducive to the reproduction of any pathogenic agent. Using candung as constructed wetlands (CW)-like to treat the irrigation water in rice paddies would be an interesting tool for removing pollutants from the irrigation water. Candung, as a locally used CW in Bali Island, has been applied in the rice field long time ago. The present study aimed to examine candung as a local attached CW or treating irrigation water and analyse the community awareness regarding the candung application. The result showed a positive effect of candung in maintaining the water quality parameters, such as TSS, BOD, COD, and nutrients with certain aquatic plants (Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetragona, and Pistia stratiotes). The knowledge, behaviour, and action of the local subak community were still limited, whereas they had positive perceptions and responses about candungthe potential of candung as an agrotourism attraction in the village as well.

2

Agronomic evaluation of irrigation water on the Southern Buh and Kamianska irrigation systems

Chornyy Sergiy, Isaiva Vera

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 54

77--83

EN

The aim of the research was to study the temporal and spatial dynamics of a set of agronomic criteria for irrigation water in the process of transporting it from the Southern Buh River intake site to the lands of the Southern Buh and Kamianska irrigation systems situated in southern Ukraine. Six stationary research sites for monitoring the quality of irrigation water were established along the route of irrigation water transportation. Determination of agronomic criteria for irrigation water quality was carried out in two terms: at the beginning of the irrigation season, in May, and at the end, in September. The content of cations of sodium, magnesium, calcium, and anions of chlorine, sulphates, carbonates, and bicarbonates was determined. In the field, the pH and electrical conductivity of water, the total salt content, and the total amount of dissolved solids were determined. It is determined that waters have an average level of danger from the point of view of salinisation of soils. This fact leads to a decrease in yield of sensitive to salinity crops (corn, alfalfa and most vegetables). The high content of sodium cations along with the low content of calcium and magnesium cations indicates the danger of degradation of the physical properties of the southern chernozems and the need to use the meliorants containing calcium. There is a high probability of toxic effects on crops caused by sodium cations. At the same time, it is stated that there is no negative effect of chlorine anions on plants.

3

Assessment and Physicochemical Characterization of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes in Bazer Sakhra (Eastern Area of Algeria)

Bounab Samia, Khemmoudj Kaddour, Sedrati Nassima

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

119--132

EN

Twenty groundwater samples were collected and then examined for physical (pH, EC, TDS) and chemical (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3) parameters, followed by multivariate statistics to determine the current state of groundwater quality and to assess the suitability of these resources for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Baser Sakhra area localized in Eastern of Algeria. The analysis carried out showed that the cations trend in most of the groundwater samples is on the order of Ca2+˃Na+˃Mg2+˃K+ and the anions trend is on the order of HCO3-˃SO42-˃Cl-. Stabler diagram demonstrated the predominance of Ca2+- HCO3- hydro-chemical facies (80%). Moreover, the parameters, such as sodium adsorption ratio, percentage sodium, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index, Kelly’s ratio, potential salinity, and magnesium hazard were evaluated for the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The values obtained in this investigation concluded that most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation. From the other approach, the Water Quality Index (WQI) for drinking was also used in the current study. WQI ranged from 72.46 to 506.426, indicating that 40% of the samples were suitable for drinking however, 60% of them belong to the poor to unsuitable category of drinking water in terms of physicochemical properties, according to the World Health Organization norms.

4

Impact of Irrigation Water on Heavy Metal Content in Irrigated Soils and Plants – Spatial and Vertical Distribution

Faouzi Jihan, Kaioua Samiha, Allali Aimad, Eloutassi Noureddine, Lahkimi Amal

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 5

91--98

EN

It is essential to monitor the evolution of pollutants including heavy metals found in water intended for irrigation. Since they have a crucial impact on living beings. In this study, the contents of heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-AES on the three levels of irrigation water, soil and plants (olive tree and cardoon) and those in four different terrains. The Cd, Cu and Pd found in the water of the downstream Oued Fès and the treated wastewater are out of the norm. We found Pd in higher concentrations in both plants. For Cu it is more assimilated by the olive tree. Regarding the soil, the content of Cr is very high in the plot irrigated by water from Oued Fès located downstream and less high in the plot irrigated by treated wastewater. The cardoon of this last plot present an increased concentration in Cr more than the others. These variations depend on the type of plants and their different characteristics of absorption according also to the accumulation of metals in the soil adding also anthropic factors.

5

Determination of global water value to improve water management in Ardabil plain, Iran

Nouri-Khajebelagh Rassol, Khaledian Mohammadreza, Kavoosi-Kalashami Mohammad

Acta Geophysica

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2022

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Vol. 70, no 2

791--799

EN

Ardabil plain is under water deficit due to its cold and dry climate in both drinking and agricultural water supply. One solution that can partially address this issue is comprehensive water management. In this study, to determine the global water value, both agricultural water and drinking water were valuated separately in Ardabil plain, Iran. In agriculture, major crops were valuated using the production function method. In the next step, the willingness to pay (WTP) extra for municipal drinking water was investigated. Finally, the results of irrigation water and drinking water assessment were combined to obtain the global water value. In addition, to obtain global water value, economic values in agricultural and urban drinking water were determined, which in agricultural sector was equal to 43,654,248 $ and in drinking water sector was equal to 8,546,384 $. Based on these results, the global water value was 52,200,632 $.

6

Characterization of Algerian Sahara groundwater for irrigation and water supply : Adrar region study case

Bendida Ali, Kendouci Mohammed Amin, Tidjani Abdellatif El-Bari

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 49

235--243

EN

Groundwater hydrochemistry of Algerian Sahara (Southwest, Algeria) was used to assess groundwater quality to determine its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. A total of 26 groundwater samples were analysed for 14 parameters. Standards laboratory methods were used to determine physicochemical groundwater properties. This study shows that these pH, electric conductivity, total hardness, bicarbonate, and phosphate were within WHO limits. The concentration of magnesium ranging from 30.49 to 120 mg∙dm–3 with an average value of 67.21 mg∙dm–3. 38.56% of the water points analysed have a concentration lower than the value set by the WHO at 75.00 mg∙dm–3. It also showed that 70% of the points studied have potassium concentrations that exceed World Health Organization standards. Groundwater of Algerian Sahara is low in nitrogen (NO3–) and the higher concentration may result in various health risks. The result for this study showed that the water was to be found suitable for drinking purposes except for few samples. Piper diagram indicates that groundwater in Adrar belongs to chlorinated-sulphated, sodium and magnesium facies. The groundwater samples of Adrar present high salinity and low alkalinity fall into the field of C3S1 and C3S2. Based on the RSC values, all samples had values less than 1.25 and were good for irrigation.

7

Water Quality and Radionuclides Content Assessment of the Al-Najaf Sea: Case Study

Zwain Haider M., Almurshedi Kareem Radhi, Vakili Mohammadtaghi, Dahlan Irvan, Naje Ahmed Samir

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 2

262--271

EN

The Al-Najaf state is witnessing an increased economic development and attracting more investments that require the development of new areas and exploring new water resources. This study evaluates the quality of 12 surface water samples and groundwater from 12 wells for irrigation according to the salinity and sodicity hazards based on electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). In addition, the concentrations of radionuclides, which include Thorium (232Th), Uranium (238U), Potassium (40K) and Cesium (137Cs) were tested in four soil samples in the study area. It was found that the average values of pH, total hardness, Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, NO3 for groundwater and surface water were 8 and 6, 2287 and 4006 mg/L, 1140 and 1232 mg/L, 378 and 637 mg/L, 327 and 587 mg/L, 2 and 2 mg/L, 989 and 2007 mg/L, 1149 and 1325 mg/L, as well as 2 and 2 mg/L, respectively. From salinity and sodicity hazards analysis, the groundwater had EC of 5242 µS/cm and SAR of 61, whereas surface water had EC of 6253 µS/cm and SAR of 50. Furthermore, the concentrations of radionuclides, i.e. 232Th, 238U, 40K and 137Cs in the soil samples were found to be 11.02, 34.12, 544.45, and 1.6 Bq/kg, respectively. The concentrations of radionuclides were within the worldwide baseline, expect for 40K. The study concluded that both water sources are classified as very high salinity and sodium water (class C4-S4), and it cannot be used for irrigation, only suitable for the salt tolerant crops.

8

Rice Growth, Grain Zinc, and Soil Properties under Saline Irrigation Conditions

Thi Lan Phuong Dinh, Hang Nga Nguyen Thi, Nguyen Hoa Thanh, Nguyen Lien Thi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 9

59--70

EN

This research evaluated rice growth and yield as well as Zn accumulation in both soil and grain under saline water irrigation conditions. The experiment consisted of a series of pots containing rice plants and paddy soil, with the application of irrigation treatments of five different salinity levels (1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5‰ with a drip irrigation system). The results show that the salinity accumulation levels in soil can increase by up to 2.8‰ following the application of 5‰ salinity irrigation water during the development stages. Besides, this study also aimed to evaluate the influences of saline water irrigation on the observed rice yields, plant height, leaf length, and leaf width. In the results, irrigation with 3‰ saline water reduced potential rice yield by 58.6% and the length of rice leaves by one-third. Higher salinity of 4‰ in the irrigation water produced only 24% of average potential productivity, and 5‰ water salinity resulted in no yield. Furthermore, salt stress limited the mobile Zn content in paddy soil, reducing the Zn accumulation in grains by between 36.27% and 83.21%. Thus, the study shows that controlling salinity in irrigation water management is essential for controlling the yield and nutrient Zn content in rice grains.

9

Assessment and Mapping of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation and Drinking in a Semi-Arid Area in Algeria

Azlaoui Mohamed, Zeddouri Aziez, Haied Nadjib, Nezli Imed Eddine, Foufou Atif

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 8

19--32

EN

Groundwater is the main resource used to meet the people’s drinking water and irrigation needs of the Ain Oussera plain, because of the lack of surface-water resources. This paper intended to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for agriculture and drinking in the Ain Oussera plains. The data of the study were gathered and analyzed from twenty (20) groundwater samples collected to assess the plain groundwater quality, using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and GIS, carried out on physico-chemical parameters, including potential of hydrogen (pH), total dissolved solids (TDS) electrical conductivity (EC), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg2+), and calcium (Ca2+) and major anions (Cl, HCO3, NO3, SO4), as well as, the water suitability test for agricultural purposes, using the sodium adsorption ratio. These parameters were inserted into the GIS platform to create a spatial distribution map for each parameter using the inverse interpolation technique (IDW). The results indicated that the concentrations are within the Algerian permissible limits. The water quality index (WQI), which evaluates the suitability of water for consumption, varies from 31 to 173 with an average value of 81. 70% of the samples from the Ain Oussera plain fall within the excellent and good quality categories. Its water is suitable for consumption (WQI < 100), while 30% is in the poor water category. From the calculation of SAR values, it was found that 90% of the groundwater samples are considered excellent and suitable for irrigation. According to the classification of the United States Salinity Laboratory USSL, the Ain Oussera water quality is classified as poor for irrigation purposes.

10

Effluent Quality Assessment of Selected Wastewater Treatment Plant in Jordan for Irrigation Purposes: Water Quality Index Approach

Ibrahim Mohamad Najib

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 10

206--216

EN

The use of treated wastewater for irrigation purposes will be an essential component for sustainable water resources management, especially in the water-stressed countries as in Jordan. In this context, an attempt has been made to determine the suitability of effluent quality of selected wastewater treatment plants in Jordan for the irrigation purposes based on weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) approach, according to the Jordanian standards for reclaimed domestic wastewater. The effluent wastewater quality records from 22 wastewater treatment plants within a one-year-monitoring period from March 2015 to February 2016 were used. Fifteen physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters were selected to calculate WQI. According to the WQI scale classification, most of the selected wastewater treatment plants were not in full compliance with the Jordanian standards for the reclaimed domestic wastewater regarding the direct reuse of treated wastewater for the irrigation purposes. Therefore, for category A (i.e., vegetables that are normally eaten cooked, parking areas, sides of roads inside cities, and playgrounds), one plant is classified in the 'Excellent water' class and six plants as a "Good water" class. For category B (i.e., irrigation of fruit trees, green areas, and sides of roads outside the cities), one plant is classified in the 'Excellent water' class and twelve plants as a "Good water" class. For category C (i.e., irrigation of industrial crops, field crops, and forest trees), one plant is classified in the 'Excellent water' class and fifteen plants as a "Good water" class. The effective weight calculations identified that E. coli is considered the most effective parameter in the WQI values in category A, and to a lesser extent, SAR, pH, BOD, and NO3−. For category B, the SAR, pH and E. coli parameters are considered the most effective parameters in the WQI values. In turn, for category C, the SAR, pH, and PO4–3 parameters are considered the most effective parameters in the WQI values. Thus, these parameters based on category are considered as the main parameters which degrade the effluent wastewater quality for irrigation purposes. The results of this study are beneficial for the water managers and policymakers for proper actions on water resources and agricultural management in Jordan.

11

Is Sludge Water Diluate Stream from Electrodialysis Suitable for Agricultural Purposes?

Cervenkova Michaela, Calabkova Katrin

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2019

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R. 21, nr 1

79--82

EN

Sludge water, a product of drainage of primary and activated sludge from the municipal wastewater treatment process, is rich in nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen and phosphorus are inorganic biogenic substances suitable for plant nutrition. Sludge water can be treated via electrodialysis. This process leads to two products, one is a diluate stream (solution less concentrated than the input, contains some nutrients) and the other is concentrate stream (solution in which nutrients are concentrated against the input). There is abundant research in nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from the concentrate stream, for example in the form of struvite used for fertilizing. However, little attention has been paid to the huge volumes of diluate stream. The diluate stream can be used in agriculture as water suitable for irrigation, where the bonus of this product is a partial fertilizing capacity. This way, wastewater can be used for irrigation and fertilizing having subjected the wastewater to agrochemical analyses. An important condition for the use of sludge water or diluate stream for irrigation is the absence of heavy metals and toxic substances. Still, if the water contains heavy metals, they can be removed with a relatively high success, for example by precipitation. Using wastewaster as water for agricultural purposes for irrigation is one of the new options to find new secondary sources of water. This theme is highly topical as it is important to reduce the consumption of quality water resources. These must primarily serve for drinking purposes, and therefore it is necessary to search for alternative water resources.

PL

Woda ze szlamów, produkt drenażu osadu pierwotnego i aktywnego z procesu oczyszczania ścieków komunalnych, jest bogata w składniki odżywcze, w szczególności azot i fosfor. Azot i fosfor to nieorganiczne substancje biogenne nadające się do żywienia roślin. Woda szlamowa może być oczyszczana przez elektrodializę. Proces ten prowadzi do powstania dwóch produktów, jeden to strumień rozcieńczony (roztwór mniej skoncentrowany niż wsad, zawiera pewne składniki odżywcze), a drugi to strumień skoncentrowany (roztwór, w którym składniki odżywcze są skoncentrowane). Istnieje wiele badań nad odzyskiwaniem azotu i fosforu ze strumienia koncentratu, na przykład w postaci struwitu (fosforan magnezowo-amonowy) używanego do nawożenia. Jednak niewiele uwagi poświęcono ogromnym ilościom strumienia rozcieńczalnika. Strumień rozcieńczony może być wykorzystywany w rolnictwie jako woda do nawadniania, gdzie wartością dodaną tego produktu jest częściowa zdolność nawożenia. W ten sposób ścieki można wykorzystać do nawadniania i nawożenia, poddając ścieki analizom agrochemicznym. Ważnym warunkiem stosowania wody z szlamu lub strumienia rozcieńczonego do nawadniania jest brak metali ciężkich i substancji toksycznych. Jeśli woda zawiera metale ciężkie, można je usunąć ze stosunkowo dobrym powodzeniem, na przykład przez strącanie. Wykorzystanie wody odpadowej do celów rolniczych do nawadniania jest jedną z nowych opcji w poszukiwaniu nowych wtórnych źródeł wody. Temat ten jest bardzo aktualny, ponieważ ważne jest zmniejszenie zużycia wysokiej jakości zasobów wodnych. Woda czysta musi służyć do picia, dlatego konieczne jest poszukiwanie alternatywnych zasobów wody do celów rolnych.

12

Modern Methods of Irrigation Water Purification by a Mesh-Filter Using Influence of Low Frequency Vibration

Bilokon S., Turbal Y., Kunanets N., Pasichnyk V.

ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes

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2019

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Vol. 8, No 2

21--26

EN

The article is devoted to the analysis of different methods of irrigation water purification from suspended particles. There have been considered the problems of irrigation water purification by using the low-frequency vibration technology and the effects arising from the influence of vibration on the water with different floating impurities. Vibration parameters that allow obtaining the effect of standing wave was substantiated. Also in the article have been disclosed the influence of low-frequency vibration on the quality of water purification depending on the types of pollution and their granulometric composition. Obtained the hydraulic characteristics of the mesh such as the effect of vibration on the pressure loss.

13

Predicting future water demand for Long Xuyen Quadrangle under the impact of climate variability

Lee S. K. L., Dang T. A.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 5

1081--1092

EN

Long Xuyen Quadrangle is one of the important agricultural areas of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam accounting for 25% of rice production. In recent years, the area faces drought and salinization problems, as part of climate change impact and sea level rise. These are the main causes that led to the crop water deficits for agricultural production. Therefore, this work was conducted to predict crop water requirement (CWR) based on consideration of other related meteorological factors and further redefine the crop planting calendar (CPC) for three main cropping seasons including winter–spring (WS), summer–autumn (SA) and autumn–spring (AS) using the Cropwat crop model based on the current climate conditions and future climate change scenarios. Meteorological data for the baseline period (2006–2016) and future corresponding to timescales 2020s, 2055s and 2090s of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP)4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios are used to predict CWR and CPC for the study area. The results showed that WS and SA crops needed more irrigation water than AS crop and the highest irrigation water requirement of the WS and SA crops occurred on developmental stage, while the AW crop appeared on growth, developmental and late stage for the baseline and timescales of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Calculation results of the shift of CPC indicated that the CWR of the AW crop decreased lowest approximately 6.6–20.6% for timescales of RCP4.5 scenario and 20.6–25.5% for RCP8.5 scenario compared with the baseline.

14

Stężenie składników nawozowych w wodzie do nawodnień i do picia w Falentach

Sapek A., Nawalany P., Barszczewski J.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2003

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T. 3, z. spec. (6)

79--84

PL

W latach 1991–2001 prowadzono systematyczne badania stężenia składników nawozowych w wodzie do nawodnień i do picia z ujęć w Falentach. Wodę do nawodnień ujmowano z Cieku Wschodniego spod Laszczek, którego część wody pochodzi z objętych ochroną źródlisk, a w dolnym biegu jest pod wpływem intensywnych upraw ogrodniczych oraz osiedli wiejskich. W latach objętych badaniami obserwowano około dwukrotne zwiększenie stężenia azotu azotanowego i fosforanów w tym cieku, co świadczy o jego postępującej eutrofizacji. Natomiast stężenie azotu amonowego zmniejszyło się w tym czasie. Nie obserwowano żadnego trendu zmian stężenia pozostałych oznaczanych składnikach – chlorków, sodu, potasu, magnezu i wapnia. W Zakładzie Chemii Gleby i Wody IMUZ próbkami odniesienia jest woda bieżąca z kranu z ujęcia wody do picia na głębokościach 20 i 36 m w Falentach. W czasie siedmiu lat wykonywania analiz stwierdzono, że stężenie azotu azotanowego w tej wodzie zmniejszyło się, zaś stężenie azotu amonowego, fosforanów i chlorków pozostawało bez większych zmian.

EN

Concentration of nutrients in water used for irrigation purposes and in tap water from deep sources in Falenty was analysed during 1991–2001. The irrigation water originated from a steam flowing out from springs situated on areas protected as natural reserve 2 km upstream the sampling site. There are arable fields cropped with vegetable and a settlement along the lower course of the stream. Concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and phosphate significantly increased during the study period, which proves advancing eutrophication of the stream. Concentration of ammonium nitrogen decreased in the same time. No changes in the concentration of other investigated nutrients were observed. Tap water is used in the laboratory of Department of Soil and Water Chemistry as a reference sample. Concentration of nitrate nitro gen decreased and concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, phosphate and chloride did not change markedly during 7 years of analyses.