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1

Identification and Database Creation of Selected Historic Irrigation Structures in the Czech Republic

Karásek Petr, Pelíšek Igor, Pochop Michal

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

256--264

EN

Since the 19th century, the irrigation industry on the territory of the Czech Republic has undergone considerable technological development and an increase in irrigated areas. Irrigation has become an important part of the Czech landscape. Large complex irrigation systems of tens to hundreds of km2 have been built. Towards the end of the 20th century, there was a significant decline due to the change of political regime, abolition of agricultural companies, etc. Irrigation systems and buildings were often destroyed, devastated, left without maintenance. There have also been several changes in the administrative management of the irrigation sector. The consequence was that there was no single database of irrigation systems. At present, a database of these irrigation systems is being compiled by the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation using geographical information systems (GIS). In connection with climate change, the threat of drought, and irregular distribution of precipitation during the growing season, and the issue of irrigation are back on trend. In this study the current state of irrigation systems in the Czech Republic was presented. In the Czech Republic, a total of 175115 ha of irrigation area has been recorded so far (of this area, about 41% is currently in functional). Selected historic irrigation structures were documented by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).

2

Electricity supply to irrigation systems for crops away from urban areas

Skibko Zbigniew, Romaniuk Wacław, Borusiewicz Andrzej, Derehajło Stanisław

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

73--79

EN

Water scarcity is a phenomenon that is occurring more and more frequently in larger areas of Europe. As a result of drought, there are significant drops in yields. As demand for food continues to rise, it is becoming necessary to bring about a substantial increase in crop production. The best solution to water scarcity appears to be irrigation for crops that are particularly sensitive to drought. Today, many technical solutions are used to supply and distribute water to crops. The optimal solution is drip irrigation, which makes it possible to deliver water directly to the plant root system to save melting freshwater resources. In the article special attention was paid to methods of supplying electricity to power irrigation pumps. The analysis was made for areas with a significant distance between the agricultural land and the urbanised area (which has water and electricity). The authors have selected the parameters of an off-grid photovoltaic mini-hydropower plant with energy storage (with a power of 1.36 kW). An analysis was made of the profitability of such an investment and a comparison with other types of power supply. Based on the performed calculations, a prototype power supply system equipped with photovoltaic panels was made to show the real performance of the proposed system. The tests carried out showed that the irrigation pump will be powered most of the time with a voltage whose parameters will be very close to the nominal ones.

3

Input Use Efficiency in Operational and Maintenance Management of Small-Pumping Scale Irrigation Systems in Red River Delta, Vietnam

Dinh Dao Van, Nguyen Phong Tung, Tran Dat Van, Mukheibir Pierre, Ton Au Nu Hai

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

207--215

EN

In the Red River Delta (RRD) of Vietnam, small-pumping systems are one of main systems for paddy irrigation. It is imperative to analyze the operation and maintenance performance of irrigation systems by using the input factors when applying pricing mechanisms in the irrigation sector in Vietnam. In this study, based on the data of 48 irrigation systems managed by teams under irrigation companies, the non-parametric program, Data Envelopment Analysis, was used to measure the technical efficiency and scale efficiency for small-pumping scale irrigation systems in the Red River Delta. The seven input factors were the annual direct and indirect labor, materials, electricity, recurrent maintenance, overhead, and depreciation cost, and an output factor was the paddy areas irrigated by the systems. The results demonstrated that the average technical efficiency scores under constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale were 0.924 and 0.946, respectively. Thus, the wasted inputs were suggested to be 7.6% and 5.4% of the current input level, respectively. The average scale efficiency score was 0.977 and therefore, some 72.9% of the Decision-Making Units should adjust their input scales to achieve the efficiency in input factors.

4

The Use of World Water Resources in the Irrigation of Field Cultivations

Walczak Amadeusz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 4

186--206

EN

The paper concerns evaluation of the exploitation of the world’s water resources for irrigating field crops. It was determined that the volume of water used in 2020 in all sectors of the economy in relation to the world’s freshwater resources will amount to 31 to 38% of the available resources. It has been found that globally, in the period 1900–2100, the agricultural sector has the highest consumption of fresh water. Therefore, there is a need for rational use of water, especially when irrigating field crops. Hence, the paper describes the methods of evaluating the effectiveness of irrigation. The indicators from the Water use efficiency group, which consider the yield obtained from a given area and the sum of irrigation doses, were considered the most reliable form of evaluation. Determining the indicator should also be accompanied by a presentation of the scope of work related to irrigation, water quality, cultivation techniques, fertilization and environmental conditions of the growing season. The work characterizes the selected pressure irrigation systems, considering their advantages and disadvantages. On this basis, the paper presents the adaptation of the SWOT analysis for two irrigation systems: a reel sprinkler with a water cannon and a drip tape.

5

Evaluation of climate changes and their accounting for developing the reclamation measures in western Ukraine

Rokochynskiy Anatoliy, Volk Pavlo, Frolenkova Nadia, Prykhodko Nataliіa, Gerasimov Ievgenii, Pinchuk Oleg

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2019

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Vol. 28, No. 1

3--13

EN

In modern conditions, there are cardinal climate changes on the Earth as at the planetary scale, as at the regional level. According to numerous hydrometeorological characteristics and indicators, climatologists specialists concluded that Ukraine also take place significant climatic changes in the last 10–25 years. In complicated natural-technical systems, which include irrigation and drainage systems (IDS) on drained lands, the selection of regime-technological and technical solutions on different levels of the decision including the time, should be based on the appropriate meteorological information for selecting climatologically optimal management strategies for such systems in the long-term and annual periods. The decisive influence on the formation of water and the overall natural reclamation modes of reclaimed land and harvest crops in many cases depends exactly from climate or weather conditions. Thus, it is necessary to have available data about their implementation to the relevant object as for number of previous years retrospective observations and the forecast period of functioning of the object. Therefore, forecasting of weather and climate conditions become an indispensable condition for implementation of assessing the overall effectiveness of IDS operation. To solve this problem we performed large-scale computer experiment for multi-year retrospective and current data observations in the area of Zhytomyr Polissya. Were planned and implemented the following variants of studies - «Base», «Transitional», «Recent», «CCCM», «UKMO». The forecast was done for five years of typical groups of vegetation periods regarding conditions of heat and moisture provision (very wet - 10%, wet - 30%, average - 50%, dry - 70%, very dry - 90%) on such basic meteorological characteristics: air temperature; precipitation; relative air humidity; deficit of air humidity; photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); coefficient of moisture provision (the ratio of precipitation to evapotranspiration). Obtained results of comparative assessment of climatic conditions in Zhytomyr Polissya zone, suggests that for most of the basic meteorological parameters, already there are changes that in the short term may exceed 10% of the critical ecological threshold, which will lead to relevant irreversible changes in the state of the environment in the region.

6

Assessment of the effectiveness of sprinkling to protect apple blossoms against spring frost

Treder W., Tryngiel-Gać A., Klamkowski K., Kiełkiewicz M.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

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nr III/2

1131--1143

EN

Spring frosts can cause very significant losses on fruit farms. The most common method of active protection against frost is sprinkling. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a sprinkling system used to protect apple trees against the effects of a spring frost. The experiment was conducted on the Mączewscy Fruit Farm. The orchard in which the observations were made is equipped with a system of sprinklers. When the temperature readings showed values close to zero, the sprinkler system was activated. Due to a limited water supply, one row of sprinklers had not been activated, and thus some of the trees were not sprayed at all. The assessment of fruit yield carried out in the autumn of 2015 demonstrated high effectiveness of the sprinkling used to protect apple trees against the spring frost. The frost had damaged most of the flowers of the unprotected trees, which resulted in a decrease in yield of as much as 85-93%.

7

Analytical Model of the Optimal Capacity of an Irrigation System

Palkova Z., Rodny T.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2011

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nr 14(1)

23-31

EN

The size and stability of yield per hectare of agricultural crops are greatly affected by climatic conditions, temperature, solar radiation, but especially the quantity and quality of rainfall, which for most agricultural crops is insufficient. Building large-scale irrigation systems is difficult in terms of investment, as well as operating costs. Claimed agricultural yields often do not emanate from a set of certain claims for each of the crops, but are only an estimate based upon empirical experience. Precise determination of these data is very difficult and without the use of exact mathematical methods and information technology would be virtually impossible. Goal of this project is dedicated to enhance of an irrigation system analytical model usability, which would allow the determination of the optimal capacity of the irrigation system in response to microclimate and soil conditions with respect to the crops and irrigation facilities. Developing new methods of precise irrigation is the way of higher and ecological productivity in agricultural production subsystem.

PL

Wielkość oraz stabilność plonu z hektara uprawianego pola w dużej mierze zależy od warunków klimatycznych, temperatury, promieniowania słonecznego, ale w szczególny sposób od jakości oraz ilości opadów deszczowych. Opady te dla większości upraw rolniczych są niewystarczające. Oszacowanie wydajności systemu nawadniania nie wynika zatem jedynie z zapotrzebowania na wodę uprawianych roślin, lecz także zależy od czynników losowych - mikroklimatycznych. Aktualnie wydajność systemu nawadniania, wielkości jedynie przybliżonej, szacuje się często na podstawie doświadczeń empirycznych. Dokładne określenie wydajności systemu nawadniania jest bardzo trudne i praktycznie niemożliwe bez zastosowania dokładnych metod matematycznych oraz technologii informatycznych. Celem pracy było zwiększenie użyteczności matematycznego modelu systemu nawadniania, co powinno pozwolić na określenie optymalnej wydajności systemu nawadniania w zależności od mikroklimatu i warunków gruntowych, z uwzględnieniem upraw oraz urządzeń nawadniających.

8

Costs of the construction and operation of irrigation systems in recreation and sports areas

Gulczyński R., Przybyła C.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2010

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no. 14

101-113

EN

The paper discusses the problems of investment costs of irrigation systems in recreation and sports objects and the costs of maintenance and operation of these systems. For this purpose, source materials referring to six objects realized in the years 2006-2007 in Konin district were analysed. Particular consideration was devoted to the irrigation system, water intake and costs of the construction and operation of the irrigation system in various operation conditions. Furthermore, cost analysis included the maintenance and operation of particular objects. In effect of these studies, the investment unit costs per square meter of area were calculated.

PL

W pracy podjęto problematykę kosztów inwestycji, związanych z systemami nawadniającymi na obiektach rekreacyjnych i sportowych, oraz kosztów utrzymania i eksploatacji tych urządzeń. Wykorzystano w tym celu zebrane materiały źródłowe dla sześciu obiektów, realizowanych w latach 2006-2007 w powiecie konińskim. Szczegółową analizą objęto źródła wody do nawodnień, koszty ujęć oraz koszty założenia systemu nawadniającego w zróżnicowanych warunkach eksploatacji. Ponadto analizą kosztów objęto utrzymanie i eksploatację poszczególnych obiektów. Efektem tych obliczeń są jednostkowe koszty inwestycji Eb oraz jednostkowe koszty eksploatacji, przypadające na m² nawadnianej powierzchni oraz koszty rozdeszczowania 1 m³ wody.