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1

Effect of Welding Conditions on Microstructural Evolution of Friction-Stir-Welded Ti-Cu Plate

Lee Yong-Jae, Jeong Won-Ki, Lee Seung-Jun, Fujii Hidetoshi, Shin Se Eun, Lee Dong-Geun

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2023

|

Vol. 68, iss. 1

131--135

EN

Fusion welding of Ti-Cu is difficult because of big difference of melting points and formation of brittle intermetallic compounds. Friction stir welding is carried out by solid-state joining, thermo-mechanical stirring, and friction heat. Ti-Cu FSW dissimilar welding can supply a very sound joint area with a few intermetallic compounds. Optimized welding process conditions are essential to obtain suitable microstructure and mechanical properties of welded zones. Different welding speeds affect the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties due to changes of input heat and internal stored deformation energy. The correlation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-Cu welded zone according to welding speeds were investigated and analyzed. As the higher the welding speed, the lower the heat input and the lower the temperature rise. Ti-Cu 75 has the smallest grain size at 13.9 μm, but the optimum mechanical properties and the integrity of welding were shown in Ti-Cu 50.

2

Influence of heat treatment on the properties of explosively welded Cu-Al joint

Lokaj Jan, Sahul Miroslav, Sahul Martin, Čaplovič Ľubomír

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

|

2022

|

T. 14

4--13

EN

Explosive welding of copper C10200 to aluminium alloy AW 5083 was performed. C10200 was proposed as a flyer plate due to its suitable plastic properties. A parallel layout of welded metals was selected to attain a more stable welding process. Welding parameters and conditions were determined. The surfaces of both materials were mechanically machined and degreased prior to welding which was performed using Semtex S30. The bimetals were characterized by a regular wavy interface. The aim of the research was to establish the influence of heat treatment on both the structure and microhardness at the interface of the explosively welded bimetal Al-Cu. Heat treatment was performed at 250, 300 and 350 °C over 2, 3 and 4 h. After heat treatment, an increase in Inter Metallic Compounds (IMC) was observed, proportional to the increasing temperature. An analysis of chemical composition carried out by EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analysis) confirmed the presence of Inter Metallic Phases (IMP) such as θ (Al2Cu), η2 (Al2Cu), ξ2 (Al3Cu4), δ (Al2Cu3), γ1 (A14Cu9). The microhardness decreased after the heat treatment in the bimetal but significantly increased at the interface as a consequence of IMC formation.

PL

Wykonano zgrzewanie wybuchowe stopu aluminium miedź C10200 i AW 5083. C10200 został zaproponowany jako płyta napędzana ze względu na jego odpowiednie właściwości plastyczne. Wybrano równoległy układ zgrzewanych metali, aby uzyskać bardziej stabilny proces łączenia. Określono parametry i warunki łączenia. Powierzchnie obu materiałów zostały poddane obróbce mechanicznej i odtłuszczeniu przed zgrzewaniem wykonanym przy użyciu Semtex S30. Bimetale charakteryzowały się regularną falistą powierzchnią styku. Celem badań było określenie wpływu obróbki cieplnej zarówno na strukturę, jak i mikrotwardość na granicy faz bimetalu Al-Cu zgrzewanego wybuchowo. Obróbkę cieplną przeprowadzono w 250, 300 i 350 °C przez 2, 3 i 4 godziny. Po obróbce cieplnej zaobserwowano wzrost związków międzymetalicznych (IMC), który był proporcjonalny do wzrostu temperatury. Analiza składu chemicznego przeprowadzona przez EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analysis) potwierdziła obecność IMP takich jak θ (Al2Cu), η2 (AlCu), ξ2 (Al3Cu4), δ (Al2Cu3), γ1 (Al4Cu9). Mikrotwardość zmniejszyła się po obróbce cieplnej w bimetalu, ale znacznie wzrosła na granicy faz w wyniku tworzenia IMC.

3

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir lap welded dissimilar Al/Ti alloys by ultrasonic assistance

Dong Zhibo, Zhang Ziao, Hu Wei, Gong Peng, Lv Zan

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2022

|

Vol. 67, iss. 1

91--96

EN

Dissimilar Al/Ti alloy sheets were lap welded with ultrasonic assistance in this work. The influence of ultrasonic vibration on formation, intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and tensile failure load of the obtained joints was discussed. The results showed that voids formed at the lap interface without ultrasonic assistance. No voids can be observed on the joint welded with ultrasonic because the vibration during welding improved the material flow. No obvious IMC formed at the Al/Ti bonding interface of the joint welded without ultrasonic assistance. An IMC layer formed at the bonding interface of Al/Ti with ultrasonic assistance and its thickness increased with decreasing the welding speed. The failure load of the joint welded with ultrasonic assistance was higher than the joint without ultrasonic because the void was eliminated and the thin IMC layer formed at the bonding interface was beneficial to joint strength. All joints presented shear failure mode during the tensile shear tests.

4

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-deformed AlMg4 Alloys with the Variations of Mn, Fe, and Si Contents

Lee Da B., Kim Bong H., Choi Kweon H., Yang Seung Y., Kim Nam S., Ha Seong H., Yoon Young O., Lim Hyun K., Kim Shae, Hyun Soong K..

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2020

|

Vol. 65, iss. 4

1255--1259

EN

This paper aims to investigate the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of hot-deformed AlMg4 alloys with Mn, Fe, and Si as the main impurities. For this purpose, solidification behavior and microstructural evolution during hot-rolling and heat-treatment processes are investigated by using theoretical calculations and experimental characterization. The crystallization and morphological transformation of intermetallic Al3 Fe, Al6 Mn, and Mg2 Si phases are revealed and discussed in terms of the variation in chemical composition. Following a homogenization heat-treatment, the effect of heat treatment on the intermetallic compounds is also investigated after hot-rolling. It was revealed that the Mg2 Si phase can be broken into small particles and spherodized more easily than the Al3 Fe intermetallic phase during the hot-rolling process. For the Mn containing alloys, both yield and ultimate tensile strength of the hot-rolled alloys increased from 270 to 296 MPa while elongation decreased from 17 to 13%, which can be attributed to Mn-containing intermetallic as well as dispersoid.

5

Characteristics of Al-Fe sinters made by the powder metallurgy route

Majchrowska M., Lasek K., Nowak M., Pałka P., Sułkowski B.

Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering

|

2018

|

Vol. 44, no. 4

195--203

EN

The Al/Fe material was prepared by the powder metallurgy route with an additional intermediate stage which was a centrifuge of powder mixture. The application of the centrifuge stage was applied to obtain circular phase distribution of Al-rich phases in a sintered material. Iron powder with a particle size under 100 μm and aluminum powder with a particle size of about 25 μm, were used as starting materials. To determine the effect of centrifuging time on the distribution of Fe-Al particles, scanning electron microscopy (SEM, EDS) and XRD techniques were used. Microstructure observations show the influence of the centrifuging time on the distribution of Fe particles. It was observed that a longer centrifuging time caused changes in the ratio concentration of elements and allowed the growth of the intermetallic phase at the interface between solid Al and Fe particles.

PL

Spiekane materiały Al/Fe wytwarzano metodą metalurgii proszków z wprowadzeniem etapu pośredniego w postaci odwirowania mieszaniny proszku. Etap wirowania miał na celu uzyskanie kulistego rozkładu faz bogatych w Al w spiekanym materiale. Proszek żelaza o wielkości cząstek poniżej 100 μm i proszek aluminium o wielkości cząstek około 25 μm zastosowano jako materiały wyjściowe. W celu określenia wpływu czasu wirowania mieszanki na rozkład faz w wytworzonym materiale zastosowano techniki skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM, EDS) i dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej (XRD). Obserwacje mikrostruktury wykazały istotny wpływ czasu wirowania na mikrostrukturę uzyskanych spieków. Zaobserwowano, że dłuższy czas wirowania spowodował zmianę stosunku stężenia pierwiastków i pozwolił na wzrost fazy międzymetalicznej na granicy faz między stałymi cząstkami Al i Fe. Badania mikrotwardości obszarów spiekanego materiału świadczą o zwiększeniu twardości w obszarach nowo utworzonych faz międzymetalicznych.

6

Fabrication of Mo-Si-B Intermetallic Compound Powders Under Different Heat Treatment Conditions

Park J. H., Lee S., Kim D., Kim Y., Yang S. H., Lee S. H.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2018

|

Vol. 63, iss. 3

1509--1512

EN

In this research, we investigated the effects of reduction atmospheres on the creation of the Mo-Si-B intermetallic compounds (IMC) during the heat treatments. For outstanding anti-oxidation and elevated mechanical strength at the ultrahigh temperature, we fabricated the uniformly dispersed IMC powders such as Mo5SiB2 (T2) and Mo3Si (A15) phases using the two steps of chemical reactions. Especially, in the second procedure, we studied the influence of the atmospheres (e.g. vacuum, argon, and hydrogen) on the synthesis of IMCs during the reduction. Furthermore, the newly produced IMCs were observed by SEM, XRD, and EDS to identify the phase of the compounds. We also calculated an amount of IMCs in the reduced powders depending on the atmosphere using the Reitveld refinement method. Consequently, it is found that hydrogen atmosphere was suitable for fabrication of IMC without other IMC phases.

7

Self-Consolidation Mechanism of Ti5Si3 Compact Obtained by Electro-Discharge-Sintering Directly from Physically Blended Ti-37.5 At.% Si Powder Mixture

Chang S. Y., Cheon Y. W., Yoon Y. H., Kim Y. H., Kim J. Y., Lee Y. K., Lee W. H.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2017

|

Vol. 62, iss. 2B

1299--1302

EN

Characteristics of electro-discharge-sintering of the Ti-37.5at.% Si powder mixture was investigated as a function of the input energy, capacitance, and discharge time without applying any external pressure. A solid bulk of Ti5Si3 was obtained only after in less than 129 μsec by the EDS process. During a discharge, the heat is generated to liquefy and alloy the particles, and which enhances the pinch pressure can condensate them without allowing a formation of pores. Three step processes for the self-consolidation mechanism during EDS are proposed; (a) a physical breakdown of oxide film on elemental as-received powder particles, (b) alloying and densifying the consolidation of powder particles by the pinch pressure, and (c) diffusion of impurities into the consolidated surface.

8

Self-Consolidation and Surface Modification of Mechanical Alloyed Ti-25.0 at.% Al Powder Mixture by Using an Electro-Discharge Technique

Chang S. Y., Jang H. S., Yoon Y. H., Kim Y. H., Kim J. Y., Lee Y. K., Lee W. H.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2017

|

Vol. 62, iss. 2B

1293--1297

EN

Electrical discharges using a capacitance of 450 μF at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kJ input energies were applied in a N2 atmosphere to obtain the mechanical alloyed Ti3Al powder without applying any external pressure. A solid bulk of nanostructured Ti3Al was obtained as short as 160 μsec by the Electrical discharge. At the same time, the surface has been modified into the form of Ti and Al nitrides due to the diffusion process of nitrogen to the surface. The input energy was found to be the most important parameter to affect the formation of a solid core and surface chemistry of the compact.

9

Effect of Degassing Treatment on the Interfacial Reaction of Molten Aluminum and Solid Steel

Triyono T., Muhayat N., Supriyanto A., Lutiyatmi L.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2017

|

Vol. 17, iss. 2

227--239

EN

The gas porosity is one of the most serious problems in the casting of aluminum. There are several degassing methods that have been studied. During smelting of aluminum, the intermetallic compound (IMC) may be formed at the interface between molten aluminum and solid steel of crucible furnace lining. In this study, the effect of degassing treatment on the formations of IMC has been investigated. The rectangular substrate specimens were immersed in a molten aluminum bath. The holding times of the substrate immersions were in the range from 300 s to 1500 s. Two degassing treatments, argon degassing and hexachloroethane tablet degassing, were conducted to investigate their effect on the IMC formation. The IMC was examined under scanning electron microscope with EDX attachment. The thickness of the IMC layer increased with increasing immersion time for all treatments. Due to the high content of hydrogen, substrate specimens immersed in molten aluminum without degasser had IMC layer which was thicker than others. Argon degassing treatment was more effective than tablet degassing to reduce the IMC growth. Furthermore, the hard and brittle phase of IMC, FeAl3, was formed dominantly in specimens immersed for 900 s without degasser while in argon and tablet degasser specimens, it was formed partially.

10

Experimental and Thermodynamic Study of Selected in-Situ Composites from the Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo-C System

Wieczerzak K., Bala P., Dziurka R., Stepien M., Tokarski T., Cios G., Gorecki K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2016

|

Vol. 61, iss. 2B

1241--1247

EN

The aim of the study was to synthesize and characterize the selected in-situ composites from the Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo-C system, additionally strengthened by intermetallic compounds. The project of the alloys was supported by thermodynamic simulations using Calculation of Phase Diagram approach via Thermo-Calc. Selected alloys were synthesized in an arc furnace in a high purity argon atmosphere using a suction casting unit. The studies involved a range of experimental techniques to characterize the alloys in the as-cast state, including optical emission spectrometry, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction and microhardness tests. These experimental studies were compared with the Thermo-Calc data and high resolution dilatometry. The results of investigations presented in this paper showed that there is a possibility to introduce intermetallic compounds, such as χ and σ, through modification of the chemical composition of the alloy with respect to Nieq and Creq. It was found that the place of intermetallic compounds precipitation strongly depends on matrix nature. Results presented in this paper may be successfully used to build a systematic knowledge about the group of alloys with a high volume fraction of complex carbides, and high physicochemical properties, additionally strengthened by intermetallic compounds.

11

Solvothermal synthesis and magnetic properties of beta-Co2P nanorods

Li T., Liao J. P., Wang Y. F.

Materials Science Poland

|

2015

|

Vol. 33, No. 2

312--316

EN

Hexagonal high temperature phase beta-Co2P nanorods with a diameter of around 50 nm were synthesized via a mild solvothermal route. The reaction was carried out at 180 degrees C using cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2 center dot 6H(2)O) as Co source and yellow phosphorous as P source. The composition, structure as well as morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The magnetic susceptibility curve indicates that the beta-Co2P nanorods show canted antiferromagnetic state, different from the paramagnetic state of orthorhombic low temperature phase beta-Co2P.

12

Badanie struktury elektronowej i własności magnetycznych monokryształów związków międzymetalicznych R-T (R - pierwiastek ziem rzadkich, T - metal przejściowy 3d, 4d, 5d)

Talik E.

Zeszyty Historyczne Politechniki Warszawskiej

|

2014

|

z. 16

7--22

13

Structure and magnetic properties of ternary R-Ge-Sn systems

Gil A.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa

|

2013

|

T. 1

91--98

EN

The structure and magnetic properties of ternary R-Ge-Sn systems are discussed in this article. Results obtained for these compounds should help to determine the role of p-electron atoms in the magnetic ordering.

PL

W artykule omówiono szczegółowo budowę i właściwości magnetyczne trójskładnikowych układów R-Ge-Sn. Wyniki uzyskane dla tych związków powinny pomóc określić rolę atomów p-elektronowych w oddziaływaniu magnetycznym.

14

Selektywność i stabilność katalizatorów Pd-Te/Al2O3 w reakcji utleniania glukozy w fazie ciekłej

Frajtak M., Witońska I., Karski S.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2012

|

T. 91, nr 2

193-198

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań selektywności i stabilności katalizatorów bimetalicznych o składzie 5%Pd-(0,1–8)%Te/Al₂O₃ w reakcji utleniania glukozy w fazie ciekłej w temp. 60°C. Nośnikowe katalizatory bimetaliczne zawierające 5% mas. Pd i do 5% mas. Te wykazują wyższą aktywność i selektywność do kwasu glukonowego w porównaniu z monometalicznym układem 5%Pd/Al₂O₃. Ponadto, katalizatory Pd-Te/Al₂O₃ charakteryzują się wysoką stabilnością w reakcji utleniania glukozy w fazie ciekłej. Badania XRD i ToF-SIMS wykazały obecność związków międzymetalicznych typu PdTe i PdTe₂ w katalizatorach bimetalicznych, które prawdopodobnie wpływają na ich właściwości katalityczne.

EN

Five bimetallic 5%Pd-X%Te/Al₂O₃ (X = 0.1–8% by mass Te) catalysts were prepd. and used for liq.-phase oxidn. of glucose at 60°C. The catalysts contg. up to 5% of Te showed high stability and higher catalytic activity and selectivity to gluconic acid than the monometallic 5%Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The presence of PdTe and PdTe₂ intermetallic compds. in the catalysts studied was evidenced.

15

The influence of T- and X- elements on magnetic properties of RTxX2 compounds

Gil A.

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Edukacja Techniczna i Informatyczna

|

2011

|

T. 6

21-31

EN

The RTxX2 (x ≤ 1) type metallic compounds where R is a rare-earth element, T is a d-electron element and X is a p-electron element (X = Si, Ge, Sn) crystallize in different orthorhombic crystal structures but most of them crystallize in orthorhombic CeNiSi2 - type (space group Cmcm). The silicides form stoichiometric compounds while the majority of germanides and stannides non stoichiometric ones. The systems exhibit complex magnetic behaviour. The heavy rare-earth compounds (R=Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) are antiferromagnets at low temperatures. The magnetic moment is localized only on the rare-earth atoms. Their magnetism arises from the interaction of the magnetic moments localized on the rare-earth ions. This work is a summary of long-term research of magnetic properties of these compounds. The obtained results were compared in purpose to determine the influence of other elements (T, X) on the magnetic ordering in the rare-earth sublattices.

PL

Związki międzymetaliczne typu RTxX2 (x ≤ 1), gdzie R - ziemia rzadka, T - metal d-elektronowy, X - metaloid (X= Si, Ge. Sn) krystalizują w różnych typach rombowych struktur, lecz większość z nich posiada strukturę rombową typu CeNiSi2 (grupa przestrzenna Cmcm). Związki z krzemem tworzą układy stechiometryczne, natomiast większość związków z germanem i cyną - niestechiometryczne. W omawianych związkach obserwuje się różnorodność struktur magnetycznych. Związki z ciężkimi ziemiami rzadkimi (R=Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) są antyferromagnetykami w niskich temperaturach. Moment magnetyczny jest zlokalizowany tylko na atomach ziemi rzadkiej. Poniższa praca stanowi podsumowanie wieloletnich badań własności magnetycznych tego typu związków. Uzyskane wyniki zostały porównane w celu określenia wpływu pierwiastków T i X na uporządkowanie magnetyczne obserwowane w podsieci ziemi rzadkiej.

16

Próba wytworzenia kompozytu na osnowie Cu[sub]xAl[sub]y zbrojonego cząsteczkami Al2O3 przy pomocy procesu mechanosyntezy

Reguła T., Darłak P., Tchórz A., Lech-Grega M.

Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa

|

2010

|

T. 50, z. 1

29-35

PL

W niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono próbę wykorzystania procesu mechanochemicznej syntezy do otrzymywania kompozytów na osnowie związków międzymetalicznych Cu-Al zbrojonych homogenicznie rozmieszczoną ceramiką AI2O3. W tym celu, wykorzystano wysokoenergetyczny młyn kulowy, w którym przeprowadzono reakcję redukcji malachitu Cu2(OH)2CO3, sproszkowanym metalicznym Al[sup]0. Otrzymane w ten sposób materiały poddano badaniom przy pomocy dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej XRD oraz mikroskopii SEM. Wykazano, że możliwe jest otrzymywanie kompozytu opartego na osnowie związku międzymetalicznego Cu9AI4 zbrojonego AI2O3, w skutek szeregu reakcji chemicznych indukowanych bodźcami mechanicznymi.

EN

The study describes the attempts to use a mechanochemical synthesis in the fabrication of composites based on Cu-Al intermetallic compounds reinforced with homogeneously distributed ceramic AI2O3 phase. For this purpose, a high-energy ball mill was used to obtain the reaction of malachite reduction Cu2(OH)2CO3 with powdered aluminium Al[sup]0. The aim was to produce, besides the (AI2O3) ceramic phase, intermetallic CuxAly phases. Thus obtained materials were subjected to examinations by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been proved that it is possible to fabricate a composite based on the intermetallic Cu9AI4 compound reinforced with AI2O3, as a result of numerous chemical reactions induced by various stimuli of strictly mechanical nature.

17

New tool materials based on Ni alloys strengthened by inter-metallic compounds

Bała P.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

|

2010

|

Vol. 31, nr 3

633-636

EN

The concept of new tool materials, based on Ni alloys strengthened by intermetallic compounds, intended for operations in high temperatures is presented in the hereby paper. The proposed chemical composition and the results of microstructure investigations as well as hardness testing in as-cast condition - are given. The chemical composition of this new material was designed in such a way as to obtain the matrix strengthening by means of the precipitation of intermetallic compounds rich in Ni and to have the carbide fraction of 8÷12%. Carbides should remain stable in the microstructure - regardless of the heat treatment - since they favourably influence an abrasion resistance. The type of phases appearing in the microstructure was determined and their morphology described.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję nowych materiałów narzędziowych na osnowie niklu, umacnianych związkami faz międzymetalicznych, przewidywanych do pracy w wysokiej temperaturze. Zamieszczono projekt ich składu chemicznego i wyniki badań mikrostruktury oraz twardości w stanie lanym. Skład chemiczny nowego materiału zaprojektowano tak, aby umocnienie osnowy uzyskać w wyniku wydzielania związków metalicznych bogatych w Ni, a udział węglików wynosił 8÷12%. Węgliki powinny pozostać stabilne w mikrostrukturze niezależnie od obróbki cieplnej, wpływając korzystnie na odporność na ścieranie. Określono rodzaj faz występujących w mikrostrukturze oraz opisano ich morfologię.

18

Badania formowania się związków intermetalicznych w bezołowiowych połączeniach podzespołów ultraminiaturowuch

Araźna A., Serzysko T., Janeczek K.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

|

2010

|

Vol. 51, nr 7

140-144

PL

Stosownie metalicznych powłok ochronnych na polach lutowniczych prowadzi do powstawania związków międzymetalicznych (IMC) na granicy faz materiał podłoża (miedź) - materiał powłoki (Ni, Ag, Sn). Grubość warstw IMC wzrasta w funkcji czasu osadzania metalicznej powłoki ochronnej oraz w czasie przechowywania płytek w zależności od czasu i warunków przechowywania. W procesie lutowania zachodzą dalsze zmiany związków międzymetalicznych związane z rozpuszczaniem się w sobie metali oraz z oddziaływaniem już istniejących IMC z materiałami lutowniczymi czy powłoką ochronną wyprowadzeń podzespołów. W pracy przedstawiono rezultaty badań formowania związków międzymetalicznych w połączeniach sferycznych podzespołów BGA po procesie bezołowiowego lutowania rozpływowego na płytkach drukowanych z powłokami ochronnymi: cyny immersyjnej (Sn), nikiel chemiczny/złoto immersyjne (ENIG), srebra immersyjnego (Ag) i organicznej powłoce ochronnej (OSP). Formowanie związków IMC badano bezpośrednio po lutowaniu oraz po procesach starzeniowych - teście klimatycznym w temperaturze 55°C w warunkach wilgotności powietrza 85% RH oraz cyklach narażeń cieplnych (temperatury -40…125°C). Badania warstw związków międzymetalicznych wykonano z wykorzystaniem skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego z mikroanalizatorem rentgenowskim EDS. Określono zawartość pierwiastków w warstwach IMC, zmiany zawartości wybranych metali wzdłuż linii skanowania miedź płytki-IMC-lut oraz zmierzono grubości poszczególnych warstw.

EN

The use of metallic protective surface finish on the soldering pads leads to formation of intermetallic compounds in the line surface metal (copper) - material of surface finish (Ni, Ag, Sn). The thickness of IMC increases in time of deposition metallic coating as well as with time of boards storage. During reflow process intermetallic compounds undergo change. That is concerned in melt of metals and interacts of IMC and soldering materials as well as surface finish on components. In this paper intermetallic compound formation in solder joints of BGA components after reflow process was investigated. Solder joints were formed on the surface finishes: immersion tin (Sn), chemical nickel/immersion gold (ENIG), immersion silver (Ag) and organic solderability preservatives (OSP). The IMC were investigated as received and after ageing in the climatic chamber (55°C, 85% relative humidity) as well as thermal shock (-40...125°C). The scanning electron microscope with microanalyses (SEM-EDS) was used to investigations of intermetallic compounds. The elements concentrations in IMC and change in concentration of chosen atoms along line of scan solder-IMC-Cu were determined as well as thickness of IMC layers were measured.

19

Microstructural characterization of the new tool Ni-based alloy with high carbon and chromium content

Bała P.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2010

|

Vol. 55, iss. 4

1053-1059

EN

The concept of new tool materials, based on Ni alloys strengthened by intermetallic compounds, intended for applications at high temperatures is presented in the paper. The chemical composition of this new material was designed in such a way as to obtain the matrix strengthening by means of the precipitation of intermetallic compounds rich in Ni and to have the carbide fraction above 25%. Carbides should remain stable in the microstructure, regardless of the heat treatment, since they favourably influence an abrasion resistance. The results of microstructure investigations in the as-cast condition, are given. The type of phases appearing in the microstructure was determined and their morphology described. The main microstructure components of the investigated Ni-based alloy with high carbon and chromium content are: the γ phase, which constitutes a matrix, the γ' phase, which occurs as fine globular precipitates and the primary Ta and Cr carbides (of MC and M7C3 type - respectively).

PL

W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję nowych materiałów narzędziowych na osnowie niklu umacnianych związkami faz międzymetalicznych, przewidywanych do pracy w wysokich temperaturach. Skład chemiczny nowego materiału zaprojektowano tak, aby umocnienie osnowy uzyskać w wyniku wydzielania związków metalicznych bogatych Ni, a udział węglików wynosił ponad 25%. Węgliki powinny pozostać stabilne w mikrostrukturze niezależnie od obróbki cieplnej, wpływając korzystnie na odporność na ścieranie. Zamieszczono badania mikrostruktury stopu wstanie lanym. Określono rodzaj faz występujących w mikrostrukturze oraz opisano ich morfologię. Głównymi składnikami mikrostruktury badanego stopu na osnowie Ni, o dużej zawartości węgla i chromu są: faza γ, która stanowi osnowę, faza γ', która występuje w postaci drobnych kulistych wydzieleń oraz pierwotne węgliki Ta (typu MC) i Cr (M7C3).

20

The structure of Ni-enriched Al-Ni molten alloy before solidification

Bojar Z., Kazimirov V. P., Mudry S. I., Prokhorenko W. J., Prokhorenko S. W., Jóźwik P.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 9, iss. 2

93-96

EN

The structure of Ni-based molten alloy, containing 88,02w.%Ni and dopped both with Zr (0,46w.%) and B (0,02w.%) has been studied by means of X-ray diffraction method at temperature 1500 K. Structure factor and pair correlation function were obtained from diffraction data and analyzed. Principal peak position in structure factor for doped molten alloy is compared with one for liquid Ni3Al intermetallics. Another structural parameters-most probable interatomic distance and number of neighbours have been also determined from pair correlation function and compared with parameters of crystalline structure for Ni3Al chemical compound. The structure data are interpreted with using of cluster models of metallic melts.