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Dye Removal From Textile Waste Water Through The Adsorption By Pumice Used In Stone Washing

Körlü A. E., Yapar S., Perinçek S., Yılmaz H., Bağıran C.

Autex Research Journal

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2015

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Vol. 15, no. 3

158--163

EN

Because the waste production is inevitable in almost all industries, the elimination of these wastes is a requirement in terms of environmental regulations and welfare of all the creatures in the future. In this study, the use of the waste pumice stones of a denim washing mill is intended to eliminate the pollutant by a waste material and obtain economic benefits by converting it to the adsorbent. The pollutants in the effluents obtained from three different localisations of waste water treatment system of the same factory were removed through the adsorption. The experimental studies were carried out in three different steps; characterisation of adsorbent before and after adsorption; adsorption isotherm studies and biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. Characterisation studies showed that the waste pumice has almost the same structural properties with unused one except the existence of some organic residues coming from washing process. The results of adsorption studies conducted at the adsorbent concentrations changing from 5 to 35 g/l revealed that the decolourisation was initial dye-concentration dependent. According to the BOD and COD measurements, the supernatants obtained at the end of adsorption could be assumed as somewhat polluted and this result indicates that the organic impurities other than indigo were also removed through the adsorption.

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Krótka historia niektórych wzorów

Kroszczyński W.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2013

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[Z] 67, 7-8

733--749

EN

This article is an attempt to present how the classical detective work has been performed in order to determine chemical structures. In the past, discussion on these examples was the way of learning of the organic chemistry. Thermal degradation was the main method of analysis currently replaced with the spectroscopy. Perhaps the history of chemistry may help to understand mentalities of creators of new branches of science. On the other hand, it gives arguments for a cultivation of „impractical” sciences. The article describes the earliest attempts to present simple organic formulas undertaken by Couper and Kekulé. Examples of a transformation of aromatic compounds present how results of derivatization led to conclusions concerning structures. Experiments and logic line of thought was supported by a great intuition. More complicated molecules were investigated by degradation reactions. For example, A. Baeyer at the beginning of his investigations concerning indigo, subjected isatin (obtained from indigo by oxidation) to different reducing reagents. He obtained indoldiol, oxindole, indole etc. Then these relatively simple compounds were synthesized and served as by-products for indigo. Some methods of the industrial production of indigo were elaborated on the base of works of Baeyer [16–20]. Similarly, the structures of chrysin, brazilin and haematoxilin have been resolved mainly by their degradation. The final structures were confirmed by synthesis.

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Błękit Majów , jedno z najważniejszych osiągnięć Mezoameryki

Łukarska M., Zywert A., Kowalak S.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2012

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[Z] 66, 7-8

715-739

EN

The Maya Blue is a famous blue pigment developed by pre-Columbian civilizations of Mesoamerica and manufactured there for about thousand years. It was applied for body decoration, important for cruel religious rituals, as well as for artistic paintings, murals, or coloration of ceramics. Its production was abandoned in XVII century and the procedure forgotten. The chemical nature of this blue pigment remained a puzzle for a long time and only in nineteen sixties it was revealed [1, 2] that it is a composite consisting of inorganic matrix (palygorskite) that accommodates molecules of organic dye – indigo. The preparation procedure was rediscovered [3] and the products analogous to classical Maya Blue could be obtained by simple thermal insertion of indigo into palygorskite (and also into sepiolite). However, the nature of chemical interaction between dye and matrix that provides very high resistibility of resulting pigments remains still not satisfactorily explained. The hydrogen bonds or coordinative interaction with matrix cations are taken into an account. Zeolites and other molecular sieves can be efficiently applied as matrices for pigments similar to Maya Blue. The coloration and other properties of pigments can be considerably changed by initial modification of zeolites with various cations, what supports an important role of complexes formed by dye molecules and zeolite cations. On the other hand, the zeolite-like materials AlPO4 as well as to some extent mesoporous silica (with some contribution of micropores) lacking any cations are also efficient matrices for pigments analogous to Maya Blue. Not only indigo, but also indigo derivatives (leucoindigo, thioindigo, indigo carmine) could be embedded inside the molecular sieves. The thermal insertion as well as crystallization of zeolites from gels supplemented with respective dye can be used for pigment synthesis. It is interesting that role of matrix can be also played by representative of novel MOF family of the molecular sieves.

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Dyeing nylon with indigo in various pH regions

Baig G. A.

Autex Research Journal

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2010

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Vol. 10, no. 1

21--25

EN

Nylon (6.6) fabric was dyed with Indigo dye using an exhaust technique at different pH values. At different pH values different forms of indigo existed in solution, each one having a different substantivity for the fibre. The non-ionic form had the highest, whilst the Ionic ones had relatively less substantivity. The fibres could best be dyed in the acidic to slightly alkaline pH range. The Chemistry of the dyebath and fibre were considered, in order to explain the effect of pH on colour strength. Hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions seemed to be the main reason for the exhaustion of dye onto nylon fibre. Hydrogen bonding occurred between the hydroxyl groups and amide groups, while ionic interactions worked at low pH values between the ionized and end-amino groups of the dye and fibre respectively.