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Zieleń XIX-wiecznych górnośląskich miast i ośrodków przemysłowych - zarys problematyki

Łakomy K.

Architektura Krajobrazu

2011

nr 4

52--58

Urban and industrial greenery of nineteenth and early twentieth century is the subject of an extensive range of garden art of combining aspects of urban, cultural and historical issues of both maintenance and revalorization. These areas have a variety of forms and functions, for responding to the deteriorating housing conditions, social, urban colonies and other systems associated with the mining, manufacturing and complementary industry. Also in the Upper Silesia municipal park, folk park, squares, avenues were founded to bear the aesthetic space, and above all improve the quality of life. In the colonies and settlements of workers the functions were more complex: relaxing and production were in the allotment gardens, home and interblock gardens: hygienic, social, cultural and educational: metallurgical parks, mining parks, folk parks; protective: belts of woodlands surrounding industrial objects. Another group were the decorative and usable gardens surrounding the villa type objects, typical for the architecture and philosophy of this period. All of these areas combined with the avenues and boulevards, green areas, public facilities companion, were the urban space, often with high utilitarian and composition values. Currently, the lack of recognition and care of these areas causes nurturing of these areas, by what the Upper Silesian landscape loses its natural values, but also historical and cultural sites. Therefore, this article is an attempt to identify the resource, systematic and conservation status and problems of restoration of 19th century green spaces of Upper Silesian centers about industrial character.

Nurt socjologiczny i romantyczny we współczesnej architekturze zielonych przedmieść Antwerpii

Cisek E.

Architectus

2004

Nr 1(15)

51--58

Belgia jest jednym z najmniejszych państw europejskich, wyróżniającym się jednak, obok Holandii,' największą gęstością zaludnienia. Większość populacji kraju zamieszkuje duże ośrodki przemysłowe, położone na północy i zachodzie kraju. Podział państwa na część flamandzką - północną i walońską - południową odzwierciedla nie tylko różnice językowe, ale także środowiskowe: krajobrazowe i architektoniczne. Północna część kraju, obejmująca zachodnią i wschodnią Flandrię, Antwerpię, Limburgię i część Brabancji, to płaski, równinny krajobraz z architekturą kształtowaną horyzontalnie, nawiązującą do holenderskiej. Południe - z prowincjami Namur, Li?ge i Lu-ksemburgia - przypomina krajobrazy alpejskie: pagórki porośnięte lasami, głębokie wąwozy oraz rozległe płaskowyże, a także wrzosowiska. W architekturze tego regionu dominuje zdecydowanie charakter wertykalny, charakterystyczny dla wzorców lokalnych. Większość miast w północnej części kraju, takich jak Brugia, Gandawa czy Antwerpia, zachowało w do-skonałym stanie średniowieczną starówkę. Dotyczy to również mniejszych ośrodków. Liczne zabytki nadają niepowtarzalną atmosferę takim miasteczkom jak Ou-denaarde, Kortrijk, Lier czy Leuven. Utrzymane w doskonałym stanie gotyckie budowle sakralne i rezydencje mieszkalne świadczą o średniowiecznej wielkości regionu. Romantyczny powiew gotyku jest obecny również we współczesnej architekturze mieszkaniowej: przedmieść wielkich metropolii i nadmorskich miejscowości letniskowych. Obecna gospodarka przestrzenna Belgii została w dużej mierze ukształtowana przez nurty socjologicz-ne, rodzące się na przełomie wieków XIX i XX w Wielkiej Brytanii i Holandii.

Belgium is one of the smallest European countries however it is also one of the most densely populated. Sociological trends originating at the beginning of the 20lh century in Great Britain and Holland had an enormous impact on the present policy of Belgium. Garden cities initiated by Ebenezer Howard were social and urban enterprises able to ufute, in a totally new value, the best elements of village and city life. As time went by only some elements of Howard's holistic idea were used creating such terms as: new satellite-cities of great metropolises, garden-settlements and green suburbs. The green suburbs of Hoevenen and Kapellen stretch in close proximity to Antwerp, a great metropolis which is the second city of Belgium. The suburbs, due to their character and the amount of population, recall small towns. They have the same human scale of buildings, the width of streets and a clearly marked town centre with a small church, market, school and services which can be reached on foot. The centre of the town is surrounded by streets whose fronts create a "belt" of low double-storeyed buildings erected in the Amsterdam style, protecting the interior of the complex against noise and intruders. In the inner part of the arrangement postmodern architecture predominates while around the borders we can see the neo-Saxon and neo-Gothic rural style. The green suburbs are not independent, in the sense of administration and employment, because most of the inhabitants are employed in Antwerp. Although, in essence, they deny Howard's idea of garden-cities, whose main purpose was the limitation of spatial development of enormous agglomerations, they nevertheless possess some typical features of his idea. They create an environment of housing consisting of small communities, spatially separated. Different heights of buildings with features of a cohesive conception, its small human scale with a great percentage of green areas - wide green belts for recreational functions give its inhabitants the feeling'of identity and attachment to the place. The outstanding feature of this kind of habitat is the combining of low multi-family building with intensive one-family building. An integration of the rich with the poor by housing them in close neighbourhood has its patterns in Holland's contemporary movement. Brasschaat is a green suburb of Antwerp composed of several settlements of varied standard and character. The complex of Neerwel-den belongs to the most interesting of the settlements. It constitutes an arrangement of garden-settlement features with a common area in the centre, connected by alleys, with winding streets where one-family houses are grouped. The complex is created by free-standing houses, most often presenting the rural neo-Gothic style. The Gothic verticalism and detail appears in the form of the houses. The houses create a cohesive urbanistic composition due to the use of homogeneous material -elevation brick of various hues also the human scale of the arrangement as well as the application of uniting elements - characteristic colours and floor designs as well as small architecture. The green suburbs, as fragments of Howard's idea, establish a successive step on the way of shaping housing arrangements in the trend of balanced settlement development.