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The Effect of Formal and Informal Regulationson Industrial Effluents and Firm Compliance Behaviorin Malaysia

Nawawi Mohd Nasir bin, Samsudin Hazman bin, Saputra Jumadil, Szczepańska-Woszczyna Katarzyna, Kot Sebastian

Production Engineering Archives

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2022

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Vol. 28, Iss. 2

193--200

EN

The rapid development of the manufacturing sector has been causing industrial effluents pollution. The practice of environmental regulation in the emerging economy focused on the externalities impact of industrialization. In conjunction with the issue, this study examines the effect of formal and informal regulation on the industrial effluent act and the firm compliance behavior in Malaysia. This quantitative study uses a survey questionnaire (structured) and involved 42 factories of three industries, namely food and beverages, textiles, and paper in Penang, Kedah, and Perlis. The data were analyzed using non-parametric tests: The Chi-Square, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman’s Rho. This study uses the firm behavior theory as the framework, and our non-parametric analyses showed that the traditional enforcement and fined probability could significantly affect compliance levels. We also find the market, consumer, competitor, and investor pressure positively influence firm compliance. The empirical results suggest effective enforcement of environmental regulation and the role of non-regulation must be empowered as a support mechanism for pollution control.

2

Health implications of stream water contamination by industrial effluents in the Onitsha urban area of Southeastern Nigeria

Okafor Uchenna P., Obeta Michael C., Ayadiuno Romanus U., Onyekwelu Anthony C., Asuoha Godson C., Eze Eberechukwu J., Orji-Okafor Chetachi E., Igboeli Emeka E.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 48

105--114

EN

Nigeria has abundant surface and ground water resources many of which are polluted and can be detrimental to human health when consumed. This study investigated the effects of effluents discharged by industries into streams on the health of people who depend on stream water for domestic purposes in the Onitsha urban area of eastern Nigeria. Water samples collected from eleven discharge locations underwent physico-chemical and microbiological analyses. Data on the effects of industrial effluents on health were obtained from records in the public hospitals located in Onitsha as well as through questionnaire surveys and field observations. The results of the analyses revealed that the effluents grossly degrade surface water bodies; several parameters (temperature, iron, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, lead, magnesium, total heterotrophic counts, total coliform group, pH) had values which were higher than the WHO (2011) safety limits for drinking water. The contamination of investigated streams by effluents had negative impact on the health of stream users. The discussion included health effects of polluted water and the prevalence of water borne or related diseases in the area. Implications of these findings were also discussed. Management measures capable of minimizing contamination of surface water in the study area were suggested.

3

Influence of discharged industrial effluents on the parameters of surface water in Onitsha urban area, southeastern Nigeria

Obeta Michael C., Okafor Uchenna P., Nwankwo Cletus F.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2019

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no. 42

136--142

EN

Chemical industries in Onitsha urban area of southeastern Nigeria have been discharging large quantities of effluents into surface streams. These streams are the primary sources of water used by poor households for domestic purposes. This study examines the effects of effluents on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the recipient streams. This objective was achieved by collecting eight effluents and twenty-two water samples from control points, discharge locations and exit chutes of the effluents for analysis. The results of the study characterised the effluents and their effects on the recipient streams. The effluents cause gross pollution of the streams as most of the parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Mg, NO3, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, total heterotrophic count (THC) and total coliform group (TCG) returned high values that exceeded the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) benchmark from 2011 for drinking water quality. Only dissolved oxygen (DO), Na, Zn, Ca, and Na returned values lower than the WHO guideline. E. coli was found in all the samples; TCG was also high. This paper, therefore, recommends that the effluent generating industries should treat their effluents before disposal.

PL

Przemysł chemiczny na obszarze miejskim Onitsha w południowowschodniej Nigerii odprowadza duże ilości ścieków do strumieni. Strumienie te są podstawowym źródłem wody dla ubogich gospodarstw domowych. W pracy analizowano wpływ ścieków przemysłowych na fizyczne, chemiczne i mikrobiologiczne właściwości wody w strumieniach. Cel ten osiągnięto, pobierając próby wody do analiz z 8 odpływów, z 22 punktów kontrolnych i miejsc zrzutu. Wyniki charakteryzują odpływy i ich wpływ na wody odbiornika ścieków. Zrzuty ścieków powodowały znaczne zanieczyszczenie strumieni, ponieważ większość parametrów (pH, zawiesiny, mętność, BZT, ChZT, Mg, NO3, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, suma bakterii heterotroficznych, bakterie grupy coli) przekraczała normy jakości wody pitnej ustalone przez WHO w 2011 r. Jedynie stężenie rozpuszczonego tlenu, Na, Zn, Ca i Na spełniały te normy. Obecność E. coli stwierdzano we wszystkich próbkach, duże były także wartości stężenia bakterii grupy coli. Zaleca się, aby zakłady przemysłowe poddawały ścieki oczyszczaniu przed ich zrzutem do strumieni.

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Studies on pollution discharge scenario of effluents released from fine chemicals manufacturing industries along Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India

Singare P. U., Dhabarde S. S.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 3

56-63

EN

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to fine chemicals manufacturing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration levels of heavy metals like Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn was found to be maximum of 45.94, 1.05, 7.50, 4.76, 145.87 and 21.96 ppm respectively in the effluents released during the months of February to April. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like alkalinity, salinity and chloride content were found to be maximum in the month of October having the concentration values of 1482, 4.91, 2710 ppm respectively, while the DO content in the effluents released in the same month was reported to be very much low having the value of 2.90 ppm. The effluents released during the month of June were reported to have high hardness, total solid (TS) content and COD values of 3713, 13638 and 6951 ppm respectively. The cyanide content (0.08 ppm), phosphate content (131.32 ppm) and BOD content (631 ppm) were found to be maximum in the months of December, February and May respectively. From the results it appears that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless can be expected to be released into the ecosystems.

5

Pollution Scenario due to discharge of effluent from Agrochemicals and Pesticides Manufacturing Industries of Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India

Singare P. U., Dhabarde S. S.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 3

8-15

EN

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to agrochemicals and pesticides manufacturing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The average concentration of Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Zn was found to be maximum of 29.86, 0.90, 1.16 and 1.19 ppm respectively in summer season, while average Fe concentration was maximum of 51.10 ppm in winter season. The average pH value of the effluent was found to be maximum of 12.95 in summer season, while average conductivity value was maximum of 21085 μmhos/cm in rainy season. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like alkalinity, hardness, salinity, chloride, cyanide, phosphate, total solid, BOD and COD content were found to be maximum in summer season having the average values of 1918, 186, 4, 11.20, 0.07, 81, 6391, 685 and 2556 ppm respectively. The average DO content was found to be low of 4.5 ppm in winter season. It was observed that the concentration level of majority of the toxic heavy metals and physico-chemical properties were above the tolerable limit set for inland surface water. The results of present study indicates that the existing situation if mishandled can cause irreparable ecological harm in the long term well masked by short term economic prosperity due to extensive industrial growth.

6

Pollution due to Textile Industries along Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India

Singare P. U., Dhabarde S. S.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 3

24-31

EN

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to textile based industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration level of majority of toxic heavy metals like Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were reported to be maximum of 45.58, 2.00, 2.06 and 9.20 ppm respectively in the month of April, while Cr and Fe concentration levels were found to be 2.50 and 55.30 ppm in the month of March. The effluent samples collected in the month of July was reported to show high BOD content of 564 ppm, while COD content was maximum of 2436 ppm in the month of October. The effluent samples collected in the month of January was having very low DO content of 3.21 ppm and high cyanide content of 0.09 ppm. The alkalinity, hardness and chloride content were maximum of 2158, 198 and 2765 ppm respectively in the effluent samples collected in the month of February. The effluents were having high total solid content of 8269 ppm during the month of April, while the salinity and phosphate contents were reported high of 5.64 and 125.70 ppm during the month of May. It was observed that the concentration level of majority of toxic heavy metals and the values of various physico-chemical parameters were above the tolerable limit set for inland surface water. The present experimental data on environmental risk assessment studies due to textile industries may be regarded as an aid towards a better understanding of the problem arising due to such industries. There is a need to convey the message that prevention of adverse health effects and promotion of health are profitable investments for employers and employees as a support to a sustainable development of economics.

7

Pollution discharge Scenario of Metallurgical Industries along Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India

Singare P. U., Dhabarde S. S.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 3

40-47

EN

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to metallurgical industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration levels of Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn were found to be maximum of 41.00, 1.47, 5.97, 2.55, 46.86 and 12.97 ppm respectively during winter and summer seasons starting from December to May. The pH value was found to be maximum of 10.30 in the month of February, while the conductivity was found to be maximum of 25067 μmhos/cm in the month of July. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like salinity, chloride content, and total solids (TS) were observed to be maximum in the month of June having values of 6.32, 2411 and 20738 ppm respectively. The high cyanide (0.09 ppm), phosphate (117.21 ppm), COD (13640 ppm) and low DO content of 5.79 ppm were observed in the effluents released during the month of February. The alkalinity content in the effluent was maximum of 1395 ppm in the month of May. The hardness and BOD values of the effluents were reported maximum of 490 and 557 ppm in the month of October. From the results of the present investigation it seems that the time has come to implement proper effluent water treatment techniques and enforcement of pollution control by the regulatory authority on the indiscriminate discharge of industrial wastewater into water bodies.

8

Pollution discharge Scenario of Dyeing Industries along Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India

Singare S. S., Dhabarde S. S.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 3

48-55

EN

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to dyeing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn were found to be maximum of 44.78, 2.50, 1.75, 1.45, 64.22 and 13.22 ppm respectively in the industrial waste water effluent.It was observed that the pH value was maximum of 12.30 in the month of June while the conductivity was found to be maximum of 48000 μmhos/cm in the month of February. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like alkalinity, salinity and total solid content (TS) were observed to be maximum in the month of February having values of 3578, 44.08 and 40450 ppm respectively. The high cyanide (0.18 ppm) and phosphate (112.90 ppm) levels were reported in the effluents released during the month of March. The industrial effluent released in the month of June was reported to have high hardness, chloride and COD content having the values of 743, 2381, 8957 ppm respectively; while the DO content was found to be very low of 2.77 ppm. The BOD content in the effluents was found to be maximum of 603 ppm in the month of October. The results of present study indicates that the existing situation if mishandled can cause irreparable ecological harm in the long term well masked by short term economic prosperity due to extensive industrial growth.

9

Effect of biological treatment on genotoxicity of industrial wastewaters: root tips Vicia faba assay

Wiszniowski J., Sindera P., Duquesnoy I., Surmacz-Górska J.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2009

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Vol. 2, no. 4

137-143

EN

Industrial wastewater effluents are potential source of hazardous pollutants that are discarded into the watercourses, hence they pose a serious threat to aquatic organisms as well as human health. Identifying genotoxic substances in industrial effluents can minimize the risk of exposure to these compounds, which are suspected to have carcinogenic properties. In the present studies, the phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of wastewater obtained from fertilizer factory were investigated in Vicia faba root cells of hydroponic culture. The toxicity tests of crude wastewaters indicated an important fluctuation (seasonal differences) of mutagenic compounds among the different periods of the chemical operation. Moreover, the mutagenic profile was also assessed for biologically treated wastewaters in laboratory scale models fed with wastewater effluent from the fertilizer factory. The results proved that after biological treatment, the genotoxcity of treated effluent significantly decreased in comparison to untreated wastewaters.

PL

Ścieki przemysłowe są potencjalnym źródłem szkodliwych zanieczyszczeń odprowadzanych do wód płynących, przez co stanowią zagrożenie dla organizmów wodnych jak również dla ludzi. Monitoring substancji genotoksycznych w ściekach przemysłowych może ograniczyć ryzyko ekspozycji na te związki. W ramach przeprowadzonych badań oceniono fitotoksyczny i genotoksyczny wpływ ścieków przemysłowych pochodzących z zakładów produkujących nawozy sztuczne na korzenie rośliny Vicia faba w kulturach hydroponicznych. Testy genotoksyczności wskazały dużą zmienność potencjalnej mutagenności ścieków surowych. Jednocześnie oceniona została mutagenność ścieków po procesie biologicznego oczyszczania, który był prowadzony w skali laboratoryjne, w modelowym systemie zasilanym ściekami przemysłowymi. Badania wykazały znaczące obniżenie się genotoksyczności ścieków po procesie biologicznego oczyszczania, w stosunku do ścieków nieoczyszczonych.

10

Badania technologiczne nad usuwaniem związków arsenu ze ścieków przemysłowych

Dziubek J.

Ochrona Środowiska

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2006

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R. 28, nr 4

41-44

PL

Omówiono wyniki badań nad oczyszczaniem kwaśnych ścieków przemysłowych zawierających związki arsenu w ilości około 50 gAs/m3. Badania przeprowadzono w skali laboratoryjnej, półtechnicznej oraz w pełnej skali technicznej w oczyszczalniach ścieków przemysłowych w KGHM Polska Miedź SA. Badania te miały na celu porównanie skuteczności wybranych metod usuwania związków arsenu ze ścieków. Badane techniki, tj. strącanie wapnem, metoda elektroimpulsowa oraz wykorzystanie odpadowych związków żelaza(II) były zastosowane po raz pierwszy przy tak wysokich stężeniach arsenu. Badania wykazały, że praktycznie wszystkie metody okazały się skuteczne, przy czym najwięcej pracy wymaga jeszcze optymalizacja metody elektroimpulsowej, a w szczególności opracowanie jej modelu teoretycznego, aby można było uzyskać stabilną skuteczność tej technologii. Wdrożenie przebadanych metod oczyszczania kwaśnych ścieków przemysłowych pozwoliło na ograniczenie ilości arsenu odprowadzanego do odbiornika znacznie poniżej dopuszczalnych norm w dwóch z trzech oczyszczalni ścieków w KGHM Polska Miedź SA. W ostatniej oczyszczalni ścieków planowane jest osiągnięcie tego efektu w ciągu kilku najbliższych miesięcy.

EN

The wastewater under study was an acidic industrial effluent with a concentration of arsenic compounds approaching 50 gAs/m3. Experiments were carried out on laboratory, pilot-plant and full industrial scale in the wastewater treatment plants of the Incorporated Company KGHM Polska Miedź. The primary objective of the study was to test different methods for their efficiency of arsenic compound removal. Use was made of lime precipitation, electric-pulse method, and application of waste Fe(II) compounds. None of these methods had been applied before to the reduction of arsenic concentrations as high as ~ 50 gAs/m3. The study has revealed that practically all the aforementioned methods are efficient, although further investigations are needed to optimize the electric-pulse method and, more importantly, to develop a relevant theoretical model enabling a stable efficiency to be achieved with this technology. In two out of three wastewater treatment plants operated by KGHM Polska Miedź, the implementation of the methods tested made it possible to reduce the amounts of arsenic discharged into the recipient far below the admissible level. As for the other wastewater treatment plant, similar efficiency is expected to be achieved within several months.

11

Zastosowanie wysokoefektywnych procesów utleniania do oczyszczania ścieków z produkcji maści Efudix

Naumczyk J., Piotrowska A.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2004

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Vol. 11, nr S2

199-207

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad utlenianiem 5-fluorouracylu oraz nad oczyszczaniem ścieków powstałych przy produkcji maści Efudix - 5%, zawierającej ten związek jako składnik aktywny. Utlenianie 5-fluorouracylu prowadzono metodą ozonowania przy pH = 12 i 13 oraz metodą O3/H2O2. Ponieważ najbardziej efektywna okazała się metoda ozonowania przy pH = 13, do badań nad oczyszczaniem ścieków zastosowano tylko tę metodę. Osiągnięto wysoki stopień redukcji wartości ChZT oraz pełny i szybki rozkład 5-fluorouracylu, rozpoczynający się od oderwania atomu fluoru od molekuły.

EN

The process of oxidation of 5-flurouracil and the treatment of wastewater from Efudix ointment production were investigated. 5-fluorouracil was oxidized by ozonation at pH = 12 and 13 and by O3/H2O2 method. Because the ozonation at pH = 13 proved to be the most effective method, this method was applied to the wastewater treatment. The high degree of COD reduction was achieved and 5-fluorouracil was completely and quickly destroyed. The process was initiated by fluorine detachment.

12

Warunki wprowadzania ścieków przemysłowych do środowiska

Osmulska-Mróz B.

Informacja Instal

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1999

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Nr 11 (189)

31--38

PL

Omówiono wymagania zawarte w dyrektywach Unii Europejskiej odnoszące się do dopuszczalnych zrzutów zanieczyszczeń do środowiska wodnego, wymogi odpowiednich rozporządzeń w kilku krajach europejskich dotyczące ścieków przemysłowych odprowadzanych pośrednio i bezpośrednio do wód. w szczególności w Niemczech i Austrii oraz przedstawiono aktualne wymagania obowiązujące w Polsce.