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1

Study of new commercial collectors for the recovery of coarse quartz particles in iron ore flotation

de Oliveira Geraldo Lisboa, da Silva Gilberto Rodrigues

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 5

art. no. 174292

EN

Currently, a small range of commercial collectors is available for the use in reverse iron ore flotation at Vale. This input represents a considerable unit cost, being essential for the concentration of low content itabiritic iron ores. The present work evaluated the reverse cationic flotation of an itabiritic ore with low iron content (39.6% Fe) from the Iron Quadrangle (BR) in bench scale tests, focusing on the use of new collectors to remove coarse quartz. The sample presents 19% of its particles as oversize in the 0.150 mm sieve. The poor flotation of coarse quartz particles (>0.150 mm) causes significant problems in various iron ore flotation circuits by contaminating the concentrate. The study evaluated the performance of 10 new collectors from the etheramine family with different degrees of neutralization and at different collector dosages. The flotation process variables were set as industrially practiced at the Cauê iron ore plant (BR). In tests varying the specific collector dosage, the nonneutralized etheramines showed improved performance compared to the current 50% neutralized etheramine used in the plant, achieving industrial targets: concentrate SiO2 content rate lower than 4.5% (1.4%), tailings iron content lower than 23% (18.94%), metallurgical recovery greater than 66% (74,8%), and Gaudin Selectivity Index greater than 6.6 (10.5). The 0.150 mm oversize in the concentrate, mostly coarse quartz particles, was reduced from 5.7% down to 1.2%, indicating the potential for the industrial application of non-neutralized etheramines in the recovery of coarse quartz.

2

Investigating the effectiveness of organic binders as an alternative to bentonite in the pelletization of low grade iron ore

Tafadzwa Ngara, Mavengere Shielah, Bright Sharrydon, Mapamba Liberty

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 6

art. no. 176094

EN

Bentonite is the traditionally used binder in iron ore pelletization. However, it consists of up to 85% silica and alumina which are undesired acidic gangue in iron-making. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and cornstarch were used as acidic gangue-free organic alternatives to bentonite in synthesizing iron pellets. Iron ore, water and the corresponding binder were mixed and rolled in a pelletizing disk to form green pellets. The green pellets were dried and subsequently indurated in a furnace at 1200 ℃ to form indurated pellets. To evaluate the effectiveness of the organic binders, the pellets produced were tested on various pellet properties. Known industrial pellet property standards and the bentonite binder were used as references. Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and corn starch produced green pellets with average drop numbers of 7.20 ± 0.84, 5.60 ± 0.89 and 6.00 ± 1.00 respectively, compared to bentonite’s 5.00 ± 0.71. Dry pellets of average compressive strength 5.93 ± 0.09, 5.86 ± 0.03 and 11.52 ± 0.18 kg/pellet were produced by carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and corn starch respectively while bentonite’s averaged 5.60 ± 0.08 kg/pellet. For indurated pellets, carboxymethyl cellulose (210.2 ± 1.88 kg/pellet) and sodium lignosulfonate (198.1 ± 2.49 kg/pellet) pellets were weaker than those of bentonite (250.4 ± 2.06 kg/pellet) but satisfied the industrial requirement of 181.4 kg/pellet. A boron oxide additive (0.1 wt. %) was used to boost the strength of carboxymethyl cellulose indurated pellets to 252.6 ± 1.32 kg/pellet, rendering them superior to those of bentonite.

3

Study of Compensation Room Impacts on the Massіf Stability and Mined Ore Mass Quality

Stupnik Mykola, Fedko Mykhaylo, Hryshchenko Mykhaylo, Kalinichenko Olena, Kalinichenko Vsevolod

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 1

129--135

EN

The paper presents the study and a functional analysis of requirements of the world metallurgical industry to the quality of underground iron ores at underground mines of Ukraine. There are found dependencies of the impact of the shape and parameters of compensation spaces on their stability and broken ore quality indicators. It is proved that a vertical trapezoidal compensation room possesses the highest stability and is stable within the range of all the considered depths, even in ores with hardness of 3–5 points. Less atabiity is demonstrated by a vertical compensation room of a vaulted shape with minor falls in the abutment of the room vault in ores with hardness of 3–5 points at the depth of 2000 m, and a tent-shaped one where falls of varying intensity occur in the lower part of inclined exposures of the tent in ores with hardness of 3–5 points at the depth of 1750 m or more. The horizontal compensation room is of the lowest stability; falls occur in ores with hardness of 3–5 points at the depth of 1400 m, and at the depths of 1750–2000 m it remains stable only in harder ores. It is established that the use of compensation rooms of high stability makes it possible to achieve their maximum volume, increase the amount of pure ore extracted, reduce its dilution, enhance the quality of the mined ore mass and concequently increase its price and competitiveness of marketable products.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia studium i analizę funkcjonalną wymagań światowego przemysłu metalurgicznego co do jakości rud żelaza w podziemnych kopalniach Ukrainy. Stwierdzono zależności wpływu kształtu i parametrów przestrzeni kompensacyjnych na ich stateczność i wskaźniki jakości rudy. Udowodniono, że komora wyrównawcza w kształcie trapezu pionowego charakteryzuje się największą stabilnością i jest stabilna w zakresie wszystkich rozważanych głębokości, nawet w rudach o twardości 3–5 punktów. Mniejszą stateczność wykazuje komora kompensacji pionowej o kształcie sklepionym z niewielkimi spadkami w przyczółku sklepienia komory w rudach o twardości 3–5 punktów na głębokości 2000 m. Komora z opadami o rożnym natężeniu występuje w dolnej części nachylonych odsłonięć namiotu w rudach o twardości 3–5 punktów na głębokości 1750 m lub większej. Pomieszczenie kompensacji poziomej ma najmniejszą stateczność; spadki występują w rudach o twardości 3–5 punktów na głębokości 1400 m, a na głębokościach 1750–2000 m pozostają stabilne tylko w rudach twardszych. Stwierdzono, że zastosowanie komór kompensacyjnych o dużej stabilności umożliwia osiągnięcie ich maksymalnej objętości, zwiększenie ilości wydobywanej czystej rudy, zmniejszenie jej rozrzedzenia, poprawę jakości wydobywanej masy rudy, a co za tym idzie, wzrost jej ceny i konkurencyjności rynkowej.

4

The effect of high voltage electrical pulses on iron ore comminution to improve desulfurization flotation recovery

Soltanmohammadi Vahid, Noaparast Mohammad, Aslani Soheila

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 4

art. no. 150264

EN

In this research, the effect of employing high voltage electrical pulse (HVEP) on crushing to improve the recovery of iron ore desulfurization was investigated compared to mechanical crushing. To determine the effect of mechanical and electrical crushing, jaw crusher, cone crusher, and high voltage electrical pulse crusher (50Kv) were applied. The results indicated that coarser particles with fewer slimes are produced in the initial crushing stage using electric pulses. Selective separation mechanism from the boundary of the particles based on different dielectric constants, was the main difference between the HVEP method and mechanical crushing. In the flotation process of sulfide minerals crushed by an electric pulse crusher, recovery of the sample was 10.6% higher, and the grade of sulfur in flotation residue of iron ore concentrate was approximately 58% lower than the sample which was undergone through the initial mechanical crushing stage. The obtained results evidenced 37.5% increase in flotation kinetics constant while electric pulse crushing is preferred to mechanical crushing. For mineralogical studies, microparticles (-38 microns) were studied in the pulp phase of the sample, and the results proved that in the electric pulse crushing of the microparticles, they are dispersed, and there is a distance between them, while in the mechanical approach they are formed in the shape of agglomerated particles. This phenomenon leads to better preparation and further possible contact of pyrite particles with air bubbles, which increases flotation kinetics and the recovery of sulfur merely when electric pulse crushing was employed.

5

Application of magnetic separation and reverse anionic flotation to concentrate fine particles of iron ore with high sulfur content

Dehghani Fahimeh, Khosravi Rasoul, Pazoki Amir, Kebe Moustapha, Jahanian Reza, Siavoshi Hossein, Ghosh Tathagata

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 3

art. no. 145420

EN

The sulfur content in iron ore causes technical problems in the process of sintering iron ore in steel and alloys, and environmental problems in discharging the tailing. The major challenge in the iron ore processing plant is handling the finer particles. The key objectives of this research included the concentration of Band Narges Mine iron ore (< 150 μm) as well as the reduction of the sulfur content to achieve a marketable product. First, the mineralogical characterization of iron ore was established, which showed that Fe3O4, SiO2, and CaO were the predominant minerals in the ore body. Moreover, magnetite particles with a size of < 150 μm were mainly locked into the associated gangue mineral. Second, metallurgical experiments were conducted, including magnetic separation and froth flotation. To increase the iron grade and recovery and decrease the sulfur content, two separate process flowsheets were tested, three steps of magnetic separation with a magnetic field strength of 2000 G were used in the first process flowsheets, followed by regrinding to < 74 μm and application of a three-stage reverse flotation. The overall iron grade and recovery were 76.38% and 67.9%, respectively, from this flowsheet. A five-stage successive reverse flotation followed by three stages of magnetic separation at 1000 G was carried out in the second flowsheet. The final recovery and grade of iron for this flowsheet were 77.15% and 64.3%, respectively. The ultimate content of sulfur was estimated at 0.74%.

6

Economic and environmental aspects of using mining equipment and emulsion explosives for ore mining

Kononenko Maxim, Khomenko Oleh, Myronova Inna, Kovalenko Ihor

Mining Machines

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2022

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vol. 40, iss. 2

88--97

EN

The calculation of economic efficiency during the preparatory mine operations using various mining equipment and types of explosives was performed. The general exponential regularity of determining the cost of carrying out 1 m3 of working depending on the strength of rocks to compression when using different types of explosives and tunneling equipment was established. An environmental assessment of the use of emulsion explosives in an iron ore mine showed a decrease in concentrations of environmentally hazardous substances and a decrease in environmental hazard coefficients, which resulted in a decrease in the pollution of the atmospheric air.

7

Mining operations and geotechnical issues in deep hard rock mining – case of Boukhadra iron mine

Benyoucef Ali Ahmed, Gadri Larbi, Hadji Riheb, Mebrouk Faouzi, Harkati Elhaddi

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2022

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no. 4

27--46

EN

Underground mining operations are a very problematic task, especially in poor geotechnical conditions. The right choice of excavation and support techniques leads to adequate and secure mining operations. This should ensure the overall stability of the underground mine with the best productivity and stability performance. In this paper, an empirical model for obtaining support systems for underground galleries was applied. Then, a numerical model for the evaluation of the performance of support measures for rock masses in the Boukhadra iron mine was introduced. Extensive field and laboratory tests were performed to obtain geological, geotechnical, and mechanical data on the entire geologic formations of the (1105 m) level. The performance of the design is supported by the selection of a common support plan between RMR, Q, and UBC systems for each geotechnical unit. Therefore, the rock masses classification based on the geo-mechanical model has determined the suitable support systems. The finite element model (FEM) was used for the analysis of rock mass behaviour, displacements, stress, and plastic point distribution. The results permit the optimization of the plastic zone thickness around the gallery. The outcomes of this study could improve the stability of the mine by choosing the right direction of excavation in consideration to the direction of the discontinuity planes. In order to choose between the current and the recommended mining operations, an equivalent calculation sequence was verified. Our study demonstrated that the consideration of discontinuity sets in the orientation of excavation highly improves the mining conditions with or without support.

8

Modelling of iron ore processing in technological units based on the hybrid approach

Morkun Vladimir, Tron Vitaliy, Zymohliad Vadym

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2022

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Vol. 16, no. 1

82--90

EN

The process line of concentrating iron ore materials is considered as a sequence of connected concentration units, some of which partially return ore materials to the previous unit. The output product of the final concentration unit in the process line is the end product of the whole line. Characteristics of ore, such as distribution of ore particles by size and distribution of iron content by size classes, are considered. Processing of iron ore materials by process units (a cycle, a scheme) is characterised by a separation characteristic – namely the function of extracting elementary fractions depending on physical properties of ore particles. The results of fraction analysis of ore samples in different points of the process line provide an experimental definition of separation characteristics and numerical values of the Rosin–Rammler equation factors. To identify dependencies that cannot be analytically described, the hybrid approach accompanied by the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy models, in accompaniment with triangular membership functions determining fuzzy sets in preconditions, are used. To identify fuzzy sets in rule preconditions, triangular membership functions are used. Introduction of a-priori data on iron ore concentration as constraints for model parameters is a promising trend of further research, since it enables increased accuracy of identification despite limited availability of experimental data.

9

Physicochemical study and application for pyrolusite separation from high manganese-iron ore in the presence of microorganisms

Farghaly Mohamed Galal, Abdel-Khalek Nagui Aly, Abdel-Khalek Mohamed Abdel-Dayem, Selim Khaled Abdelaal, Abdullah Samah Saleh

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2021

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Vol. 57, iss. 1

273--283

EN

Paenibacillus polymyxa bacteria strain as a surface modifier in a flotation process could remove 64.89% of MnO2 from high manganese iron ore. A concentrate containing 3.7% MnO2, 0.5% SiO2 and 71.30% Fe2O3, with a hematite recovery of 72.46% is produced from a feed containing 8.79% MnO2, 0.49% SiO2 and 67.90% Fe2O3. The bio-flotation results indicated that such type of bacteria is selective for upgrading El-Gedida iron ore from the Western Desert of Egypt. The role of Paenibacillus polymyxa on the surface properties of pyrolusite and hematite single minerals was investigated through zeta potential, FTIR and adsorption measurements.

10

Investigations on a novel collector for anionic reverse flotation separation of quartz from iron ores

Fang Ji, Ge Yingyong, Liu Shunbing, Yu Jun, Liu Cheng

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2021

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Vol. 57, iss. 1

136--155

EN

It is necessary to exploit an easy and effective way to obtain flotation collector. In this paper, oleic acid was modified by oxidation reaction to obtain an excellent collector. The ﬂotation performances of oleic acid and its oxidation products were systematically investigated and a novel collector ((E)-8,11-dihydroperoxyoctadec-9-enoic acid, EDEA) was obtained. Single mineral flotation tests results showed that EDEA had strong flotation power towards quartz at pH＞11 and hardly floated hematite and magnetite at pH=8~13. The recovery of quartz could achieve 92.35% with 120 mg/L EDEA under the condition of pH=12 and dosage of CaCl2 60mg/L while the recovery was 62.44% with 120 mg/L oleic acid. Bench scale flotation tests results showed that EDEA had a preferable effect on separating quartz from iron ore especially at low flotation temperature (288K). The mechanism research revealed that EDEA attracted on quartz surface through electrostatic attraction and the neighboring EDEA molecules could form intermolecular hydrogen bonds which resulted in a closer alignment of EDEA on quartz surface.

11

Study on removal of copper, tin and arsenic from iron ore, scrap and steel in the light of the latest state of metallurgical technology

Zdonek Bogdan, Różański Piotr, Borecki Mariusz, Stecko Janusz, Szypuła Ireneusz

Journal of Metallic Materials

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2021

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Vol. 73, no. 1

16--21

EN

The study investigates the ability to remove copper, tin and arsenic from iron ore, scrap and liquid steel based on the literature and thermodynamic calculations using the FactSage 7.2 software. Methods of removing Cu, Sn and As from iron-bearing materials, feasible in industrial conditions in the near term, were selected. Simulation tests with the use of the FactSage 7.2 software showed that under reduced pressure conditions Cu and Sn can be removed from the steel bath, while As evaporation is not possible. Laboratory tests were carried out, including the removal of Sn and Cu in the process of degassing of liquid steel in a deep vacuum in a vacuum induction furnace and the removal of Sn from iron ore in the sintering process. Under conditions of deep vacuum (below 40 Pa), high temperature (1670°C) and a correspondingly long vacuum treatment time (over 30 minutes), the efficiency of removing the copper and tin contents from the liquid steel of approximately 14 and 17% respectively was obtained. The iron ore sintering test with a high Sn content showed the effectiveness of reducing the Sn content during this process, amounting to approx. 30%.

PL

Zbadano możliwości usuwania miedzi, cyny i arsenu z rudy żelaza, złomu i ciekłej stali na podstawie literatury oraz termodynamicznych obliczeń za pomocą oprogramowania FactSage 7.2. Wybrano sposoby usuwania Cu, Sn i As z materiałów żelazonośnych możliwe do realizacji w warunkach przemysłowych w najbliższej perspektywie czasowej. Badania symulacyjne z zastosowaniem oprogramowania FactSage 7.2 wykazały, że w warunkach obniżonego ciśnienia można usunąć Cu i Sn z kąpieli stalowej, natomiast nie jest możliwe odparowanie As. Przeprowadzono próby laboratoryjne, obejmujące usuwanie Sn i Cu w procesie odgazowania ciekłej stali w głębokiej próżni w próżniowym piecu indukcyjnym oraz usuwanie Sn z rudy żelaza w procesie spiekania. W warunkach głębokiej próżni (poniżej 40 Pa), wysokiej temperatury (1670°C) i odpowiednio długiego czasu obróbki próżniowej (powyżej 30 minut) uzyskano skuteczności usunięcia zawartości miedzi i cyny w ciekłej stali, wynoszące odpowiednio około 14 i 17%. Próba spiekania rudy żelaza z wysoką zawartością Sn wykazała skuteczność zmniejszenia zawartości Sn w czasie tego procesu, wynoszącą ok. 30%.

12

Study the Recycling of Red Mud in Iron Ore Sintering Process

Khalifa Ahmed Abdelazim, Bazhin Vladimir Yurievich, Kuskova Yana Vadimovna, Abdelrahim Ahmed, Ahmed Yasser Momtaz Zaki

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

191--201

EN

Red mud (RM), the by-product generated during the alumina extraction process, is considered a valuable secondary raw material, since iron (20–54%) represents its major constituent. Accordingly, the suitability of recycling this RM in the sintering process of Egyptian iron ore was studied. The effect of adding different amounts of RM to the sinter charge mixture (0–10 wt.%) on the sintering process performance as well as the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the produced sinter was investigated. The results revealed that increasing the amount of red mud in the sinter charge mixture leads to a high improvement in the strength of the produced sinter till reaching a maximum at 7% addition, which deteriorates thereafter. Meanwhile, owing to the fine nature of the red mud, increasing its contents in the sinter charge mixture leads to reduced speed of the sintering process, which consequently affects the productivity at the blast furnace yard. The sinter produced with the addition of 3% red mud shows the highest reducibility. These results indicate the suitability of recycling RM in the Egyptian iron ore sintering process with an amount not higher than 3 wt.% of the total sinter mixture charge.

13

Models using in metallurgical process management

Pustĕjovska Pavlina, Kardas Edyta, Toman Radek, Bařina Dominik, Jursova Simona

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2020

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Vol. 23, nr 3

16--19

EN

The paper presents the possibilities of the application of different models for blast furnace operation management: thermodynamic and kinetic models and also coke degradation model. Thermodynamic and kinetic approaches in modelling metallurgical processes form are necessary basis for continuous analysis of the conditions under which the evaluated iron technology can actually work while achieving the highest productivity. They can be also useful for estimating of maximal rate of auxiliary fuels in specific conditions of the blast furnace iron making, what can help to optimize the cost of fuels. The aim of the article is to present the possibility of reducing the costs of pig iron production using models, especially the coke degradation model, which was used for Czech conditions. The model was developed in two options: a regressive non-linear statistical model, and a selflearning neuron network. Subsequently, both predictive model variants are compared.

14

Wykorzystanie karbonizatu z drewna iglastego jako paliwa zastępczego w procesie spiekania rud żelaza

Niesler Marian, Stecko Janusz, Stelmach Sławomir

Journal of Metallic Materials

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2020

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Vol. 72, no. 4

2--14

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wykonanych w Łukasiewicz - IMŻ, przy współpracy Instytutu Chemicznej Przeróbki Węgla, nad wykorzystaniem karbonizatu z drewna iglastego jako paliwa zastępczego w procesie spiekania rud żelaza. Stwierdzono, że biorąc pod uwagę wydajność produkcyjną, zużycie paliwa oraz właściwości powstałego spieku udział badanego karbonizatu nie powinien przekraczać 10% mas. w sumie paliwa. Przy stosowaniu badanego karbonizatu obniżała się zawartość FeO w spieku. Spiek posiadał lepszą wytrzymałość ISO T niż przy stosowaniu samego koksiku. Równocześnie ścieralność spieku ISO A zmniejszała się ze wzrostem udziału karbonizatu w sumie paliwa. Stosowanie badanego karbonizatu może bardzo pozytywnie wpływać zarówno na wytrzymałość spieku, jak i jego właściwości redukcyjne.

EN

The article presents the results of tests carried out at Łukasiewicz - IMŻ, in cooperation with the Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, on the use of biochar from coniferous wood as a substitute fuel in the iron ore sintering process. It was found that, considering productivity, fuel consumption and properties of the obtained sinter, the content of the tested biochar should not exceed 10 wt% in total fuel. When using the tested biochar, the content of FeO in the sinter decreased. The sinter was characterised by better ISO T strength than when using only coke breeze. At the same time, the grindability of the ISO A sinter decreased with the increase in the content of the biochar in the total fuel. The use of the tested biochar can have a very positive effect on both the sinter strength and its reducing properties.

15

Historical residues of iron ore mining in environs of the Holy Cross Mountains (the Góry Świętokrzyskie) are recognizable on the Digital Terrain Elevation Model (DEM) derived from the LIDAR data

Heliasz Zygmunt, Ostaficzuk Stanisław

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2020

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T. 36, z. 4

161--186

EN

Based on the analysis of the LIDAR terrain Digital Elevation Model (DEM), traces of opencast and underground mining of iron ore mining were located and classified. They occur in the zone of ore-bearing deposits outcropping on the north-eastern and north-western bounds of the Holy Cross Mountains. The DEM of an area covered by thirty-six (36) standard sheets of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland on a scale of 1:50,000 was thoroughly explored with remote sensing standards. Four types of ore recovery shafts with accompanying waste heaps were classified. The acquired data on the extent of former mining areas, covered with varying shafts and barren rock heaps could make a basis for distinguishing, according to historical data and in cooperation with archaeologists, the historical development stages of today’s steel industry. According to general knowledge, the iron industry in Europe instigate dates from the Roman times, in the Ist century BC to the IVth century AD, throughout the earlier and the late medieval times, up to the most recent the 1970ties. The usefulness of the LIDAR method has already been amazingly confirmed in archaeological researches worldwide. Many discoveries of ling forgotten, even large entities resulting from human activities in Asia and Central America especially were discovered owed to the LIDAR DEM. Also, traces of human settlements from various historical periods were discovered that way in Poland. The applicability of DEM based on LIDAR data is, in geological studies of surficial geodynamic processes and in geological mapping in Poland, rather contested.

PL

Pozyskiwanie rud żelaza na terytorium dzisiejszej Polski ma długą tradycję, sprzężoną z transferem z terenów Azji Mniejszej do Europy umiejętności wytapiania żelaza. Według danych archeologicznych żelazo było wytapiane w Europie i na terenie Polski od I wieku p.n.e. Na podstawie analizy lidarowych modeli wysokościowych terenu (WMT) zlokalizowano i sklasyfikowano ślady naziemnej i szybikowej eksploatacji rud żelaza na obszarze występowania rudonośnych utworów wschodniego i północnozachodniego obrzeżenia Gór Świętokrzyskich. Badaniami objęto 36 arkuszy Szczegółowej Mapy Geologicznej Polski w skali 1:50 000. Wyróżniono cztery typy szybików eksploatacyjnych, którym towarzyszą hałdy materiału płonnego. Zebrano dane na temat rozprzestrzenienia obszarów dawnego górnictwa, na podstawie których można będzie podjąć we współpracy z archeologami próbę powiązania odmian szybików eksploatacyjnych z historycznymi etapami funkcjonowania rozwoju hutnictwa żelaza, począwszy od czasów rzymskich (I w. p.n.e.–IV w. n.e.) do lat siedemdziesiątych XX wieku. Użyteczność metody lidarowej została już spektakularnie potwierdzona w badaniach archeologicznych. Pozwoliła na odkrycie zapomnianych, nawet dużych obiektów będących efektem działalności człowieka, zwłaszcza na terenie Azji i Ameryki Środkowej. Także w Polsce odkryto w ten sposób ślady osadnictwa ludzi z różnych okresów historycznych. Przydatność lidarowych wysokościowych modeli terenu w geologicznych badaniach procesów egzodynamicznych i w geologicznej kartografii jest obecnie raczej kontestowana.

16

Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa

Graff Marek

TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego

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2019

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R. 26, nr 4

35--45

PL

Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa powstała z myślą o przewozach towarowych i obecnie w takich celach jest wykorzystywana. Decyzja o budowie całkowicie nowej linii o rozstawie 1 520 mm z kierunku wschodniego, z którego miała być importowana ruda żelaza do Polski, wydaje się z perspektywy czasu wyborem poprawnym. Obecnie przewoźnik inwestuje znaczne środki w modernizację infrastruktury, montując nowoczesne urządzenia srk, rozbudowując terminale przeładunkowe położone wzdłuż linii oraz poważnie rozważa wymianę parku lokomotyw, nie wykluczając elektryfikacji linii. Potencjał LHS jest widoczny w powstaniu Euroterminalu w Sławkowie w 2007 r., a także w angażowaniu się przewoźnika w nowe projekty, jak choćby Nowy Jedwabny Szlak czy Międzynarodowy Transkaspijski Korytarz Transportowy.

EN

The Broad-Gauge Metallurgy Line was built for freight transport and is now used for such purposes. The decision to build an entirely new line with a 1520 mm gauge due to the choice of the eastern direction, from which iron ore was imported to Poland, seems to be the right choice from the perspective of time. Currently, the operator is doing the modernization of infrastructure, installing modern safety control devices, expanding transshipment terminals along the line and seriously considering the replacement of the rolling stock, and electrification of the line is under consideration. The potential of LHS is visible in the Euroterminal uprising in Sławków in 2007, as well as in the operator’s involvement in new projects, such as the New Silk Road or the International Trans-Caspian Transport Corridor.

17

Estimation of shipment size in seaborne iron ore trade

Zhou X., Hu Q.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13. no. 4

791--796

EN

Shipment size is unavailable and important in AIS-based trade volume estimates. A method of shipment size estimates based on AIS (Automatic Identification System) data and BP neural network is proposed. The ship's length, width, designed draught, current draught and deadweight ton are input parameters, the actual shipment size of the ship is output value, and the BP neural network is trained to estimate the actual shipment size of the iron ore carriers. Then, the AIS data is used to calculate the iron ore trade volume in 2018. Compared with customs data, the annual error of import volume of China is less than 0.5%. The result shows that the proposed method is accurate and practical.

18

Predictive control of the iron ore beneficiation process based on the hammerstein hybrid model

Porkuian Olga, Morkun Vladimir, Morkun Natalia

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 4

262--270

EN

Non-linear, dynamic, non-stationary properties characterize objects of the iron ore beneficiation line. Therefore, for their approximation, it is advisable to use models of the Hammerstein class. As a result of comparing the three models of Hammerstein: simple, parallel and recursive-parallel, it was shown that the best result for identifying the considered processes of magnetic beneficiation of iron ore by the minimum error criterion was obtained using the Hammerstein recursive-parallel model. Hence, it is recommended for the identification of beneficiation production objects.

19

Investigation of reduction of magnetite based carbon composite pellets under semi-fusion conditions

Benkli Y. E., Boyrazli M., Senoz G. M. L., Cizmecioglu Z.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2018

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Vol. 54, iss. 3

621--628

EN

In this study, carbon composite pellets were exposed to a reduction test under low temperature and semi-fusion conditions in which iron was melted without a solid form of slag deteriorated. The purpose of the reduction experiments under the semi-fusion condition was to produce an iron nugget which had physical and chemical properties similar to blast furnace pig iron at lower temperatures. These nuggets were produced from pellets that were made from a mixture of iron oxide, coke, flux, and a binder. These nuggets heated in a furnace with a chamber temperature of 1330 °C. The produced dried carbon composite pellets were melted and carbureted in a single-stage process. In this study, three distinct products were produced as a function of furnace residence time at fixed furnace temperature (1330 °C). These products were direct reduced iron (DRI), transition direct reduced iron (TDRI), and iron nuggets produced at residence times 8-24, 32-40 min, and 48 min, respectively. The iron nugget produced had a high apparent density (6.903 g/cm3), high micro hardness values (328 HV), high iron content (92.7% Fe), and was similar to blast furnace pig iron.

20

Modern trade standards for steel raw materials

Krzak M., Paulo A.

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2018

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T. 34, z. 4

25--50

EN

Steel and cast-iron products, due to their low price and beneficial properties, are the most widely used among metals; their consumption has become an indicator of the economic development of countries. The characteristics of iron raw materials, in relation to current metallurgical requirements, are presented in the present this article. The globalization of the trade and development of steelmaking technologies have caused significant changes in the quality of raw materials in the last half-century, forcing improvements in processing technologies. In many countries, standard concentrates (at least 60% Fe) are almost twice as rich as those processed in the mid-20th century. Methods of quality assessment have been improved and quality standards tightened. The quality requirements for the most important raw materials ‒ iron ores and concentrates, steel scrap, major alloy metals, coking coal, and coke, as well as gas and other energy media ‒ are reviewed in the present paper. Particular attention is paid to the quality testing methodology. The quality of many raw materials is evaluated multi-parametrically: both chemical and physical characteristics are important. Lower-quality parameters in raw materials equate to significantly lower prices obtained by suppliers in the market. The markets for these raw materials are diversified and governed by separate sets of newly introduced rules. Price benchmarks (e.g. for standard Australian metallurgical coal) or indices (for iron concentrates) apply. Some raw materials are quoted within the framework of the commodity market system (certain alloying components and steel scrap). The abandonment of the long-established system of multi-annual contracts has led to wide fluctuations in prices, which have reached a scale similar to that of other metals.

PL

Wyroby stalowe i żeliwne ze względu na niską cenę i korzystne właściwości znajdują najszersze zastosowanie wśród metali w gospodarce, a ich zużycie stało się wskaźnikiem rozwoju gospodarczego. W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę surowców żelaza w odniesieniu do obecnych wymagań hutnictwa. Globalizacja handlu i rozwój technologii wytwarzania stali w ostatnim półwieczu spowodowały istotne zmiany w jakości wsadowych surowców mineralnych. Wymusiło to usprawnienie technologii przeróbczych przez zakłady górnicze. Przedmiotem światowego handlu są obecnie standardowe koncentraty o zawartości żelaza ponad 60%, tj. niemal dwukrotnie bogatsze niż rudy przetwarzane w połowie XX wieku w wielu krajach. Udoskonalone zostały sposoby oceny jakości surowców wsadowych i zaostrzono normy jakości. W publikacji dokonano przeglądu wymagań jakościowych najbardziej istotnych surowców: rud i koncentratów żelaza, złomu stalowego, głównych metali stopowych, węgla koksowego i koksu oraz gazu i innych nośników energii. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na metodykę badania jakości surowców oraz standaryzację surowców wsadowych. Jakość surowców oceniana jest wieloparametrycznie; istotne są zarówno cechy chemiczne, jak i fizyczne. Gorsze parametry jakościowe surowców wsadowych skutkują niższymi cenami uzyskiwanymi przez dostawców w obrocie. Rynki tych surowców są zróżnicowane, kierowane odrębnymi i częściowo nowymi regułami. W obrocie handlowym funkcjonują standardy odniesień cenowych (np. ceny węgla metalurgicznego w Australii czy indeksy cenowe koncentratów żelaza). Część surowców kwotowana jest w systemie giełdowym (niektóre składniki stopowe i złom stalowy). Rezygnacja z powszechnych dawniej kontraktów wieloletnich doprowadziła do dużych wahań cen, które osiągnęły podobną skalę jak inne metale.