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1

Enabling Autonomous Medical Image Data Annotation: A human-in-the-loop Reinforcement Learning Approach

da Cruz Leonardo, Sierra-Franco César, Silva-Calpa Greis, Raposo Alberto

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2021

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Vol. 25

271--279

EN

Deep learning techniques have shown significant contributions to several fields, including medical image analysis. For supervised learning tasks, the performance of these techniques depends on a large amount of training data as well as labeled data. However, labeling is an expensive and time-consuming process. With this limitation, we introduce a new approach based on Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to cost-effective annotation in a set of medical data. Our approach consists of a virtual agent to automatically label training data, and a human-in-the-loop to assist in the training of the agent. We implemented the Deep Q-Network algorithm to create the virtual agent and adopted the method mentioned above, which employs human advice to the virtual agent. Our approach was evaluated on a set of medical X-ray data in different use cases, where the agent was required to create new annotations in the form of bounding boxes from unlabeled data. Results show that an agent training with advice positively impacts obtaining new annotations from a data set with scarce labels. This result opens up new possibilities for advancing the study and implementing autonomous approaches with human advice to create a cost-effective annotation in data sets for computer-aided medical image analysis.

2

Predicting blood glucose using an LSTM neural network

El Idrissi Touria, Idri Ali, Abnane Ibtissam, Bakkoury Zohra

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2019

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Vol. 18

35--41

EN

Diabetes self-management relies on the blood glucose prediction as it allows taking suitable actions to prevent low or high blood glucose level. In this paper, we propose a deep learning neural network model for blood glucose prediction. The model is a sequential one using a Long- Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layer with two fully connected layers. Several experiments were carried out over data of 10 diabetic patients to decide on the model's parameters in order to identify the best variant of the model. The performance of the proposed model measured in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) was compared with the ones of an existing LSTM model and an autoregressive (AR) model. The results show that our model is significantly more accurate; in fact, our LSTM model outperforms the existing LSTM model for all patients and outperforms the AR model in 9 over 10 patients, besides, the performance differences were assessed by thWilcoxon statistical test. Furthermore, the mean of the RMSE of our model was 12.38 mg/dl while it was 28.84 mg/dl and 50.69 mg/dl for AR and the existing LSTM respectively.

3

MOPS - a feasibility study for working with GPS and sensor data in a medical context

Meigen Christof, Vogel Mandy, Bumberger Jan

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2019

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Vol. 18

621--624

EN

New kinds of data collection like GPS-tracking, wearable sensors and mobile apps impose both technical and privacy challanges for medical research. In the MOPS study (''Machbarkeitsstudie für Ortsbezogene Parameter und Sensordaten'' - feasibility study for geocoded parameters and sensor data) we provide participants with a newly developed app and sensors for various physical and environmental parameters. We want to explore the feasibility of the recently established Medical Research Platform of the Medical Faculty of the University of Leipzig and similar platforms for this kind of data collection and processing.

4

Wykorzystanie medycznych baz danych w praktyce klinicznej fizjoterapeuty

Mikołajewski Dariusz, Mikołajewska Emilia

Studia i Materiały Informatyki Stosowanej

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2018

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nr 2

29--34

PL

Medyczne bazy danych umożliwiają systematyczne gromadzenie, analizę i interpretację wyników badań klinicznych, stanowiąc uzupełnienie wiedzy, doświadczenia i intuicji wszystkich członków zespołu wielospecjalistycznego, w tym fizjoterapeutów. Promuje to twórcze dyskusje w zespole i sprzyja tworzeniu lokalnych autorytetów klinicznych, oszczędza czas i przyśpiesza rozwój praktyki klinicznej oraz badań. Bezpośrednią korzyścią dla pacjenta jest wybór najefektywniejszej z dostępnych terapii. Wpisuje się to czytelnie w paradygmat Medycyny Opartej na Faktach (ang. Evidence Based Medicine – EBM). Praktyczna implementacja takiego podejścia wymaga właściwego przygotowania kadr medycznych, zarówno w ramach kształcenia dyplomowego, jak i podyplomowego oraz dalszego nabywania doświadczenia w ramach praktyki klinicznej i samokształcenia. Internet w tym zakresie niweluje znaczenie odległości, a bariera językowa ma coraz mniejsze znaczenie

EN

Medical data bases allow for systematic gathering, analysis and interpretation clinical research’ outcomes. They can be useful supplement of knowledge, experience and intuition of all members of therapeutic multidisciplinary team, inculding physical therapists. This approach promotes creative discussions within the team and creating of local clinical authorities, saves time and advances development of clinical practice and research. Direct advantage for the patient is the choice of the most effective accessible therapy. This process is a part of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) paradigm. Practical implementation of the EBM-based approach requires correct preparation of medical staff, including graduate and postgraduate education, further experience and self-education. In the area of EBM use of internet levels significance of distance and language.

5

Qualitative evaluation of distributed clinical systems supporting research teams working on large-scale data

Dziubich T.

TASK Quarterly : scientific bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk

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2017

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Vol. 21, No 3

215--231

EN

In this paper, five contemporary scalable systems to support medical research teams are presented. Their functionalities extend from heterogeneous unstructured data acquisition through large-scale data storing, to on-the-fly analyzing by using robust methods. Such kinds of systems can be useful in the development of new medical procedures and recommendation rules for decision support systems. A short description of each of them is provided. Further, a set of the most important features is selected, and a comparison based-on it is performed. The need for high performance computing is emphasized. A general discussion how to improve the existing solutions or develop new ones in the future is also presented.

6

Cardiac arrhythmia alarm from optical interferometric signals during resting or sleeping for early intervention

Cikajlo I., Šprager S., Erjavec T., Zazula D.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 36, no. 1

267--275

EN

Diagnostics of cardiac arrhythmias and frequent interventions may contribute to early detection of diseases or even prevent sudden death. Generally electrocardiograph with several on body electrodes at outpatient clinic is applied and the procedure requires a medical expert. We propose cardiac arrhythmia estimation on the basis of heartbeat detection with optical fibers integrated in the bedding. The modified Michelson's interferometer with error detection was used to measure and maximum a-posteriori probability was used to estimate the beat-to-beat intervals. The consistency of heartbeat intervals was examined with simultaneous measurement with clinical electrocardiograph in 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with diagnosed heart arrhythmias. Heart beat interval data obtained in patients were examined and irregularities/arrhythmias were identified from the medical guidelines. The current system enables assessment also in home environment without any on-body sensor placement or required assistance. Thus early intervention is possible as the irregularities are submitted to the nurse on duty and stored in the database for subsequent more detailed analysis.

7

Classification techniques for non-invasive recognition of liver fibrosis stage

Krawczyk B., Woźniak M., Orczyk T., Porwik P., Musialik J., Błońska-Fajfrowska B.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2012

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Vol. 20

121--127

EN

Contemporary medicine should provide high quality diagnostic services while at the same time remaining as comfortable as possible for a patient. Therefore novel non-invasive disease recognition methods are becoming one of the key issues in the health services domain. Analysis of data from such examinations opens an interdisciplinary bridge between the medical research and artificial intelligence. The paper presents application of machine learning techniques to biomedical data coming from indirect examination method of the liver fibrosis stage. Presented approach is based on a common set of non-invasive blood test results. The performance of four different compound machine learning algorithms, namely Bagging, Boosting, Random Forest and Random Subspaces, is examined and grid search method is used to find the best setting of their parameters. Extensive experimental investigations, carried out on a dataset collected by authors, show that automatic methods achieve a satisfactory level of the fibrosis level recognition and may be used as a real-time medical decision support system for this task.

8

Hepatic liver diseases - methods for diagnosis and medical informatics for treatment support

Tsakona A., Paschali K., Tsolis D., Skapetis G.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2011

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Vol. 17

211--218

EN

Liver diseases and more specifically viral hepatitis are at the center of interest due to their global spreading, even in the most developed countries. The range of symptoms, the complications and the course of the disease have imposed the operation of liver centers at the outpatients' departments of hospitals, where the contribution of several specialized doctors the disease is diagnosed, prevented and treated. Many patients suffer from hepatitis without knowing it either because they manifest no symptoms or because the infection is not traced through the usual lab tests. This paper focuses on studying and proving how the systematic reading of the main liver diseases and the methods through which the doctor makes the diagnosis can help the study and analysis of a series of steps that have to be followed in order to treat the disease. Then, the use of a modern information system using Medical Informatics technologies is proposed so as both the task of diagnosis and the efforts to treat and overcome the problems related to the liver disease to be supported.

9

Informatics in the service of visually disabled children

Koziak L.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Mechanika

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2008

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R. 105, z. 3-M

121-128

EN

The progress in modern technologies in the area of information and communication has an influence on institutions and individuals. At schools, informatics may be helpful to blind children in the form of numerous teaching aids. For blind children, the computer is an excellent didactic aid which stimulates their development. Computer programs create a natural potential for individualization of the learning process, diversified depending on the child's predispositions and degree of development, and the type and degree of sight damage.

PL

Postęp nowoczesnych technologii w obszarze informatyki i komunikacji ma wpływ na instytucje i jednostki. W szkole informatyka może być pomocna niewidomym dzieciom poprzez różnego rodzaju środki dydaktyczne. Dla niewidomych dzieci komputer jest doskonałym środkiem dydaktycznym, który stymuluje ich rozwój. Programy komputerowe tworzą naturalne możliwości dla indywidualizacji procesu nauczania, dostosowują zakres do poziomu rozwoju dziecka i stopnia utraty wzroku.

10

Electronic patient record, expert system and mobile monitoring in Cardio.net project

Rudowski R., Grabowski M., Sierdziński J., Guć M.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2004

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Vol. 24, no. 1

61-71

EN

Cardio.net project is aimed at the implementation of the prototype system of telecardiology in Mazovia and Pomerania Regions of Poland. It is planned as a tool to reduce the time from the onset of symptoms to the cardiological intervention, which can significantly reduce the mortality of patients with the acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The system will enable teleconsultations, from the reference centers to the regional hospitals, regarding the need for invasive cardiological intervention. If there is such a need then the patient will be transported to the reference center. The Cardio.net tasks include the design of telecommunication infrastructure, incorporating data transmission standards HL7, DICOM, work on the security and safety of the system, the design of Electronic Patient Record (EPR), uniform archive of EPR's and also the expert system. The EPR consist of two types of forms: a) personal data forms, b) forms supporting the physician work (case history, diagnosis, physical examination, the clinical course of hospitalization, additional tests and drugs). The tools used for creating EPR and archive of EPR's were PHP, Java Script, XML and MySQL. The risk stratification and therapeutic decision making in ACS are the main tasks of the expert system. There are two main therapeutic strategies: early invasive versus conservative. The chosen strategy depends on several factors. The expert system has been verified on the archival data of 147 patients with ACS. In 127 (86%) the expert system suggested the same strategy as applied by the cardiologist. In conclusion: uniform EPR and archive of EPR's give a chance of improving the quality of the cardiological care due to teleconsultations performed directly by specialists or indirectly by the expert system. Mobile monitoring and alerting can decrease the time from the onset of symptoms to the therapeutic intervention thus improving the patients safety,

11

The teaching of medical informatics to medical students including a retrospective evaluation

Lane V., Whitehead S.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2002

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Vol. 3

MI109--117

EN

It is commonly suggested that (i) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is essential for the delivery of quality healthcare [17], and (ii) the role of doctors is crucial in the implementation of ICT-based systems in hospitals and in general practice. Based on these two premises, this paper argues for a medical informatics course for medical students. The paper outlines the content of a one-semester elective in medical informatics that was presented over eight academic years. The course pre-dates the recommendations of the International Medical Informatics Association, IMIA [7]. Nevertheless, it is compatible with the recommendations of IMIA and also with the earlier findings of the EDUCTRA study [5]. The principles formulated in this paper are presented in order to help other educationalists (i) to obtain insights and (ii) thence to assist them to engineer medical informatics changes into their medical school environments. Each time that the course was presented, participants were asked for their evaluation of the course [9]. These views were favourable. It was thought that a follow-up survey of these same respondents - now practising doctors, some of whom took the course 10 years ago - might give further insights into the relevance and value of this course. The views of these practising doctors are presented within the paper.

12

Computer support of detecting risk of cardiovascular diseases

Franek P., Tomeckova M., Zvarova J.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2002

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Vol. 22, no. 1

61-68

EN

The paper is focusing on analysis of data collected in twenty years lasting longitudinal study of 1417 middle-aged men living in the second district of Prague. Examination of methods that can support estimation of the risk of cardiovascular disease development in time is done. These methods examined were neural networks, discriminat analysis and logistic regression. The final comparison was done according to percentage of correct decisions and using ROC curves.

13

Clinical databases originating in electronic patient records

Zvarova J.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2002

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Vol. 22, no. 1

43-60

EN

The paper is focusing on new technologies to standardize electronic documentation in Czech healthcare environment. Various approaches for collecting and storing biomedical information using new information technologies are considered with respect to all legislative and standarization norms in the Czech Republic. Development of new approaches is based on experience gathered in the European 14C-TripleC project. New approaches for implementation of European ideas in the Czech healthcare environment are given. The focus on Czech healthcare record is presented. Special features of electronic healthcare record to serve in telematic applications for exploring electronic medical guidelines and medical decision support systems are discussed.

14

A modern technologies in medical expert systems

Kącki E., Małolepszy A., Stempczyńska J.

Journal of Applied Computer Science

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2001

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Vol. 9, nr 1

23-32

EN

The paper presents organization and performance of the module structure expert system for medicine and discussion on certain information technology problems connected with building and exploitation of the system. The considered problems mainly deal with knowledge acquisition automation and hypermedia applications for well communication. After discussion some remarks on conception of knowledge acquisition and dialog organization as well as some conclutions relative to their implementability and utilizability are also given.

15

The project of expert system aided decision process in medicine

Puchała E.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2000

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Vol. 1

CS 65--70

EN

The paper deals with a concept of the expert system for family doctor practices. This system will be realized by Division of Systems and Computer Networks Wroclaw University of Technology in co-operation with Medical Academy of Wroclaw. The family doctor loads data (by user interface) to the system, which describes patients state of health. By this way we can obtain, so-called feature vector. Data in feature vector, may be complete by information collecting from different type of diagnosis equipment like electrocardiograph, Rontgen unit, ultrasonic unit and so on. Number of features may be optional, but for investigation goals only 25 features were used. The user can load to the system less then 25 features. It is important in case then we have problems with results of medical examination extraction. On the basis of a patient information, system gives us decisions which aided medical treatment. Information from data base (set of feature vectors) is processed by expert system. It leads to so called “statistical data base” establishment. System consists of three functionally connected parts: 1. data collecting and data processing, 2. decision part, 3. user’s interface. Expert system can give us unlimited number of decision. In the decision expert system, adaptive algorithms are used. It means that in case of some features are not available, expert system starts algorithms which these feature estimates (algorithms take into account whole patients population’s features and typical for individual patient features).

PL

Celem pracy jest przedstawienie opracowywanego w Zakładzie Systemów i Sieci Komputerowych Politechniki Wrocławskiej projektu systemu ekspertowego wspomagającego podejmowanie decyzji lekarskich. W założeniu, system funkcjonuje w oparciu o „statystyczną” bazę wiedzy współpracującą z oryginalnymi algorytmami wnioskowania.

16

Object and component oriented modelling of complex medical systems

Filutowicz J., Filutowicz Z., Szczepaniak P., Kmiecik A.

Journal of Applied Computer Science

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1999

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Vol. 7, nr 1

91-98

EN

The paper describes modelling of a complex information system supporting the work of a dialysis ward and scientific research carried out there. The system is designed to process multimedia information on patients, health care staff, and management of medical material and equipment. This information proves very useful for scientific research and supports physicians in taking decisions concerning extracorporeal dialysis equipment control. The decision-taking system together with optimal control algorithms are used to assess adequacy of dialyses, which results in higher efficiency of dialyses and improvement of life quality of dialysed patients. The new generation of information systems needs making use of scattered multimedia information, algorithms of computer intelligence and user-friendly communication. To meet these requirements it becomes necessary to apply environments enabling modelling of customer's requirements, information system structure and computer-man communication interface. The technology of component and object oriented modelling allows multiple code usage, and ensures higher reliability and easier modification of the system.

17

Multimedia elements in the PHARMACY2 system

Stempczyńska J., Kącki E., Misiak M.

Journal of Applied Computer Science

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1999

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Vol. 7, nr 1

55-62

EN

The paper describes the PHARMACY2 system being a modification of PHARMACY1 worked out earlier by the authors and implemented at the Chemotherapy Clinic of the Medical University of Łódź. The main change lies in the introduction of multimedia to the system, which improves communication capabilities of the system and enables better assistance of medical education. In the system a special emphasis is put on cytostatic drugs.