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1

Advanced fuel system with gaseous hydrogen additives

Shalapko Denys, Radchenko Mykola, Pavlenko Anatoliy, Radchenko Roman, Radchenko Andrii, Pyrysunko Maxim

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 2

art. no. e148837

EN

The advancement of contemporary internal combustion engine technologies necessitates not only design enhancements but also the exploration of alternative fuels or fuel catalysts. These endeavors are integral to curbing the emission of hazardous substances in exhaust gases. Most contemporary catalyst additives are of complex chemical origins, introduced into the fuel during the fuel preparation stage. Nonetheless, none of these additives yield a significant reduction in fuel consumption. The research endeavors to develop the fuel system of a primary marine diesel engine to facilitate the incorporation of pure hydrogen additives into diesel fuel. Notably, this study introduces a pioneering approach, employing compressed gaseous hydrogen up to 5 MPa as an additive to the principal diesel fuel. This method obviates the need for extensive modifications to the ship engine fuel equipment and is adaptable to modern marine power plants. With the introduction of modest quantities of hydrogen into the primary fuel, observable shifts in the behavior of the fuel equipment become apparent, aligning with the calculations outlined in the methodology. The innovative outcomes of the experimental study affirm that the mass consumption of hydrogen is contingent upon the hydrogen supply pressure, the settings of the fuel equipment, and the structural attributes of the fuel delivery system. The modulation of engine load exerts a particularly pronounced influence on the mass admixture of hydrogen. The proportion of mass addition of hydrogen in relation to the pressure of supply (ranging from 4–12 MPa) adheres to a geometric progression (within the range of 0.04–0.1%). The application of this technology allows for a reduction in the specific fuel consumption of the engine by 2–5%, contingent upon the type of fuel system in use, and concurrently permits an augmentation in engine power by up to 5%. The resultant economic benefits are estimated at 1.5–4.2% of the total fuel expenses. This technology is applicable across marine, automotive, tractor, and stationary diesel engines. Its implementation necessitates no intricate modifications to the engine design, and its utilization demands no specialized skills. It is worth noting that, in addition to hydrogen, other combustible gases can be employed.

2

Research on the Distribution of Axial Excitation of Positive Pressure Ventilators in the Aspect of Stability Safety of the Load-Bearing Frame

Wieczorek Bartosz, Kaczmarzyk Piotr, Warguła Łukasz, Giedrowicz Marcin, Bąk Damian, Gierz Łukasz, Stambolov Grigor, Kostov Boris

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 1

142--154

EN

Positive pressure ventilators are exposed to self-shifting during their operation. The aim of the article was to perform research analysing dynamic excitations resulting from vibrations caused by the operation of the drive system. The tests included four different fans, including one with an electric drive. The tests carried out made it possible to determine the effective RMS R value of vibrations, which is a maximum of 0.970 G, and the direction of the excitation relative to the vertical and horizontal axes. In addition, the values of vibration amplitudes on individual axes of the adopted reference system were determined. In this case, the highest values were measured on the vertical axes for combustion-powered ventilators (vibration value from 20 to 35 m/s2 ) and in the axis along the fan rotor for electric-powered ventilators (vibration value from 1.1 m/s2).

3

Impacts of Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Various Amount of Dimethyl Ether Premixed Ratios on Combustion and Emissions on a Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Engine

Stepanenko Denys, Rudnicki Jacek, Kneba Zbigniew

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 2

196--213

EN

In the presented research, the authors dealt with the specific properties of the combustion process of dimethyl ether (DME) in a combustion car (Volkswagen Golf IV) engine AJM 1.9 TDI PDE made by Volkswagen factory. Dimethyl ether is an alternative fuel produced most often from natural gas, which can be used in compression ignition engines as a single fuel or co-burned with diesel oil. This work describes the impacts of using exhaust gas recirculation system and various diesel to DME substitution ratios from 0% to approximately 25% (on an energy basis), on the combustion process in a dual-fuel diesel engine. The engine has been modified so that DME fuel is introduced into the intake manifold just before the intake valves. The diesel fuel supply system, operation algorithms of the engine electronic control unit and other engine elements were left unchanged as it was built by the manufacturer

4

Quantumness in diagnostics of marine internal combustion engines and other ship power plant machines

Girtler Jerzy, Rudnicki Jacek

Polish Maritime Research

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2023

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nr 4

110--119

EN

The article provides proof that the diagnostics of marine internal combustion engines and other ship power plant machines should take into account the randomness and unpredictability of certain events, such as wear, damage, the variations of mechanical and thermal loads, etc., which take place during machine operation. In the article, the energy E, like the other forms (methods) that it can be converted into (heat and work), is considered the random variable Et; at time t, this variable has the mean value , which is the observed value of the statistic with an asymptotically normal distribution , irrespective of the functional form of the random variable Et. A proof is given that shows that the expected value estimated in the above way, considering the time t of the performance of task Z by a marine internal combustion engine or other ship power plant machine, can be used to determine the machine’s possible action (DM). When compared to the required action (DW) needed for task Z to be performed, this possible action makes it possible to formulate an operating diagnosis concerning whether the engine or machine of concern is able to perform task Z. It is assumed that an energy device of this type is able to perform a given task when the inequality DM≥DW holds. Otherwise, when DM < DW, the device cannot perform the task for which it was adopted in the design and manufacturing phase, which means that it is in the incapability state, although it still can be started and convert energy into the form of heat or work.

5

Investigation of exhaust emissions from the gasoline engine of a light duty vehicle in the Real Driving Emissions test

Andrych-Zalewska Monika, Chlopek Zdzislaw, Pielecha Jacek, Merkisz Jerzy

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 2

art. no. 165880

EN

The article contains the research results and analysis of the processes that take place as part of a gasoline engine light duty vehicle Real Driving Emissions test. Dimensionless characteristics of exhaust emission and fuel mass consumption in the RDE test were also determined: emission intensity, particle number emission intensity, fuel mass consumption intensity. An algorithm for determining the characteristics specific distance pollutant emission, specific distance particle number and specific distance fuel mass consumption in the vehicle speed domain in the RDE test was presented using the Monte Carlo method. The determined characteristics were approximated by polynomial functions in the form of sets of points. These relationships were characterized by a large dispersion of values, which was primarily due to the fact that the random values of the averaging limits contain very different engine operating conditions.

6

Considerations for starting combustion engines with AC machines

Monroy Mauricio, Romero Carlos A., Henao Edison

Diagnostyka

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2023

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Vol. 24, No. 1

art. no. 2023102

EN

To initiate its combustion cycles, internal combustion engines require a minimum rotational speed that can be given from several sources (muscular, electrical, pneumatic, among others). Advantages of initiating an ICE with an AC electrical machine is that it can integrate starter motor and generator in one device, provide a linear ramp of acceleration when starting, and assist the ICE in torque production. This article illustrates considerations for the design of a starting system with an AC electrical machine. Initially, criteria of torque, rotational speed and power requirements are analysed, considering resistances of compression, friction, and inertia of the slider-crank mechanism, as well as accessories, with a preliminary experimental validation. Also, types of three-phase AC electrical machines are put to comparison, as well as their associated electronic components needed for driving them in each case, concluding that AC induction machines require a complex 4-quadrant inverter. PM synchronous machines require a simpler inverter, but with highly specified power electronics components. The classical wound rotor machine requires the simplest inverter, with unidirectional power flow, less power transfer losses and less critical power electronics components. Finally, considerations for using of a battery assisted with supercapacitor as complementary DC power source are made.

7

Numerical optimization of the BAT-CELL Bio-Ambient-Tests method for engine exhausts toxicity evaluation

Kęska Aleksandra, Janicka Anna, Zawiślak Maciej

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 1

19--25

EN

The BAT-CELL Bio-Ambient-Tests method is based on the assessment of the influence of the actual toxicity of various types of gas mixtures on living cells, taking into account the additive synergism. Work has been carried out on the application of the BAT-CELL method for testing engine exhaust gases. The application of computational fluid mechanics using Ansys Fluent made it possible to analyse the flow of engine exhaust gases through the aspiration system used, including analysis of shear stress values and their uniformity distribution on the bottom wall of the sampler containing cell culture on the bottom wall of the sampler. The appropriate flow rate of exhaust gases through the aspiration system and the shape of aspiration tubing for the sampler were selected in order to enable uniform contact of gas particles with the cell surface and not to damage them mechanically. The simulation results were verified in real-life tests and confirmed the theoretical assumptions.

8

Empirical study of the effect of the air filter on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine

Dziubak Tadeusz, Karczewski Mirosław, Dziobek Ilona

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

94--111

EN

The results of an experimental study of the effect of the pressure drop of the air filter pf on the operating parameters and exhaust emissions of a modern CI internal combustion engine of a truck equipped with an electronically controlled power system are presented. The tests were carried out for an air filter with a clean filter cartridge Δpf0 = 0.58 kPa and with a cartridge contaminated after a service mileage (about 50 thousand km) ΔpfD = 2.024 kPa. In each test, engine performance, exhaust emissions and relative change in emissions were determined: CO, NOx, HC, CO2, H2O. It was found that an increase in the filter resistance pf causes a decrease in the filling degree by 12%, engine useful power by almost 10%, exhaust gas temperature by a maximum of 30oC and an increase in specific fuel consumption by almost 5%. Air filter resistance has no significant effect on NOx emissions and HC concentration. There is a reduction in H2O emissions by up to 7%, CO by up to 13% and CO2 by up to 4%, and an increase in oxygen emissions by 15%, depending on operating conditions.

9

Performance of a single cylinder direct injection 4-stroke diesel engine under effect of using diesel and naphtha blends

Basas Marwah E., Khalefa Rafeq A.

Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 40, nr 1

181-187

EN

The demand for diesel fuel in the transport industry is expected to rise due to greenhouse gas laws and global economic expansion, necessitating the search for alternative energy sources. If light distillate fuels can match diesel fuel's efficiency and cleanliness at a more affordable cost, they could potentially enter the market. The aim of the investigations was to assess a single cylinder, four stroke diesel engine's performance using various blends of diesel (D) and heavy naphtha (N): D100%, D97.5%N2.5%, D95%N5%, D92.5%N7.5%, and D90%N10%. Tests were conducted at 3000 rpm and variable loads, revealing that the maximum permissible naphtha content in diesel oil (D100%) is 10%. Higher naphtha proportions led to misfire and instability under heavy loads. 100% diesel demonstrated the lowest brake-specific fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency, while mixture of 90% diesel and 10% naphtha showed the highest fuel consumption and lower thermal efficiency.

PL

Oczekuje się, że zapotrzebowanie na olej napędowy w branży transportowej będzie zwiększało się ze względu na przepisy dotyczące gazów cieplarnianych i globalną ekspansję gospodarczą, co wymusza poszukiwanie alternatywnych źródeł energii. Jeżeli lekkie destylaty będą w stanie dorównać wydajności i czystości olejowi napędowemu, przy bardziej przystępnej cenie, mogłyby potencjalnie zostać wprowadzone na rynek. Celem badań była ocena osiągów jednocylindrowego, czterosuwowego silnika wysokoprężnego stosując różne mieszanki oleju napędowego (D) i benzyny ciężkiej (N): D100%, D97.5% N2.5%, D95% N5%, D92.5% N7.5% i D90% N10%. Badani przeprowadzono przy 3000 obr/min i zmiennym obciążeniu. Wykazano, że maksymalna dopuszczalna zawartość benzyny ciężkiej w oleju napędowym wynosi 10%. Większa zawartość benzyny w oleju napędowym prowadziła do przerw w zapłonie i niestabilności pod dużym obciążeniem.100% olej napędowy wykazał najniższe zużycie paliwa przy hamowaniu i wyższą sprawność cieplną, podczas gdy mieszanina 90% oleju napędowego and 10% benzyny ciężkiej wykazała najwyższe zużycie paliwa i niższą sprawność cieplną.

10

Assessing the topicality of the problem related to the explosion of crankcases in marine main propulsion engines (1972–2018)

Wiaterek Daniel, Chybowski Leszek

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2022

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nr 71 (143)

33--40

EN

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a query aimed at assessing the validity of the topic of crankcase explosions prevention in the main marine engines. The study takes into account the engine type, engine manufacturer, ship’s age, accident severity, ship’s location at the time of the incident, and the share of fatal accidents in the analyzed population of crankcase explosions. One of the primary hazards associated with offshore and deep-sea ship operations – and primarily ship power plants – are fires and explosions that result in accidents and incidents with an average frequency of 60 days. This paper discusses the actuality of crankcase explosion hazards in the main propulsion engines of various types of sea vessels. The assessment was made based on the results of a statistical analysis of historical data from 1972 to 2018. The methodology consisted of three stages: (1) a selection query to obtain the source data, (2) analysis of the obtained results (data separation, extraction of additional information, and statistical analysis), (3) synthesis of the obtained information, and drawing conclusions about the numerical indicators describing the statistical distribution of individual events for the given evaluation criteria. The analysis showed that the risk of crankcase explosions affects ships of all ages – both in crosshead (31%) and trunk piston engines (61%) – and that the number of serious incidents (67%) remained constant over the investigated period. Half of all incidents occurred on vessels younger than 15 years old. 58% of explosions took place in engines of the most popular prime movers manufacturers. The probability that a main engine crankcase explosion will result in injury or death is 17.34%.

11

Evaluation of the ratios of the main indicators of the dry sealing of the cylinder-piston group of internal combustion engines using a solid lubricant

Nuralin Beket, Kuanyshev Murat, Murzagaliev Akhmet, Kaukarov Altynbek, Utebayev Isatai

Transport Problems

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2022

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T. 17, z. 3

99--110

EN

This article presents the results of a study of an alternative method for reducing friction losses in the cylinder-piston group of internal combustion engines based on an experimental installation, taking into account changes in the real state of the working surfaces of the mating parts of the piston ring-cylinder pair depending on the operating time. The factors with a progressive effect on the operation of engine friction units as they wear out are studied, and the degree of their influence on wear is estimated. A model of the friction unit of a cylinder-piston group (piston-piston ring pair) of an internal combustion engine based on a solid antifriction material operating without the use of a lubricating fluid is developed and investigated. Comparative results of determining the wear indicators of sealing rings by various methods of wear control are presented. A method for predicting the resource and the real state of the engine is proposed.

12

Numerical methodology for evaluation the combustion and emissions characteristics on WLTP in the light duty dual-fuel diesel vehicle

Kneba Zbigniew, Stepanenko Denys, Rudnicki Jacek

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

94--102

EN

The worldwide aim of reducing environmental impact from internal combustion engines bring more and more stringent emission regulations. In 2017 by EU has been adopted new harmonized test procedure called WLTP. In general terms this test was designed for determining the levels of harmful emissions and fuel consumption of traditional and hybrid cars. This procedure contains specific driving scenarios which representing real-life driving patterns. Test cycles contain vehicle velocity versus time profiles and directly in powertrain analysis on the test benches cannot be used. In order to back calculate drive cycles to engine rpm versus torque profiles a simple longitudinal vehicle dynamics method was used in this paper. Moreover, in order to determine most representative engine operation points during WLTP a density based grid clustering method was implemented. The experimental part of the study focuses on the comparative evaluation of the effect of various diesel to LPG substitution ratios (0% LPG, 10% LPG, 20% LPG and 30% LPG) on combustion and emission characteristics of dual-fuel diesel engine.

13

Effect of compression ignition engine preheating on its performance under cold start conditions

Gęca Michał Jan, Radica Gojmir

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 1

67--74

EN

This paper examines the effect of an external preheating system for an internal combustion engine on fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and cabin temperature of a Euro4 vehicle. A 1 kW electric system powered by 220 V was installed in series in the cooling system of a vehicle with a compression-ignition engine of 2.5 dm3 capacity. The tests were carried out in simulated urban driving conditions (distance of 4.2 km), extra-urban driving conditions (distance of 17 km), and during idling at cold-start temperatures ranging from -10oC to 2oC. Preheating the engine under simulated city conditions reduces fuel consumption by 2.64 dm3/100 km and increases the supply air temperature immediately after engine start-up. Due to the preheater being powered from an external power grid, the cost per trip and total CO2 emissions are increased. Assuming renewable energy sources, CO2 emissions would be reduced the most for the stationary tests after engine preheating. In contrast, emissions would be reduced the least for extra-urban driving.

14

Assessment of the possibility of using nanomaterials as fuel additives in combustion engines

Jaroń Agata, Borucka Anna, Sobecki Grzegorz

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

103--112

EN

Nanomaterials are a new group that has quickly found a wide range of applications in medicine, cosmetology, the food, weapons or automotive industry. They are also used as a fuel additive. This paper reviews the literature and assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the use of nanoparticles in automotive engine fuels. The results obtained so far are presented and further research directions in this field are identified.

15

Assessment of the kinetics of changes in selected physicochemical indicators of engine oil in operation

Chmielewski Zbigniew

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 1

24--29

EN

The article presents the results of operational tests of engine oil, including the observation of changes in the values of selected physicochemical parameters of oil in subsequent operation cycles, in accordance with the service life specified by the vehicle manufacturer. Preliminary analysis of defined indicators characterizing the condition of engine oil were performed in terms of their suitability for the ongoing monitoring of the technical condition of the engine. On the basis of the values of selected indicators of fresh oil recorded in the course of operational tests and during replacement, one indicator was selected, the kinematic viscosity at 100°C, for which an unambiguous trend of changes was observed during the tests. The last stage was to verify the hypothesis about the correlation between the observed changes in the value of the indicator and the mileage of the engine-vehicle.

16

Doświadczenia eksploatacyjne ze stosowania oleju syntetycznego i mineralnego w spalinowych agregatach kogeneracyjnych

Kalwar Adam, Kurdziel Franciszek, Pytel Krzysztof, Gumuła Stanisław, Kubica Grzegorz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2021

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T. 100, nr 9

846--849

PL

Przedstawiono uwagi wynikające z obsługi spalinowych silników wykorzystywanych w przemyśle energetycznym jako stacjonarne agregaty prądotwórcze. Bazując na doświadczeniach z eksploatacji, przedstawiono przykłady diagnostyki właściwości oleju, pokazano jego zużywanie się oraz postępujące procesy starzenia. Zestawiono wybrane właściwości oleju mineralnego i syntetycznego oraz dokonano porównania olejów stosowanych w analizowanych silnikach gazowych.

EN

A review, with 19 refs., of oil properties diagnostics procedures and aging processes as well as technological and economic conditions regarding the properties of mineral and synthetic oils used in combustion gas engines applicable in the energy industry as stationary power generators.

17

Supercharging possibilities for motorcycle Suzuki GSX-R 750 k5

Bzinkowski Damian

Mechanik

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2021

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R. 94, nr 2

28--31

EN

In the paper, possibility for the power increase of motorcycle Suzuki GSX-R 750 is proposed. The turbocompressor available in the market was selected, and its characteristics were checked. Calculations proved that theoretical improvement of 33 kW, which is ca. 29%, was possible, which meant the ratio power to mass could be increased up to 1.1 kW/kg. This way, the discussed motorcycle achievable power could be similar to the ones with engines of stroke capacity 1000 cm3.

PL

W artykule omówiono możliwość zwiększenia mocy motocykla Suzuki GSX-R 750. Wybrano dostępną na rynku turbosprężarkę i sprawdzono jej właściwości. Obliczenia wykazały, że była możliwa teoretyczna poprawa o 33 kW, czyli ok. 29%, co oznaczało, że stosunek mocy do masy można było zwiększyć do 1,1 kW/kg. Tym samym moc osiągalna motocykla mogłaby być zbliżona do pojazdów z silnikami o objętości skokowej 1000 cm3.

18

A method of rotary engine performance prediction

Drbal Milan

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

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z. 108

37--43

EN

. The rotary engine mainly developed for the automotive industry by the NSU corporation is currently used in unmanned aircraft, transportable generators and small watercraft. In the early stage of the engine development, the simulation of the performance characteristics is advisable. The 3D CFD engine simulation is highly expensive in terms of CPU time demand and requires a high level of optimisation to provide adequate data. This method can be used later in the development and fine engine tuning. For the design of the prototype 1D, simulation is being used as a tool to compare various designs of the engine. While the current commercially available software (GT-suite, Ricardo Wave, etc.) is being improved marginally, the functionality of the software is being tested on the piston reciprocating engines. This paper explores the possibility of the algorithms of such a software to be used on the rotary engine thermodynamic simulation and provides an approach to design a simulation model that can be solved by the software to predict the performance characteristics of the engine prototype.

19

Modeling of the burning process in the piston engines with various concepts of the working proces

Natriashvili Tamaz, Kavtaradze Revaz, Glonti Merab

Transport Problems

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2020

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T. 15, z. 1

39--48

EN

In this paper, the results of modeling of the burning process in the piston engines whose working process is realized on the basis of various conceptual approaches are presented: in diesel with direct injection of the fuel; in a gas engine with spark ignition; and in a two-fuel engine (in the gas-diesel), where the mixture of natural gas and air ignites with the help of the fuse dose of the diesel fuel. The models of burning based on the different in-principle approaches are analyzed and used. Verification of the models is performed by a comparison of the results of modeling with the experimental diagrams. The specific values of the empirical coefficients, used in modeling of the burning proces in the engines under study, are determined. The practical recommendations on the choice of the burning model depending on the working process conception are given.

20

Analysis of electrical parameters of an internal combustion engine to determine the state of Its efficiency and ecological level

Olszowiec P., Luft M., Łukasik Z.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

649--652

EN

The article presents an analysis of research on a series of passenger vehicles equipped with diesel and spark-ignition engines of modern generation. These studies show the attempt to determine the consistency of the measurement results presented by the electrical motor with respect to the external direct measurements determining the level ecological driving unit such as a gas analyzer. The premise of this material is to assess the suitability of the read actual parameters sent by the ECU as the data source the level of organic vehicle, for example. The test for diagnostic station with annual regular reviews. The inspiration for the material was the attempt to determine the sensitivity of the self-diagnosis system of the propulsion unit, which correctness of the diagnosis itself is one of the criteria of the positive periodic test guidelines.