Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Sustainable use of Natural Resources as Alternative for the Hazardous Corrosion Inhibitor of Mild Steel/Dilute Sulfuric Acid Interface: Weight Loss, EIS, AFM and FTIR Studies

Tezeghdenti M., Etteyeb N., Dhouibi L., Kanoun O.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2018

|

Vol. 63, iss. 2

697--707

EN

Point of present exploration was to figure out the anticorrosion activity of Acacia Cyanophylla (Saligna leaves) extract on the corrosion of mild steel in dilute sulfuric acid medium, using weight loss measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The result of the study revealed that the extract act as a potent inhibitor on mild steel in acid medium. The increase in inhibitor concentration and immersion time showed a positive effect on inhibition efficiency. EIS exhibited one capacitive loop which indicates that the corrosion reaction is controlled by charge transfer process. The increase of phase shift (n) in presence of (ACLE) lower surface roughness. This change reveals the adsorption of the inhibitor compound on the steel surface. According to the results of weight loss measurements, the adsorption of the extract on the steel surface can be described by the Langmuir isotherm. The inhibition mechanism of (ACLE) molecules involves physical interaction between the inhibitor and metal surface. Additionally, Protective film formation against acid attack was confirmed by FT-IR and AFM techniques.

2

A preliminary examination of timorex gold 24 EC as a natural seed dressing for winter wheat

Martyniuk S.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

|

2017

|

Vol. 62, nr 3

212--215

EN

Timorex 24EC is a commercial, natural fungicide containing 23.8% of oil extracted from tea tree [Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel], registered in more than 30 countries around the world, including Poland, to control some fungal diseases of vegetables grown in conventional and organic systems. The aim of this preliminary work was to establish concentrations of this product applied as seed dressing, at which it would be effective in reducing fungal contaminations of winter wheat seeds. Results of this study indicate that 1:10 water dilution of Timorex Gold 24 EC can be recommended as a seed dressing at the rates of 1-2 ml/100g of seed as at this rate it effectively inhibited development of fungi contaminating winter wheat seeds and did not show any adverse effects on seed germination.

PL

Timorex 24 EC jest handlowym preparatem zawierającym 23,8% olejku z krzewu herbacianego [Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel], który zarejestrowany jest w ponad 30 krajach na świecie, także w Polsce, jako naturalny fungicyd do zwalczania niektórych chorób grzybowych w konwencjonalnych i ekologicznych uprawach warzyw. Wyniki uzyskane w tych badaniach wskazują, że Timorex Gold 24 EC rozcieńczony wodą w stosunku 1:10 może być rekomendowany do przedsiewnego zaprawiania nasion pszenicy ozimej w ilości 1-2 ml/100 g nasion. W wymienionej koncentracji fungicyd ten skutecznie ograniczał rozwój grzybów zanieczyszczających ziarno pszenicy i nie wpływał ujemnie na kiełkowanie nasion.

3

Adaptation of the Activated Sludge to the Digestate Liquors During the Nitrification and Denitrification Processes

Majtacz J., Kowal P., Lu X., Al-Hazmi H., Mąkinia J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2017

|

Vol. 18, nr 5

104--109

EN

The activated sludge process of the digestate liquors after chemical separation was conducted using a 10 L lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a 0.50 m3 pilot-scale SBR independently (with pH control). Due to the relatively high concentration of free ammonia (FA), clear inhibitory effects of the digestate liquors on the nitrifying bacteria were observed. The adaptation of the activated sludge to the toxicity was evaluated with the trends of ammonia uptake rate (AUR) and nitrate utilization rate (NUR). The lab-scale AUR values decreased from 5.3 to 2.6 g N/(kg VSS·h) over time after the addition of digestate liquors (5–10% of the reactor working volume), indicating an apparent FA inhibition on the nitrification process in the FA concentration range of 0.3–0.5 mg N/L. The pilot-scale AUR values increased from 1.8 to 3.6 g N/ (kg VSS·h) in the first two weeks and then decreased to 2.4 g N/(kg VSS·h), showing a lag of the inhibition on the nitrifying bacteria at the FA concentration ≈ 0.15 mg N/L. The lab-scale NURs increased from 2.6 to 10.4 g N/(kg VSS·h) over time, and the pilot-scale NURs increased from 1.0 to 4.0 g N/(kg VSS·h) in a similar pattern. The clear dependence of both the lab- and pilot-scale NURs on time indicated the adaptation of the heterotrophic biomass to the digestate liquors. Ethanol – used instead of fusel oil – was found to be a more efficient external carbon source for better adaptation of the activated sludge under unfavorable conditions.

4

Modelowanie odpowiedzi ciągłej hodowli biomasy na zmiany szybkości wymywania i stężenie inhibitora

Mazierski J. A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2017

|

Vol. 18, nr 2

92--101

PL

Określono przydatność równań Esenera i Monoda do opisów stanów nieustalonych w ciągłej hodowli mikroorganizmów. W przypadku odpowiedzi reaktora na skokową zmianę szybkości wymywania stwierdzono zadowalającą zgodność z danych doświadczalnych z numerycznymi rozwiązaniami równania Monoda i Esenera. Bardzo dobra zgodność danych doświadczalnych i rozwiązań numerycznych w przypadku odpowiedzi pseudo-ustalonej na prostokątną zmianę szybkości wymywania. Rozpatrując odpowiedzi reaktora na zmianę stężenia inhibitora można zaobserwować dobrą zgodność odpowiedzi impulsowej i skokowej oraz duże rozbieżności w przypadku periodycznych zmian stężenia inhibitora

EN

To utility of Esener and Monod equations was evaluated for non-steady state conditions. In the case of the reactors response to a pulse and step changes of dilution rate, a satisfactory agreement of the experimental data with the numerical both Esener and Monod models results were confirmed of the experiment. A very good agreement of experimental data with numerical solutions was observed in the case of pseudo-steady response to retrangular wave change of diluton rate. Analyzing the reactor response to the inhibitor concentration changes, a good concordance experimental data with calculated values of sudden changes was observed, and a distinct disareement in cases of pulse and step changes of the inhibitor concentration. In the reactor response to the retrangular wave change of inhibitor concentration the difference between experimental and calculated data was observed.

5

In vitro anti-adherence effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains on human enteropathogens

Nowak A., Motyl I.

Biotechnology and Food Science

|

2017

|

Vol. 81, nr 2

103--112

EN

Probiotic bacteria possess great potential for producing antimicrobial substances that inhibit and control pathogenic bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-adherence properties of the probiotic Lactobacillus strains Lb. rhamnosus ŁOCK 0900, Lb. rhamnosus ŁOCK 0908, and Lb. casei ŁOCK 0919 (individually and in a 1:1:2 mixture) against the reference pathogens Clostridium difficile (ATCC 9689), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19115), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) using the Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. The mixture of probiotic strains inhibited the adherence of all pathogens, from 10.2% for E. faecalis ATCC 29212 to 97.2% for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115. Of all the tested probiotic strains, Lb. casei ŁOCK 0919 reduced the adherence of S. aureus ATCC 6538 to the greatest extent (by 45.9%). These results suggest that adherence inhibition may involve competition for eukaryotic cell receptors and probiotic bacteria could protect the host cells from pathogen colonization and disease.

6

Effects of Abietinella abietina Extracts on the Germination and Seedling Emergence of Picea crassifolia: Results of Greenhouse Experiments

Wang Q., Zhao C., Gao Y., Gao C., Qiao Y., Xie H., Wang W., Yuan L., Liu J., Ma W., Li W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2016

|

Vol. 64, nr 3

357--368

EN

Moss cushion plays an important role in recruitment of vascular plants. In this study, we examined the effects of water soluble extracts (WSE) of Abietinella abietina on germination of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and the effects of moss substrates (A. abietina) on seedling emergence of P. crassifolia in two greenhouse experiments. We found that the WSE of moss affected germination of P. crassifolia in two ways: (1) the WSE reducing the risk of fungal infection to the seeds, improve the germination rate; and (2) the WSE affects germination by its concentration, that is, low concentrations of WSE (i.e., 0.5 mg ml-1 and 5 mg ml-1) stimulate, while high concentrations (i.e., 50 mg ml-1) inhibit it. In seedling emergence experiments, we detected that the moss substrates (both thick and thin mosses) facilitate the emergence of P. crassifolia in dry and intermediate moisture conditions, but inhibit it in moist conditions. In bare soil, the P. crassifolia emergence was also controlled by moisture conditions; the highest (60%) and the lowest (35%) emergence occurred in the moist conditions and dry conditions, respectively. We also found that P. crassifolia seedlings were thinner and taller, but their number higher in moss cushion than in bare soil. Thus we conclude that there is nurse effect of A. abietina cushion on recruitment of P. crassifolia in both dry and intermediate moisture conditions.

7

Ocena wpływu zużycia klocków hamulcowych na proces hamowania

Aleksandrowicz P.

Logistyka

|

2016

|

nr 3

21--31, CD1

PL

Transport ludzi i towarów jest związany z ryzykiem uczestnictwa pojazdu w wypadku drogowym. W razie powstania stanu zagrożenia szczególnej wagi nabiera możliwość sprawnego zmniejszenia pręd-kości samochodu lub jego zatrzymania na optymalnym odcinku drogi. Droga hamowania pojazdu nie zależy wyłącznie od stanu nawierzchni jezdni, ale również od sprawności technicznej pojazdu, a w szcze-gólności układu hamulcowego. Jednak w toku eksploatacji środka transportu elementy układu hamulco-wego ulegają zużyciu. Dotyczy to w szczególności pary współpracującej wykorzystującej zjawisko tarcia pomiędzy okładziną cierną klocka hamulcowego lub szczęki hamulcowej odpowiednio z tarczą hamul-cową lub bębnem hamulcowym. Zużyte okładziny cierne powodują obniżenie sprawności działania układu, a tym samym i wydłużenie drogi hamowania samochodu. To wpływa na obniżenie bezpieczeństwa w ruchu drogowym, ponieważ ogranicza to kierującemu możliwość uniknięcia zderzenia lub minimalizowania jego skutków w związku ze zmniejszeniem prędkości kolizyjnej przed zderzeniem. W artykule podjęto więc problem związany ze zużyciem okładzin ciernych klocków hamulcowych współpracujących z tarczą hamulcową w aspekcie procesu hamowania pojazdu w zależności od stopnia zużycia tych okładzin. Przy pomocy narzędzia informatycznego V-SIM3 dokonano analizy osiąganego opóźnienia hamowania pojazdu i jego drogi hamowania w zależności od stanu klocków hamulcowych. Przeprowadzone obliczenia wykazały, że bagatelizowanie konieczności wymiany zużytych klocków hamulcowych istotnie obniża bezpieczeństwo uczestników ruchu drogowego.

EN

The transport of people and goods is involving a certain amount of risk participations of the vehicle in road traffic accidents. In case of the occurrence of the distress of special importance a possibility is conning efficient reduc-ing the speed of the car or stopping him on the optimum stretch of road. The stopping distance of the vehicle doesn't depend exclusively on the state of the surface of the roadway, but also from the technical efficiency of the vehicle, in particular a brake system. However in the course of the use of the means of transport elements of a brake system are undergoing the wear and tear. It is regarding the cooperating couple using the phenomenon of rubbing between the friction lining of the brake block or barks in particular braking appropriately with the brake disc or a brake drum. Friction linings worn out cause lowering the efficiency of action of the arrangement, and hence and extending the stopping distance of the car. It influences for lowering the safety in the road traffic, since for the driver a possibility of avoiding confronting or minimizing his effects in relation to reducing the conflicting speed before the collision is limiting it. In the article so a problem associated with wearing out friction linings of brake blocks cooperating with the brake disc in the aspect of the process of the inhibition of the vehicle depending on the step was taken of wearing these facings out. With the help of the computer V-SIM 3 tool they made analysis of achieved delaying of the inhibition the vehicle and his road inhibitions depending on the state of brake blocks. Conducted calculations showed that underestimating the need for the exchange of brake blocks worn out indeed was lowering the safety of road users.

8

Effect of selected additions on de novo synthesis of polychlorinated dioxins and furans

Wielgosiński G., Namiecińska O., Łechtańska P., Grochowalski A.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

|

2016

|

Vol. 23, nr 2

249--257

EN

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans are generally considered the most dangerous chemical substances known to man. Although they have never been the product of purposeful human activity, yet they are formed in many chemical and virtually all thermal processes. Research on the occurrence of dioxins in the environment, their release into the environment, ways of formation and methods of reducing their emissions lasts since the late seventies of the last century. Currently, we know three basic pathways of dioxins formation in thermal processes, the most important of them being the so called de novo synthesis which occurs outside the combustion zone at 200-400°C in the presence of catalysts (eg copper) and oxygen from the products of incomplete combustion including carbon black and chlorine or chlorinated compounds. It is well known that some metals like copper catalyze the de novo synthesis, while others decompose dioxins and furans formed previously. The formation of dioxins resulting from the de novo synthesis was studied through analysis of the effect of the type of metal on the course of the de novo synthesis. The influence of the addition of sulfur, nitrogen and alkali metals on this synthesis was also examined because some reports in the literature refer to inhibitory effect of these elements.

9

Wpływ sprawności hamulców pojazdu na drogę zatrzymania

Aleksandrowicz P.

Logistyka

|

2015

|

nr 4

1803--1810, CD2

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problem sprawności systemu antypoślizgowego układu hamulcowego wyposażonego w ABS w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa jazdy. Przeprowadzone obliczenia wykazały, że niesprawny układ ABS w pojeździe istotnie obniża bezpieczeństwo uczestników ruchu drogowego i sygnalizowana awaria tego układu kierującemu przez systemy diagnostyki pokładowej nie powinna być bagatelizowana. Tym samym równie istotna jest weryfikacja sprawności układu ABS w toku corocznych badań okresowych stanu technicznego pojazdu.

EN

In the article a problem of the system efficiency of an anti-skidding brake system was presented ABS in the aspect safety of the ride. Conducted calculations showed that the disabled arrangement in the vehicle indeed was lowering the ABS the safety of road users and the indicated breakdown of this arrangement for the driver should not be underestimated by systems of deck diagnostics. A verification of the efficiency of the arrangement is equally significant ABS in the course of the annual company medical of the technical condition of the vehicle.

10

Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized on polyvinyl alcohol

Peszke J., Smyłła A., Malinowska B.

Chemistry, Environment, Biotechnology

|

2015

|

Vol. 18

7--10

EN

Silver nanoparticles synthesized on PVA (compound 1) and on PVA/silica (compound 2) were tested for antibacterial effect on E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains. The bactericidal effects of silver nanoparticles were compared based on diameter of inhibition zones in discs diffusion method, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) as well as medium supplemented with different concentration of nanoparticles. The results showed the strong antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles against tested bacteria, the MIC values for silver on PVA (compound 1) were 3.1 µg·ml‒1 for E. coli and 6.25 for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. For silver nanoparticles on the PVA/silica complex (compound 2), MIC values were 6.25 and MBC 12.5 µg·ml‒1 for all investigated strains. Both tested silver nanoparticles compounds caused complete inhibition of growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus at concentration 5 µg·ml‒1 in medium.

11

Gaszenie procesów spalania katalizatora metaloorganicznego przy użyciu ziemi okrzemkowej – diatomitu

Wilczkowski S.

Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza

|

2014

|

Nr 2

79--83

PL

Cel: Celem przeprowadzonych badań było znalezienie odpowiedniego środka gaśniczego i opracowanie skutecznego sposobu gaszenia łatwo zapalającego się i trudnego do ugaszenia, palącego się katalizatora metaloorganicznego. Problem powstał na jednej z wyższych uczelni warszawskich gdzie opracowano ten, konkretny katalizator. Bez opisanego sposobu gaszenia, opracowany katalizator nie mógł zostać dopuszczony do produkcji przemysłowej i do stosowania. Tradycyjnie środki gaśnicze nie były skuteczne i dlatego uczelnia zwróciła się o rozwiązanie problemu do stosownej jednostki naukowo-badawczej. W artykule opisano sposób przeprowadzonego eksperymentu badawczego i efekt końcowy w postaci skutecznego sposobu gaszenia. Metody: Badania testowe przeprowadzono gasząc dostarczony przez uczelnię katalizator. Gaszono takimi środkami gaśniczymi jak: proszki gaśnicze typu „ABC” „BC, „M” i dwutlenek węgla. Zastosowano też do gaszenia materiały niekonwencjonalne takie jak piasek czy ziemię okrzemkową. Z powodów oczywistych nie stosowano pian gaśniczych i wody, gdyż woda powoduje gwałtowny samozapłon katalizatora. Dla celów poznawczych zastosowano halony. Wyniki badań: W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że tradycyjne środki gaśnicze nie gaszą przedmiotowego katalizatora. Dwutlenek węgla tłumi płomień, jednak nie gasi testowego pożaru. Piasek nie gasi a palący się katalizator wypala do końca. Proszki gaśnicze i halony wzmagały płomienie. Wnioski: Skutecznym środkiem gaśniczym okazał się diatomit, który wchłaniał palący się katalizator i trwale gasił testowy pożar. Inne środki gaśnicze nie likwidowały pożarów tego typu cieczy palnych. Jest to zarazem kolejny opisany sposób gaszenia pożarów po: inhibicji [1], schładzaniu strefy opalania i materiałów palących się, rozcieńczanie strefy spalania, gaszenia gazami obojętnymi, parą wodną, izolowania np. pianą gaśniczą materiałów palnych od strefy spalania [2] i gaszenia przy pomocy fal akustycznych o określonych parametrach technicznych [3], [4], [5].

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the research was to find an appropriate extinguishing agent and develop an effective method of extinguishing the easily flammable and difficult to extinguish burning organometallic catalyst. The issue arose at the one of the Warsaw universities where the catalyst in question was developed. Without the description of extinguishing method, the developed catalyst could not be approved for industrial production and use. Traditional extinguishing techniques were not effective, thus the problem was referred to the appropriate scientific and research institute with the request to solve it and identify an effective method of quenching the fire. The author described the methods applied in the research experiment and their net result – an effective extinguishing technique. Methods: Testing experiments were carried out by the way of extinguishing provided by the university catalyst. The following agents were used to the attempts to extinguish fires: fire extinguishing powders – “ABC”, “BC”, “M” and carbon dioxide. In the course of the experiment unconventional extinguishing materials such as sand and diatomite were also applied. For obvious reasons, firefighting foams and water streams were not used, since water causes spontaneous self-ignition of the catalyst. The experiment also investigated the use of halon gases for congnitive purposes. Results: In the course of the conducted research it was established that traditional extinguishing agents do not suppress the fire of the catalyst in question. Carbon dioxide smothers the flame but does not extinguish the test fire completely. The sand does not extinguish and the burning catalyst burns out, while dry powder and halon gases only strengthen the flames. Conclusions: It was found that diatomite is an effective extinguishing agent. It absorbed the burning catalyst and permanently put out the test fire. Other extinguishing agents did not supress the fires of this type of flammable liquids. This is another way to extinguish fires, other than inhibition, cooling the scorch zone and burning materials, dilution of the combustion zone, extinguishing with an inert gas, water vapour, isolation of flammable materials from the combustion zone with for example foam and extinguishing with the help of acoustic waves having specific technical parameters.

12

Półciągła kofermentacja osadów ściekowych i odpadów tłuszczowych pochodzenia roślinnego

Grosser A., Worwąg M., Neczaj E., Grobelak A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2013

|

Tom 15, cz. 3

2108--2125

EN

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most often applied technique for sewage sludge stabilization at medium and large wastewater treatment plants. Nonetheless, the application of AD to sewage sludge stabilization is often limited by long retention time and low VS (volatile solid) removal. For this reason in recent years a number of studies have been focused on optimize anaerobic digestion processes. One of the most interesting options for improving anaerobic digestion yields is co-digestion, namely simultaneous decomposition of a homogenous mixture of at least two biodegradable wastes. Fat-rich materials are attractive substrate for AD due to the high organic matter content of waste and high energetic potential. It is estimated that about 1,014 dm3, methane at STP (standard temperature and pressure) can by produced from 1 g VS lipids, while only 0,415, 0,496 dm3 can be produced respectively from 1 g VS carbohydrate and protein. However, due to inhibitory eﬀect of intermediate compounds (LCFAs – long chain fatty acids) and operational problems, such as: hindrance, sedimentation clogging, scum formation, and flotation of biomass, separate AD of this waste ended with failure. The aim of the current study was to investigate how the co-digestion of fats of vegetable origin (FV) and mixed sewage sludge affected the performance of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. The process was carried out at mesophilic conditions (37°C) in continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) with working liquid volume equal to 6,5 dm3. The reactors were operated in draw-and fill mode (on a daily basis). The digestion was examined in semi-continuous mode at sludge retention time of 10 days and the organic loading rate maintained in the range 2,24–3,02 g/dm3 d. During the start-up period the digester was fed only sewage sludge. Co-digestion process was initiated after achievement of stable working parameters of bioreactor for sewage sludge digestion. Addition of fat in the feedstock was gradually increased up to 35%. Anaerobic process state indicators such as: biogas production, biogas composition, pH, alkalinity and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were used to monitor a digestion. Furthermore, the LCFAs concentrations were measured in a feed and digested sludge. The results showed that use of FV as a co-substrate adversely affects the efficiency of the process. Comparing digestion of MSS alone with co-digestion of wastes, it was shown that co-digestion resulted in lower biogas production and VS removal. Biogas yields for co-digestion mixtures were between 0,16 and0,32 dm3/g VS added, while volatile solid (VS) removal ranged from 36,75 to 42,65%.However average biogas yield and VS degradation degree observed during fermentation of the MSS(mixed sewage sludge) alone were 0,33 dm3/g VS added and 44%, respectively. Only for biogas composition noted the positive effect of mixed sewage sludge co-fermentation with FV. The study showed that the concentration of ammonia generated in this experiment did not inhibit anaerobic digestion. It was found that oleic acid, which is one of the most toxic long chain fatty acids, was present at concentrations (reached a maximum value of 34,38 mg/g TS) within the ranges for which inhibition of methanogenesis has been reported. This suggests that the low efficiency of the process was probably caused a high concentration of oleic acid.

13

Inhibitive tendency of zinc gluconate for aluminium alloy in sulphuric acid solution

Sanni O., Loto C. A., Popoola A. P. I.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2013

|

Vol. 15, nr 4

60-64

EN

The corrosion inhibition of aluminium alloy in 0.5M H2SO4 solution in the presence of zinc gluconate at 301 K was investigated using weight loss and an electrochemical method. Surface analysis of the aluminium alloy sample was reviewed by a high resolution scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (HRSEM/ EDS). The readings were taken after 48 h for 28 days while the concentration of the inhibitor was varied from 0.5 to 2.0% g/v with an interval of 0.5. The result of the investigation shows that zinc gluconate has a good corrosion inhibition effect for aluminium alloy in 0.5 molar sulphuric acid solution and its efficiency attains more than 67% at 1.5% g/v concentration of zinc gluconate at 301 K. The potentiodynamic polarization data showed that zinc gluconate acts as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. The adsorption of zinc gluconate on aluminium alloy has been found to obey Freundlich adsorption isotherm at all the concentration of zinc gluconate studied. The results obtained from different methods are in good agreement.

14

Odbiór bodźców środowiskowych przez glony Characeae sygnalizowany za pomocą ultrasłabej luminescencji

Jaśkowska A., Dudziak A., Borc R

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2012

|

Tom 14

380--392

EN

Protecting the environment requires ensuring such conditions that organisms living in it did not suffer permanent damage to their structures and life functions. This also applies to algae living in the aquatic environment. Some species of water flora especially quickly react to negative stimuli arriving from the environment. Their reactions to experienced stress may be a subtle criterion for assessing the condition of aquatic environment. To this kind of plants belong Chara, which are bioindicators of water quality. Their response to applied environmental stimuli is rapid changes of the electrical parameters of the cell membrane. Our research shows that there is also a change in the intensity of ultraweak luminescence (UWL) generated by these plants. UWL is a phenomenon that continuously accompanies processes occurring in living cells and its intensity is less than the threshold sensitivity of the human eye. The method of measurement of this little known way of Chara's response to environmental stimuli has the advantage that it is completely non-invasive for the test material. Non-invasiveness is due to the fact that the radiation emitted from the samples is measured outside the cell membrane separating the living matter from the surrounding environment. In our study, after exposure to a selected stimulus, three types of responses of plant cells were observed: 1) - after a temporary increase of UWL, there is a return to the level of light corresponding to undisturbed homeostasis (e.g. when ascorbic acid is added to the environment); 2) - after a temporary increase in the UWL, the emission of photons slightly falls and stabilizes at a new higher level of illumination (when the stress stimulus is e.g. lead acetate, the emission intensity is 2.2 times larger than in the beginning); 3) - after a sudden and significant increase of UWL, the high emission level is maintained for many hours (e.g. after adding sucrose follows a 20-fold increase of UWL). UWL curves obtained in our experiments correlate with the changes of entropy corresponding to the disturbance of homeostasis in individual cases, depending on the applied stimulus. Respectively: for 1) - an increase of entropy is temporary and is followed by a return to values before the application of the stimulus, 2) - a lasting change occurs, which consists in an increase of entropy to a new fixed level, 3) - change in entropy is so large that its value exceeds the so-called point of no return, which means that the disorder of homeostasis leads to cell death. The application of luminescence imaging technique Single Photon Counting Imaging (SPCI) to the test cells have revealed that the emission of photons from different parts of the plant has a different intensity. When the plant suffered mechanical damage by cutting pseudoleaves, the emission from the damaged sites increased dramatically. This observation allows the damage to be located. Thanks to SPCI technique, it is also possible to track over time any repair processes. The clear differentiation of UWL kinetics leads to the conclusion that monitoring its intensity can be a good research tool in environmental protection. It makes it possible to determine whether chemicals found in the aquatic environment are harmful to a given species of plants. It can be also assessed whether the degree of the harm threatens the entire population with extinction. Thus, the presented method can be used as an ecotoxicity test.

15

Application of Fenton reagent in the textile wastewater treatment under industrial conditions

Ledakowicz S., Bilińska L.

Proceedings of ECOpole

|

2012

|

Vol. 6, No. 1

13--20

EN

Application of reactive dyes is very popular in textile industry as these dyestuffs are characterized by good fastness properties. Constapel et al estimated the production of this type dyes for over 140,000 Mg/year. The reactive dyes are mostly (50%) employed for coloration of cellulosic fibers, however they can be also applied on wool and nylon. Unfortunately, they possess a low degree of fixation (50÷90%), since the functional groups also bond to water, creating hydrolysis and the excess of dyes applied cause a colored pollution of aqueous environment. Moreover, dyeing process requires the use of: electrolytes in the form of aqueous solutions of NaCl or Na2SO4 in the concentration up to 100 g/dm3, alkaline environment (pH > 10) and textile auxiliary agents (among others detergents). Therefore, the wastewater generated during the reactive dyeing processes are characterized by high salinity, pH value and color, and due to low value of the ratio BOD5/COD are non-biodegradable. The successful methods of the textile wastewater treatment could be an advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), amongst which the Fenton reagent seems to be the most perspective as it is the cheapest and easy in use. Based on the newest literature survey it was found that many successful tests with Fenton reaction were performed mainly in decolorization. However, not enough attention was devoted to decolorization of real industrial wastewater containing dyes, detergents and salts NaCl, or Na2SO4. The experiments carried out in lab scale were focused on the impact of NaCl and textile auxiliary agent (liquid dispersing and sequestring agent) on an inhibition of decolorization process by Fenton reagent. The objects of the investigation were the synthetic mixtures simulating the composition of real textile wastewater as well as the real industrial wastewater generated in the reactive dyeing. The inhibition of the Fenton decolorization in the presence of NaCl and liquid dispersing and sequestering agent was demonstrated.

PL

Barwniki reaktywne wyróżnia szereg cech, które sprawiają, iż są one powszechnie stosowane w praktyce przemysłu włókienniczego. Constapel i in. oszacowali roczną produkcję tego typu barwników na ponad 140 000 Mg. Przy czym barwniki reaktywne są w większości (50%) stosowane do barwienia włókien celulozowych, jednakże mogą one być również stosowane do wełny i poliamidu. Niestety, barwniki reaktywne wyróżnia niski stopień wyczerpania z kąpieli, wynoszący od 50 do 90%. Oznacza to, iż w przemysłowych procesach barwienia używany jest nadmiar barwnika, który nie wiąże się z włóknem i w postaci hydrolizatu trafia do ścieków, stanowiąc obciążenie dla środowiska. Procesy barwienia reaktywnego wymagają użycia elektrolitu w postaci: roztworu NaCl lub Na2SO4 o stężeniu do 100 g/l, wytworzenia silnie alkalicznego pH oraz użycia środków powierzchniowoczynnych - SPC. To sprawia, iż ścieki generowane w procesach barwienia reaktywnego charakteryzuje: wysokie zasolenie i zabarwienie, wysoka wartość pH, obecność SPC. Ponadto te ścieki ze względu na niski stosunek BZT5/ChZT są mało podatne na procesy biologicznego oczyszczania. Alternatywą dla oczyszczania tego typu ścieków mogą być metody AOP, wśród których na uwagę ze względu na niskie koszty i łatwość stosowania zasługuje odczynnik Fentona. Na podstawie przeglądu najnowszych doniesień literaturowych można stwierdzić, iż zostało przeprowadzone wiele udanych prób głównie dekoloryzacji roztworów. Niewiele natomiast uwagi poświęcono odbarwianiu ścieków rzeczywistych czy symulowanych mieszanin zbliżonych składem do ścieków rzeczywistych, czyli zawierających barwniki oraz NaCl, Na2SO4, SPC, (Sun i in. 2009; Arslan-Alaton i in. 2008). Eksperymenty przeprowadzone w skali laboratoryjnej były ukierunkowane na analizę wpływu NaCl i włókienniczych środków pomocniczych (środki dyspergujące i sekwestrujące) na hamowanie procesu odbarwiania odczynnikiem Fentona. Przedmiotem badań były zarówno syntetyczne ścieki symulujące skład rzeczywistych ścieków włókienniczych, jak również rzeczywiste ścieki powstałe w procesie barwienia reaktywnego. Wykazano zjawisko hamowania odbarwiania odczynnikiem Fentona w obecności NaCl, jak i środków dyspergujących i sekwestrujących.

16

Wpływ azotanu(III) wapnia na korozję stali w roztworach symulujących beton o różnym stopniu karbonatyzacji

Królikowski A., Wardzińska D., Kuziak J.

Ochrona przed Korozją

|

2012

|

nr 4

168-171

PL

Przeprowadzono badania inhibitowania korozji stali przez azotan(III) wapnia w roztworach symulujących ciecz w porach betonu o różnym stopniu karbonatyzacji. Wykonano pomiary w warunkach inicjacji korozji stali (inhibitor dodany do roztworu przed ekspozycją stali) i w warunkach rozwiniętej korozji stali (inhibitor dodany po długiej ekspozycji stali w roztworze, prowadzącej do rozwoju korozji). Na podstawie pomiarów impedancyjnych i analizy krzywych polaryzacji określono skuteczność inhibitowania korozji stali. Stwierdzono, że azotan(III) wapnia wykazuje dużą skuteczność inhibitowania inicjacji korozji stali w roztworach symulujących skarbonatyzowany beton, nawet przy spadku pH do 8. W przypadku rozwiniętej korozji stali, ten inhibitor jest mniej skuteczny i konieczne są wyższe jego stężenia.

EN

Studies of the inhibition of steel corrosion by calcium nitrite were performed in solutions simulating pore liquid in concrete with different degree of carbonation. Tests were done in the condition corresponding to the initiation of steel corrosion (the inhibitor was added to solutions before the exposure of steel) as well as in the condition corresponding to developed corrosion (the inhibitor was added after a long prior exposure of steel in corrosive solution, leading to severe corrosion). The inhibiting effi ciency of calcium nitrite was estimated upon analysis of impedance and polarization data. It was found, that calcium nitrite shows high inhibition effi ciency of the initiation of steel corrosion. For developed corrosion of steel (precorroded), this inhibitor is less effective and should be applied at higher concentrations.

17

Application of Fenton's Reagent in the Textile Wastewater Treatment Under Industrial Conditions

Ledakowicz S., Bilińska L., Żyłła R.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

|

2012

|

Vol. 19, nr 2

163-174

EN

Application of reactive dyes is very popular in textile industry as these dyestuffs are characterized by good fastness properties. Constapel et al in 2009 estimated the production of this type of dyes for over 140,000 Mg/year. The reactive dyes are mostly (50%) employed for coloration of cellulosic fibers, however they can also be applied on wool and nylon. Unfortunately, they possess a low degree of fixation (50÷90%), since the functional groups also bond to water, creating hydrolysis and the excess of dyes applied cause a colored pollution of aqueous environment. Moreover, dyeing process requires the use of: electrolytes in the form of aqueous solutions of NaCl or Na2SO4 in the concentration up to 100 g/dm3, alkaline environment (pH > 10) and textile auxiliary agents (including detergents). Therefore, the wastewater generated during the reactive dyeing processes is characterized by high salinity, pH value and color, and due to low value of the BOD5/COD ratio are nonbiodegradable. The successful methods of textile wastewater treatment could be Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), amongst which the Fenton reagent seems to be most promising as it is the cheapest and easy in use. Based on the newest literature survey it was found that many successful tests with Fenton reaction were performed mainly in decolorization. However, not enough attention was devoted to decolorization of real industrial wastewater containing dyes, detergents and salts NaCl, or Na2SO4. The experiments carried out in a laboratory scale were focused on the impact of NaCl and textile auxiliary agent (liquid dispersing and sequestering agent) on an inhibition of decolorization process by Fenton’s reagent. The objects of the investigation were synthetic mixtures simulating the composition of real textile wastewater as well as the real industrial wastewater generated in the reactive dyeing. The inhibition of the Fenton decolorization in the presence of NaCl and liquid dispersing and sequestering agent was demonstrated. Additional experiments using pulse radiolysis were carried out in order to confirm the inhibition of chloride in the decolorization process.

PL

Stosowanie barwników reaktywnych jest bardzo popularne w przemyśle włókienniczym ze względu na fakt, że barwniki te charakteryzują się dobrą odpornością uzyskiwanych wybarwień. W 2009 roku Constapel et al oszacowali, że produkcja tego typu barwników sięga ponad 140 000 Mg/rok. Barwniki reaktywne są w większości (50%) stosowane do barwienia włókien celulozowych, jednakże mogą one być również stosowane do wełny i poliamidu. Niestety, barwniki te mają niski stopień związania z włóknem (50÷90%), co powoduje znaczące zabarwienie ścieków. Ponadto, proces barwienia wymaga stosowania: elektrolitów w postaci wodnych roztworów NaCl i Na2SO4 w stężeniu do 100 g/dm3, środowiska zasadowego (pH > 10) i włókienniczych środków pomocniczych (w tym detergentów). Dlatego też ścieki wytwarzane podczas procesów barwienia reaktywnego charakteryzują się wysokim zasoleniem i pH oraz intensywnym zabarwieniem, a ze względu na niską wartość stosunku BZT5/ChZT nie są one biodegradowalne. Skuteczną metodą oczyszczania ścieków włókienniczych może być zastosowanie procesów pogłębionego utleniania (AOPs), wśród których odczynnik Fentona wydaje się być najbardziej obiecujący, gdyż jest najtańszy i łatwy w użyciu. Na podstawie najnowszych danych literaturowych stwierdzono, że w wielu badaniach z użyciem odczynnika Fentona zajmowano się głównie odbarwianiem roztworów barwników. Jednak zbyt mało uwagi poświęcono odbarwianiu rzeczywistych ścieków włókienniczych, zawierających barwniki, detergenty i sole (NaCl i Na2SO4). Eksperymenty przeprowadzone w skali laboratoryjnej były ukierunkowane na analizę inhibitującego wpływu NaCl i włókienniczych środków pomocniczych (środki dyspergujące i sekwestrujące) na proces odbarwiania odczynnikiem Fentona. Przedmiotem badań były syntetyczne ścieki symulujące skład rzeczywistych ścieków włókienniczych, jak również rzeczywiste ścieki powstałe w procesie barwienia reaktywnego. Wykazano zjawisko hamowania odbarwiania odczynnikiem Fentona w obecności NaCl, a także środków powierzchniowo czynnych. Wykonano dodatkowe eksperymenty z wykorzystaniem radiolizy impulsowej w celu potwierdzenia wpływu obecności jonów chlorkowych na hamowanie procesu odbarwiania.

18

Occurrence of Phytophthora Species in Rivers, Canals and Water Reservoirs in Relation to Its Location, Seasonal Analysis and Fungicide Residues

Orlikowski L., Ptaszek M., Trzewik A., Orlikowska T.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

|

2011

|

Vol. 18, nr 11

1551-1556

EN

Phytophthora spp. were detected from 3 rivers, 2 nursery canals and 2 reservoirs during all year. Number of Phytophthora necrotic spots on rhododendron leaves, used as baits, in March, July and October indicated on the lack of significant differences in that group of pathogens in relation to water sources, their location as well as during observation period. Only in one water reservoir Phytophthora density was about 2–3 times higher than in 6 other sources. In vitro trials showed different reaction of P. cinnamomi, P. citricola and P. citrophthora, often detected in water, on fenamidon and metalaxyl. P. cinnamomi was the most sensitive whereas P. citrophthora the most resistant. Amendment of river water contaminated with P. cinnamomi with metalaxyl at dose 1.6 g/cm3 reduced at least twice pathogen density in water. In case of fenamidon such effect was obtained when water was amendment with 8 g of that compound /cm3.

PL

Stosując wierzchołkowe liście różanecznika odm. Nova Zembla, wykrywano Phytophthora spp. przez cały rok w 3 rzekach, 2 kanałach i 2 zbiornikach wodnych. Liczba nekrotycznych plam, stwierdzanych na liściach pułapkowych w marcu, lipcu i październiku wykazała brak znaczących różnic w liczebności tej grupy patogenów w badanych źródłach wody niezależnie od miejsca ich usytuowania, zagospodarowania oraz czasu detekcji. Tylko w jednym zbiorniku wodnym w szkółce liczebność Phytophthora spp. była około 3-krotnie wyższa aniżeli w pozostałych 6 źródłach wody. Doświadczenie in vitro wykazało zróżnicowaną reakcję P. cinnamomi, P. citricola i P. citrophthora na fenamidon i metalaksyl. Gatunek P. cinnamomi okazał się najwrażliwszy na te środki, podczas gdy najodporniejszym. okazał się P. citrophthora. Wprowadzenie metalaksylu w stężeniu 1,6 g/cm3 do wody rzecznej, skażonej przez P. cinnamomi, spowodowało redukcję liczebności patogenu na liściach pułapkowych co najmniej dwukrotnie. W przypadku fenamidonu taki efekt uzyskano, gdy środek dodano do wody w stężeniu 8 g/cm3.

19

Excitatory and inhibitory effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation

Ni Z., Chen R.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

|

2011

|

Vol. 31, no. 2

93-105

EN

This paper reviews the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in investigating intracortical circuits in the primary motor cortex (MI). TMS is a noninvasive and painless method of stimulating the human brain and has become a widely used technique in neuro-physiology and neurology. When TMS is applied to the M1, it generates a motor evoked potential (MEP) in the target muscles. TMS also activates different intracortical circuits within the M1 and connections from other cortical areas to the M1. These intracortical circuits interact with each other. Abnormalities in these circuits are found in neurological and psychiatric disorders and studies of these circuits are useful in understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions.

20

Badanie aktywności kompozycji biologicznych w polimeryzacji rodnikowej

Wiśniewska E., Pabin-Szafko B.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Budowa Maszyn i Zarządzanie Produkcją

|

2010

|

Nr 12

367-371

PL

Badano aktywność rodnikową a-tokoferolu, ß-karotenu i kwasu askorbinowego w różnych układach polimeryzacji rodnikowej - metakrylanu metylu i akrylonitrylu w obecności inicjatorów azowych. Każda z testowanych substancji działa inhibitująco na proces polimeryzacji. a-Tokoferol i β-karoten zastosowane łącznie wywołują efekt synergiczny, obniżając szybkość polimeryzacji i wydłużając czas inhibicji. Natomiast w przypadku kwasu askorbinowego w połączeniu z a-tokoferolem obserwuje się wzrost szybkości polimeryzacji.

EN

Radical activity of a-tocopherol,β-carotene and ascorbic acid was investigated in the various systems of radical polymerization - methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile in the presence of azo initiators. Every substance tested acts as inhibitor in the polymerization process. α-Tocopherol and Β-carotene used together cause synergic effect, decreasing polymerization rate and elongated inhibition period. Whereas in the case of ascorbic acid in connection with a-tocopherol the increase of polymerization rate is observed.