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1
Zastosowanie polimerowych modeli drukowanych w 3D do technologii odlewania metodą wytapianych modeli
Petrič Mitja, Cerc Korošec Romana, Vončina Maja, Mrvar Primož, Kastelic Sebastjan
Przegląd Odlewnictwa
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2021
|
Vol. 71, nr 3-4
98--100
PL
Artykuł opisuje badania różnych materiałów wykorzystywanych w druku 3D i drukowanych modeli stosowanych w technologii odlewania metodą wytapianych modeli. W badaniach wykorzystano techniki druku 3D Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) i stereolitografii (SLA) z zastosowaniem różnych materiałów, takich jak materiały na bazie kwasu polimlekowego (PLA), alkoholu poliwinylowego (PVA) i żywicy fotopolimerowo akrylanowej (odlewanej). Wydrukowane modele scharakteryzowano za pomocą analizy dylatometrycznej, różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej (DSC) oraz oznaczenia zawartości popiołu w celu oceny możliwości zastosowania tak wytworzonych modeli w technologii odlewania metodą wytapianych modeli. Analizowane właściwości, takie jak rozszerzalność cieplna, temperatura topnienia tworzywa polimerowego oraz zawartość popiołu po procesie wypalania, mają kluczowe znaczenie dla uzyskania dobrej jakości odlewów. Wyniki pokazały, że temperatury topnienia materiałów PVA i PLA wynoszą od 140 do 180°C, co jest odpowiednie dla procesu wypalania. Rozszerzalność termiczna jest najkorzystniejsza w przypadku materiałów PVA i PLA, ponieważ nie rozszerzają się one podczas ogrzewania próbek. Żywica odlewana ma najwyższą temperaturę topnienia i rozszerza się do temp. 120° C, co czyni ją mniej interesującą przy produkcji modeli do odlewania metodą wytapianych modeli. Zawartość popiołu była najwyższa w przypadku materiału PLA, a najniższa w przypadku PVA i żywicy. Przedstawione wyniki pokazują, że materiał PVA jest najbardziej odpowiedni do zastosowania w technologii odlewania metodą wytapianych modeli.
EN
Paper describes a research of different 3D printing materials and printed models used for investment casting technology. In the research the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing techniques were used with different printing materials such as Polylactic Acid based material (PLA), Poly Vinyl Alcohol based material (PVA) and Acrylate Photopolymer resin (castable). Printed models were characterised by dilatometric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by ash content determination in order to evaluate the possibilities of such produced patterns being used at investment casting technology. The analysed properties such as thermal expansion, melting point of polymer material and ash content after burn out process are crucial at achieving good quality of cast parts. Results showed that the that the melting points of PVA and PLA materials are at 140 to 180 °C which is suitable for burn out process. Thermal expansion is the most suitable for PVA and PLA materials since they are not expanding during the heating of the samples. The cast resin has the highest melting point and is expanding until 120 °C which makes it less interesting for investment casting models production. The ash content was the highest for PLA material and the lowest for PVA and cast resin. According to presented results the PVA material is the most suitable for use in investment casting technology.
2
Content available Study of Investment Casting Technology from Bronze Age. Casting Workshop in Grzybiany (Southwest Poland)
Garbacz-Klempka A., Suchy J. S., Kwak Z., Tokarski T., Klempka R., Stolarczyk T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2018
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Vol. 63, iss. 2
615--624
EN
Investment casting technology that utilizes lost-wax casting is one of the most-important achievements of ancient society. In Lower Silesia, Poland (Grzybiany, Legnica county), a 7-6 BC casting workshop was discovered with numerous artifacts, confirming the existence of the manufacturing process of metal ornaments using ceramic molds. The paper presents the research of molds and casts from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Microscopic analyses of the casting molds were performed, along with radiographic and chemical composition tests of the artifacts (the latter employing the use of the X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy method). The clustering method was used for alloy classification. The microstructure was analyzed by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Conclusions from the research were utilized in further experiments.
3
Content available Casting Technology Experiment and Computer Modeling of Ornaments from Bronze Age
Garbacz-Klempka A., Suchy J. S., Kwak Z., Długosz P., Stolarczyk T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2018
|
Vol. 63, iss. 3
1329--1337
EN
The casting workshop was discovered with numerous artifacts, confirming the existence of the manufacturing process of metal ornaments using ceramic molds and investment casting technology in Lower Silesia (Poland) in 7-6 BC. The research has yielded significant technological information about the bronze casting field, especially the alloys that were used and the artifacts that were made from them. Based on the analyses, the model alloys were experimentally reconstructed. Taking advantage of the computer-modeling method, a geometric visualization of the bronze bracelets was performed; subsequently, we simulated pouring liquid metal in the ceramic molds and observed the alloy solidification. These steps made it possible to better understand the casting processes from the perspective of the mold technology as well as the melting and casting of alloys.
4
Content available Effect of Intensive Cooling of Alloy AZ91 with a Chromium Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Casting
Rapiejko C., Pisarek B., Pacyniak T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2017
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Vol. 62, iss. 4
2199--2203
EN
The work presents the results of the investigations of the effect of intensive cooling of alloy AZ91 with an addition of chromium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained casts. The experimental castings were made in ceramic moulds preliminarily heated to 180°C, into which alloy AZ91 with the addition was poured. Within the implementation of the research, a comparison was made of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the castings obtained in ceramic moulds cooled at room temperature and the ones intensively cooled in a cooling liquid. The kinetics and dynamics as well as the thermal effects recorded by the TDA method were compared. Metallographic tests were performed with the use of an optical microscope and the strength properties of the obtained castings were examined: UTS (Rm), elongation (A%), and HB hardness.
5
Content available Influence of the Al2O3 Solid Phase on the Kinetics of Binding Ceramic Moulds
Kolczyk J., Zych J., Jamrozowicz Ł.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2017
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Vol. 17, iss. 4
91--96
EN
The investigation results of the kinetics of binding ceramic moulds, in dependence on the solid phase content in the liquid ceramic slurries being 67, 68 and 69% - respectively, made on the basis of the aqueous binding agents Ludox AM and SK. The ultrasonic method was used for assessing the kinetics of strengthening of the multilayer ceramic mould. Due to this method, it is possible to determine the ceramic mould strength at individual stages of its production. Currently self-supporting moulds, which must have the relevant strength during pouring with liquid metal, are mainly produced. A few various factors influence this mould strength. One of them is the ceramic slurry viscosity, which influences a thickness of individual layers deposited on the wax model in the investment casting technology. Depositing of layers causes increasing the total mould thickness. Therefore, it is important to determine the drying time of each deposited layer in order to prevent the mould cracking due to insufficient drying of layers and thus the weakening of the multilayer mould structure.
6
Content available Corrosion Resistance and Microstructure of Recasting Cobalt Alloys Used in Dental Prosthetics
Loch J., Krzykała A., Łukaszczyk A., Augustyn-Pieniążek J.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2017
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Vol. 17, iss. 2
63--68
EN
The work presents the results of the studies of Co-Cr-Mo casting alloys used in the production of frame casts of removable dentures, crowns and bridges in dental prosthetics. The studies were performed on four Co-Cr-Mo alloys of different contents of Mo, W and other additives. Electrochemical tests were performed, which aimed at examining the corrosion resistance of the alloys and observing the alloy structure after chronoamperometric tests with the potential in the area of the occurrence of the passive layer breakpoint. The alloy microstructure images after chronoamperometric tests show the presence of non-uniformly distributed general corrosion. Moreover, a project of cobalt alloy casting was elaborated using a ceramic mold casting. Additionally, analysis of the obtained microstructure was performed. The microstructure of the examined alloys was of the dendrite type. This microstructure was chemically inhomogeneous and consisted of an austenitic matrix formed by a solid cobalt solution and chromium in the core dendritic structure.
7
Content available Influence of the Selected Factors on the Ceramic Moulds Permeability Determined by the New Method
Kolczyk J., Zych J., Jamrozowicz Ł.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2015
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Vol. 15, iss. 1 spec.
55--60
EN
Ceramic moulds in the investment casting technology are made by depositing on the wax pattern subsequent layers of a liquid ceramic mass together with a granular matrix. A quality of castings depends on building of individual layers. The results of the ceramic moulds permeability obtained by means of the newly developed measuring method are presented in the hereby paper. Due to the applied solution it is possible to perform measurements also for the first layers which have the decisive influence on a permeability of the whole multilayer ceramic mould. Investigations of the influence of the matrix grain size and annealing temperature on the permeability of ceramic moulds were carried out.
8
Zastosowanie nowego innowacyjnego materiału ceramicznego do wykonywania odlewów metodą wytapianych modeli
Stefański Z., Izdebska-Szanda I., Angrecki M.
Przegląd Odlewnictwa
|
2014
|
Vol. 64, nr 7-8
254--261
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań nowego materiału ceramicznego, w którym jako osnowę zastosowano piasek oliwinowy (olivine). Nowe tworzywo ceramiczne było badane pod kątem jego zastosowania w technologii wykonywania odlewów metodą wytapianych modeli. Materiał ten znajdzie głównie zastosowanie do wykonywania form samonośnych dla odlewów ze stopów aluminium oraz magnezu, zastępując stosowany dotychczas drogi materiał, jakim jest molochit (molochite). W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań mineralogicznych piasku oliwinowego, a także badania termofizyczne nowego materiału ceramicznego sporządzonego na osnowie piasku oliwinowego. Wykonano badania porównawcze obu tworzyw, tj. na osnowie piasku oliwinowego i molochitu, a następnie dokonano oceny jakości nowego tworzywa ceramicznego. Przedstawiono również wyniki badań opracowanej ceramiki i jej przydatności do wykonywania odlewów.
EN
The article presents the research results of a new ceramic materiał, in which olivine sand was used as the matrix. This new ceramic materiał was studied at the angle of its application in the investment casting technology. This material will be mainly used for preparing self-supporting moulds for castings made of aluminium and magnesium alloys, replacing the expensive materiał - molochite which has been used so far. The article presents the results of mineralogical research of olivine sand, as well as thermophysical research of the new ceramic material made on the olivine sand matrix. Comparative research of both materials was conducted, i.e. with the olivine and molochite matrix, then the assessment of the quality of the new ceramic materiał was made. What is more, the research results of the developed ceramics and its usefulness for the production of castings are presented.
9
Content available Effect of Cr and V Alloy Additions on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Am60 Magnesium Alloy
Rapiejko C., Pisarek B., Pacyniak T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2014
|
Vol. 59, iss. 2
761--765
EN
The paper presents the results of the investigation of the effect of Cr and/or V alloy additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the magnesium AM60 alloy. The examinations are performed within the frames of a project aiming at the elaboration of an experimental and industrial technology of producing constructively complex elements of machines and devices made of magnesium alloys with the method of investment casting. It has been proven that small numbers of Cr and V alloy additions improve the strength properties: Rm, A%, and the hardness HB of the obtained casts. The experimental casts were made in ceramic molds.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu dodatków stopowych Cr i/lub V na mikrostrukturę oraz właściwości mechaniczne stopu magnezu AM60. Badania prowadzone są w ramach projektu, którego celem jest opracowanie technologii doświadczalnej i przemysłowej wytwarzania złożonych konstrukcyjnie elementów maszyn i urządzeń ze stopów magnezu metodą wytapianych modeli. Wykazano, że niewielkie ilości dodatków stopowych Cr i V poprawiają właściwości wytrzymałościowe: Rm, A%. oraz twardość HB otrzymanych odlewów. Odlewy doświadczalne wykonano w formach ceramicznych.
10
Content available Application of a New Innovative Ceramic Material for Investment Casting Technology
Stefański Z., Izdebska-Szanda I., Angrecki M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2014
|
Vol. 14, iss. 1 spec.
51--56
EN
The article presents the research results of a new ceramic material, in which olivine sand was used as the matrix. This new ceramic material was studied at the angle of its application in the investment casting technology. This material will be mainly used for preparing self-supporting moulds for castings made of aluminium and magnesium alloys, replacing the expensive material – molochite which has been used so far. The article presents the results of mineralogical research of olivine sand, as well as thermophysical research of the new ceramic material made on the olivine sand matrix. Comparative research of both materials was conducted, i.e. with the olivine and molochite matrix, then the assessment of the quality of the new ceramic material was made. What is more, the research results of the developed ceramics and its usefulness for the production of castings are presented.
11
Content available Technologia wytapianych modeli w zastosowaniu dla stopów miedzi
Rzadkosz S., Kranc M., Garbacz-Klempka A., Kozana J., Piękoś M.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2013
|
Vol. 13, iss. 3 spec.
143--148
PL
Technologia wytapianych modeli należy do najstarszych technologii odlewniczych. Historycznie służyła do odlewania narzędzi, broni i ozdób. Model wykonany z wosku pszczelego oblepiano gliną suszono i wypalano. Otrzymywano odlewy o dużej gładkości powierzchni, dokładności i precyzji wykonania ornamentu. Metodą tą odlewano niewielkie kilkugramowe odlewy jak i wielkogabarytowe pomniki. Współcześnie ta technologia jest wykorzystywana w wielu ważnych gałęziach produkcji zarówno artystycznej, jak i przemysłowej. Szczególnie w przemyśle zbrojeniowym, lotniczym, motoryzacyjnym, energetycznym, budowlanym, a nawet kosmicznym. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań i eksperymentów, prowadzonych w zakresie technologii odlewnictwa miedzi i stopów miedzi z zastosowaniem metody wytapianych modeli, zarówno w aspekcie historycznym, jak i współczesnej praktyki przemysłowej. Przykładowo przedstawiono analizę wybranych elementów dawnych technologii, form i odlewów wytworzonych w epoce brązu oraz wyniki badań dotyczące aktualnie produkowanych odlewów dla branży energetycznej. Jakość odlewów została oceniona na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań z zakresu mikrostruktury, składu chemicznego, przewodności elektrycznej i zawartości tlenu.
EN
Investment casting technology belongs to the oldest casting techniques. Historically, it was used for casting tools, weapons and ornaments. A model, made from beeswax, was covered in loam, dried and fired. The casts obtained were characterised by high surface smoothness, accuracy and precision of its ornaments. This method was used for relatively small casts as well as for big monuments. Nowadays, this technology is used in many fields of manufacturing, both artistic and industrial, especially in ornaments, aviation, automotive, power, construction and even space industry. This work presents the results of research and experiments conducted in the field of casting technology of copper and copper alloys, applying the investment casting method, both in its historical aspect and modern industrial practice. An exemplary analysis was presented of the chosen elements of the old technologies, moulds and casts, as well as the results of casts made currently for the power industry. The casts quality was evaluated based on the research of their microstructure, chemical composition, electrical conductivity and oxygen content.
12
Content available New investigation method of the permeability of ceramic moulds applied in the investment casting technology
Zych J., Kolczyk J., Snopkiewicz T.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2013
|
Vol. 13, iss. 2
107--112
EN
The new investigation method of a permeability of ceramic moulds applied in the investment casting technology, is presented in the paper. Some concepts of performing permeability measurements are shown. Investigations in which the influence of the solid phase fraction in the liquid ceramic moulding sand (LCMS) on a permeability of a multi-layer ceramic mould were performed and discussed. The permeability was estimated during two the most important stages of the technological process: in the first – after wax melting and in the second – after mould annealing. Also an influence of the matrix grain sizes (material for sprinkling) on a ceramic mould permeability was estimated.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono nową metodę badań przepuszczalności form ceramicznych stosowanych w technologii wytapianych modeli. Zaprezentowano koncepcje prowadzenia pomiarów przepuszczalności form ceramicznych. Wykonano badania, w których określono wpływ udziału fazy stałej w ciekłej masie ceramicznej (CMC) na przepuszczalność wielowarstwowej formy ceramicznej. Oceniono przepuszczalność w dwóch najważniejszych etapach procesu technologicznego: w pierwszym - po wytopienia wosku oraz w drugim - po wyżarzeniu formy. Oceniono również wpływ wielkości ziarna osnowy, zwanej potocznie „obsypką” (materiałem do obsypywania), na przepuszczalność formy ceramicznej.
13
Content available Investigations of properties of wax mixtures used in the investment casting technology - new investigation methods
Zych J., Kolczyk J., Snopkiewicz T.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
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2012
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Vol. 12, iss. 3
133-138
EN
The results of testing of the selected group of wax mixtures used in the investment casting technology, are presented in the paper. The measurements of the kinetics of the mixtures shrinkage and changes of viscous-plastic properties as a temperature function were performed. The temperature influence on bending strength of wax mixtures was determined.
14
Content available Badania właściwości mieszanek woskowych stosowanych w technologii wytapianych modeli – nowe metody badań
Zych J., Kolczyk J., Snopkiewicz T.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2012
|
Vol. 12, iss. 1s
199--204
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wybranej grupy mieszanek woskowych stosowanych w technologii wytapianych modeli. Wykonano badania kinetyki skurczu mieszanek i przebiegu zmian właściwości lepko-sprężystych w funkcji temperatury. Wyznaczono wpływ temperatury na wytrzymałość na zginanie mieszanek woskowych.
EN
The results of testing of the selected group of wax mixtures used in the investment casting technology, are presented in the paper. The measurements of the kinetics of the mixtures shrinkage and changes of viscous-plastic properties as a temperature function were performed. The temperature influence on bending strength of wax mixtures was determined.
15
Content available remote The influence of ceramic fibre on thermal expansion of moulding materials for investment casting technology
Nadolski M., Konopka Z., Łągiewka M., Zyska A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
|
Vol. 9, iss. 2
147-150
EN
The results of dilatometric measurements presented in the paper are a supplement to the investigations concerning broadening the composition of ceramic slurry intended for investment casting technology with ceramic fibre matrix. An applying of fibre material and a change of rheologic characteristics of ceramic slurry have impelled to develop the method of applying the material to the pattern sets. The technology of multi-layer spraying has been found to be the most favourable method. Partial replacing of the grain silica materials with aluminosilicate materials in the fibrous form has affected the magnitude of dimensional changes taking place during the heating process. In order to determine the magnitude of these changes, there have been prepared slurries of various fibre fraction in the matrix and their thermal expansion has been examined within the temperature range of 273-1273 K.
16
Content available remote The influence of Cerafiber 10 ceramic fibre on strength properties of moulding material for investment casting technology
Nadolski M., Konopka Z., Łągiewka M., Zyska A., Chojnacki A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2009
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Vol. 9, iss. 4
165-168
EN
The presented investigations have been aimed to determine strength properties of shell ceramic moulds produced on the basis of silica sol with the matrix composed of MK75 silica flour and Cerafiber 10 aluminosilicate ceramic fibre, the chemical composition of the latter being 56% SiO2 and 44% Al2O3. The sample material has been obtained by multi-layer spraying of ceramic slurry onto the pattern sets. The achieved results, concerning strength properties revealed during the controlled bending test performed by means of the four-point deflectometer, have been compared with the presented elsewhere results [16-19] for moulding material with grain or grain-fibre matrix, where TC E08 fibre produced by Thermal Ceramics (i.e. Kaowool HP-50-E-08 fibre) has been applied as a matrix component.
17
Content available remote The influence of aluminosilicate fibre in moulding material for investment casting technology on its mechanical properties
Nadolski M., Konopka Z., Łągiewka M., Zyska A.
Archives of Foundry Engineering
|
2008
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Vol. 8, iss. 1 spec.
223--226
EN
An increase of mechanical properties of thin-walled ceramic moulds for the investment casting technology has been the main purpose of the undertaken research work. Partial replacement of grain silica materials with aluminosilicate materials in the fibrous form is an essence of a new concept of structural change of the moulding material. There have been prepared materials of various fibre fraction contained in the matrix and their mechanical properties have been examined, namely their bending strength MORI, work of fracture FI, and the deflectionfmax. An addition of ceramic fibre to the material matrix results in the increase of all the mechanical properties. The fibre fraction ranging from 25 to 50 wt-% is optimal as far as mechanical properties and the spraying technology of building the thin-walled mould are concerned.
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