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1

New Approach to Non-Volatile Metal Ion Production Using Plasma Ion Source with Internal Evaporator

Turek Marcin, Droździel Andrzej, Pyszniak Krzysztof, Filiks Janusz, Węgierek Paweł

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 5

20--27

EN

A new approach to application the internal evaporator in an arc discharge ion source is presented, namely a crucible with a plug made of feeding substance. This solution is suitable especially for high-melting point metallic feeding substances. The ion source was tested using Ni and Cr. Basic ion source characteristics, i.e. dependences of ion current and discharge voltage on discharge and filament currents as well as on the external magnetic field flux density are shown and discussed in order to find optimal working conditions. The maximal ion currents were 18 μA for Ni+ and 38μA for Cr+. The stability of the ion current was also tested. It was proven that ion source is able to provide intense ion beam current long enough to perform irradiations with the fluence of ~5×1015 cm-2 confirming the usefulness of the design for ion implantation purposes.

2

Recent ion measurements within the modified DPF-1000U facility

Kwiatkowski R., Czaus K., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Sadowski M. J., Zaloga D. R., Paduch M., Zielinska E.

Nukleonika

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2015

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Vol. 60, No. 2

297--302

EN

In this note we describe measurements of ion beams emitted along the z-axis of the DPF-1000U facility operated at 23 kV, 334 kJ, and with the initial deuterium pressure of 1.6–2 hPa. The DPF-1000U device was recently renewed and equipped with a dynamic gas-puff valve placed inside the inner electrode. The investigated ions were recorded by means of ion pinhole cameras equipped with solid state nuclear track detectors of the PM-355® (PADC) type. The energy spectra of ions were determined using a Thomson spectrometer placed on the symmetry axis at a distance of 160 cm from the electrodes outlets. The ion images recorded during discharges performed under different experimental conditions show that the ion beams have a complex structure, usually in the form of a central bunch and an annular stream composed of many micro-beams. Energies of the registered deuterons have been in the range of 30–700 keV, while the fast protons (which originated from the hydrogen remnants) had energies in the range of 300–850 keV.

3

Time - and space - resolved measurements of high - energy ion beams emitted from PF - type discharges

Kwiatkowski R., Sadowski M. J., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Zebrowski J., Malinowski K., Czaus K., Garkusha I. E.

Nukleonika

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2012

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Vol. 57, No. 2

211-214

EN

The paper presents experimental studies of the spatial-microstructure and temporal-characteristics of fast ion beams, which are emitted from high-current plasma-focus (PF) discharges performed within the PF-360 facility at National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) at Otwock/Świerk, Poland. The spatial structure of the ion beams was investigated by means of pinhole cameras equipped with solid-state nuclear track detectors shielded by absorption filters made of Al-foils of different thickness. In order to perform time-resolved measurements there were applied miniature scintillation detectors placed at different points of the ion-image plane.

4

Research on spatial and energetic characteristics of the ion beams emitted in the PF - 360 discharges

Kwiatkowski R., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Malinowski K., Sadowski M. J., Czaus K., Zebrowski J., Garkusha I. E.

Nukleonika

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2012

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Vol. 57, No. 1

67-74

EN

Experimental results are presented on the spatial structure and energetic characteristics of the fast ion beams produced by high-current discharges in a PF-360 device operated at the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ, Otwock/Świerk, Poland). The 105 kJ discharges were initiated at the initial deuterium pressure around p0 = 6 hPa and were powered from a 234 miF capacitor bank charged up to 30 kV. The spatial structure of the ion beams was recorded using pinhole cameras equipped with the solid-state nuclear track detectors of the PM-355 type, placed at two different angles (0 centigrade, 45 centigrade) relative to the discharge axis. The detectors were shielded by thin absorption filters made of pure Al foils of various thickness, which made it possible to record only ions with energies exceeding a chosen threshold value. Similarly as in other plasma focus (PF) experiments, energies of the emitted ions ranged from about 30 keV to about 3 MeV, i.e. they were much higher than the voltage applied to the electrodes. The recorded ion images showed a complex spatial structure of the fast ion beams, which consisted of many micro-beams of different energies. It is possible that these beams were emitted by various local micro-sources (e.g. plasma micro-diodes) the were formed inside the PF pinch column.

5

Real-time diagnostics of fast light ion beams accelerated by a sub-nanosecond laser

Margarone D., Krása J., Picciotto A., Prokupek J.

Nukleonika

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2011

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Vol. 56, No. 2

137-141

EN

Multi-MeV proton and light ion beams had been produced using the 300 ps, kJ-class iodine laser, operating at Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS) Centre in Prague. The target material had been chosen in such a way so as to increase the proton beam current density (approaching 0.1 A/cm2 at the distance of 1 m from the source). The real-time ion detection was performed by means of a standard flat and ring ion collectors (IC) in the time-of-flight (TOF) configuration. The ICs had been shielded with aluminum foils of various thickness, in order to cut the long photo-peak contribution that is usually overlapping with the ultrafast particle signal, and to analyze mainly the laser-accelerated proton beam. The processing of the obtained experimental IC data is described in some detail, including the deconvolution of TOF signals, evaluation of the UV/soft-X-ray photo-peak absorption, and ion transmission calculations for different metallic filters.

6

Measurements of electron and ion beams emitted from the PF-1000 device in the upstream and downstream direction

Kwiatkowski R., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Malinowski K., Sadowski M. J., Czaus K., Zebrowski J., Karpinski L., Paduch M., Scholz M., Garkusha I. E., Kubeš P.

Nukleonika

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2011

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Vol. 56, No. 2

119-123

EN

In this paper we report on measurements of the energy spectra and other properties of the electron and fast ion beams emitted in the upstream and downstream direction along the z-axis of a large plasma focus device PF-1000, that was operated at 21-27 kV, delivering 290–480 kJ pulse. Measurements of the electron beam (EB) properties were performed using a magnetic analyzer. Properties of the ion beams were measured by means of pinhole cameras equipped with PM-355 nuclear track detectors and placed at various angles (0, 60 and 180 centigrade) to the discharge axis. Measurements revealed a complex spatial structure of the fast ion beams. The ion measurements behind the PF-1000 collector proved that some fast deuterons are emitted also in the upstream direction. Measurements of the EBs emitted in the upstream and downstream direction revealed electron energies in the range from approximately 40 keV to approximately 800 keV. These spectra confirm that in localized regions within the PF-1000 plasma column there appear strong fields accelerating charged particles in different directions along the discharge axis.

7

Laser-driven generation of fast particles

Badziak J.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2007

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Vol. 15, No. 1

1-12

EN

The great progress in high-peak-power laser technology has resulted recently in the production of ps and subps laser pulses of PW powers and relativistic intensities (up to 10²¹ W/cm²) and has laid the basis for the construction of multi-PW lasers generating ultrarelativistic laser intensities (above 10²³ W/cm²). The laser pulses of such extreme parameters make it possible to produce highly collimated beams of electrons or ions of MeV to GeV energies, of short time durations (down to subps) and of enormous currents and current densities, unattainable with conventional accelerators. Such particle beams have a potential to be applied in numerous fields of scientific research as well as in medicine and technology development. This paper is focused on laser-driven generation of fast ion beams and reviews recent progress in this field. The basic concepts and achievements in the generation of intense beams of protons, light ions, and multiply charged heavy ions are presented. Prospects for applications of laser-driven ion beams are briefly discussed.

8

Dense magnetized plasma and its applications: review of the 3-year activity of the IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme

Gribkov V., Malaquias A.

Nukleonika

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2006

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Vol. 51, nr 1

5-13

EN

A review of the results received in the course of fulfillment of the International Atomic Energy Agency Co-ordinated Research Project “Dense Magnetized Plasma” for the last 3 years is presented. Niche of the plasma type within the plasma physics field is outlined. Efforts of the CRP participants concentrated on design and operation of new Dense Magnetized Plasma devices are described. All of them designed for plasma heating and for other applications mainly based on the interaction of radiations generated by the devices with different objects. Materials exploitable, diagnostics of the interaction processes, as well as analytical equipment used by the participants to process the irradiated targets are described. Works developed in the frame of the CRP are covered thermonuclear fusion applications, fundamental plasma physics and material science issues, medicine, biology, and some other spheres. New data on the interaction of the radiations generated in this apparatus with various materials are given. E.g. it was found that the necessary dose producing activation/inactivation of enzymes can be much lower if used at a high-power flux density in comparison with those received with classical sources. All these experiments are discussed in the framework of pulsed radiation chemistry in its perfect sense thereto the criteria are formulated. New foreseen applications of DMP devices mainly based on neutron radiation are proposed and discussed.

9

The modifications of the JYFL 6.4 GHz ECR ion source

Koivisto H., Liukkonen E., Moisio M., Nieminen V., Suominen P.

Nukleonika

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2003

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Vol. 48,suppl.2

81-84

EN

A new JYFL 14 GHz ECRIS was completed in spring 2000 for the nuclear physics program at the Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä (JYFL). The old JYFL 6.4 GHz ECRIS (built in 1990-1991) is now also available for the material physics experiments and for the research and development work of the ECR ion sources. During the last year remarkable modifications to the structure of the source have been undertaken. In the first phase, which was completed in fall 2001, the axial magnetic field was optimized using the old power supplies and the coils. The radial magnetic field was improved in spring 2002 by installing an iron cylinder around the hexapole permanent magnets. According to the measurements the improvement of about 25% to the radial magnetic field was achieved. The research work to improve the ion beam quality has been started.

10

Studies of Plasma-Focus discharges within the PF-360 facility equipped with a planar D2O-ice target

Zebrowski J., Baranowski J., Jakubowski L., Sadowski M.

Nukleonika

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2001

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Vol. 46, suppl. 1

65--68

EN

The paper reports on investigations of dense magnetized plasmas produced within a modernized PF-360 facility, which was operated with an additional planar cryogenic target placed in the front of the electrode outlet and covered with D2O-ice layers. The main aim of these studies was to overcome the neutron saturation effect and to increase the maximum neutron yield from PF discharges by using fast deuteron beams. Such beams are usually emitted from a pinch region and can produce fast neutrons from D-D reactions during their interactions with the additional target.

11

Modyfikacja chropowatości powierzchni stali nierdzewnej wiązkami jonowymi

Wilk J., Przybylski G., Kowalski Z.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2001

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Vol. 42, nr 7

36-37

PL

W komunikacie przedstawiono wyniki badań prowadzonych w naszym Instytucie nad wpływem bombardowania jonowego na zmiany chropowatości powierzchni stali nierdzewnej. Skoncentrowano się tutaj na podstawowych parametrach opisujących cechy wertykalne profilu chropowatości, którymi są: średnie arytmetyczne odchylenie profilu chropowatości Ra, wysokość chropowatości według 10 punktów Rz i maksymalna wysokość chropowatości Rm. Analizowano wpływ czasu bombardowania oraz energii bombardujących jonów na zmiany tego profilu. W tym celu stosowano w badaniach dwa rodzaje źródeł jonowych: źródło Kaufmana wytwarzające szeroką wiązkę jonów o względnie niskiej energii (setki elektronowoltów) i jarzeniowe źródło z wnękową anodą generujące zneutralizowaną wiązkę jonów o względnie wysokiej energii (pojedyncze kiloelektronowolty).

EN

Some experimental results relating to ion bombardment induced surface roughness modification of stainless steel have been presented. The main interest has been focused on basic parameters describing vertical features of roughness profile, i.e.: mean arithmetical deviation of the profile in question Ra, ten point height of the surface profile Rz, and maximum height of the profile Rm. The influence of bombardment duration and ion energy on the profile alteration have been analysed. To that purpose two types of ion sources have been used: Kaufman-type gun generating relatively low energy (800 eV) broad ion beam and glow discharge ion source which produces relatively high (several keV) narrow neutralised ion beam. High quality profilograph, Rank Taylor Hobson's "Talysurf", was utilised in the experiment.

12

Comparison of characteristics of pulsed ion beams emitted from different small PF devices

Sadowski M., Skladnik-Sadowska E., Baranowski J., Zebrowski J., Kelly H., Lepone A., Marquez A., Milanese M., Moroso R., Pouzo J.

Nukleonika

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2000

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Vol. 45, nr 3

179-184

EN

The paper concerns studies of pulsed ion beams emitted from different small-energy (5–50 kJ) devices of the plasma focus (PF) type. Emission characteristics of the ion beams as measured with nuclear track detectors (NTDs), Faraday-type collectors (FC), and Thomson-type analyzers, are summarized. Common features of the ion emission are considered and some differences are discussed.

13

Ion-beam modification of stainless steel surface roughness

Wilk J., Kowalski Z. W.

Nukleonika

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1999

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Vol. 44, nr 2

265-270

EN

The changes of stainless steel surface roughness induced by neutralized ion-beam irradiation were investigated. Main roughness parameters (R a, R z, R m, S m) were measured using a high quality profilograph (Rank Taylor Hobson’s "Telysurf"). Ex situ and in situ observations of surface topography of ion-beam modified surfaces were performed by SEM. The influence of ion-beam incidence angle Θ, ion dose and ion flux, as well as initial surface roughness and kind of target material on the resulting roughness was studied and some results are presented and discussed in this paper.

PL

Badano zmiany chropowatości powierzchni stali nierdzewnej wywołane promieniowaniem zneutralizowanej wiązki jonów. Główne parametry chropowatości (R a, R z, R m, S m) mierzono za pomocą wysokiej klasy profilometru Telysurf (firmy Rank Taylor Hobson). Obserwacje ex situ i in situ topografii powierzchni modyfikowanej wiązką jonów prowadzono za pomocą SEM. Przedstawiono i omówiono wyniki badań wpływu kąta Θ padania wiązki jonów, dawki i strumienia jonów, jak również początkowej chropowatości powierzchni i rodzaju materiału targetu na modyfikowaną chropowatość.

14

Ion beam induced luminescence of porous silicon: a comparative study

Żuk J., Kuduk R.

Nukleonika

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1999

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Vol. 44, nr 2

335-340

EN

Ion beam induced luminescence (ionoluminescence, IL) was studied in situ during 200 keV H+, He+, C+ and O+ ion beam impact on porous Si. Three bands at 1.9, 2.2 and 2.7 eV were observed in the IL spectra for all the ions. The red band at 1.9 eV is attributed to the near-edge recombination of electron-hole pairs confined in Si nanocrystallites of porous Si. The origin of two other bands is linked to the defect centers in SiO2 layers covering the complex structures of porous Si.

PL

Badano in situ widma jonoluminescencji (IL) porowatego Si wzbudzane wiązkami jonów: H+, He+, C+ i O+ o energii 200 keV. Zaobserwowano trzy pasma IL przy 1.9, 2.2 i 2.7 eV. Pasmo czerwone 1.9 eV związane jest z rekombinacją przykrawędziową par elektron-dziura w krzemowych nanokrystalitach porowatego Si. Pozostałe dwa pasma pochodzą od centrów defektowych w warstwach SiO2 pokrywających złożone struktury porowatego Si.

15

Cold hollow cathode ion source

Kiszczak K.

Nukleonika

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1999

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Vol. 44, nr 2

137-142

EN

This paper presents a description of the construction and the basic exploitation characteristics of a glow ion source with a hollow cathode [1,2], adapted for colaboration with a laboratory implantator of ions. The aparatus generates ion beams of gas elements at up to 3 mA of a high purity, which allows for ion implantation without a magnetic analyser. Good stability and reliability of the operation and a simple construction of both the instrument itself and the supply systems make possible its installation in various technological conditions utilizing ion beams.

PL

W pracy opisana jest budowa oraz podstawowe charakterystyki eksploatacyjne jarzeniowego źródła jonów z wnękową katodą, dostosowanego do współpracy z laboratoryjnym implantatorem jonów. Przyrząd generuje wiązki jonowe pierwiastków gazowych o natężeniu rzędu miliamperów o wysokiej czystości, co pozwala na prowadzenie implantacji bez analizatora magnetycznego. Wysoka, długoczasowa stabilność i niezawodność działania przy jednoczesnej prostocie konstrukcji samego urządzenia, jak i układów zasilających, daje możliwość instalowania go w różnorodnych stanowiskach technologicznych, wykorzystujących wiązki jonowe.