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1

Temporal variation of seismic b‑value in the Himalayas and foreland region and its implications on crustal stress variability

Chetia Monisha, Gogoi Priti Rekha, Lahiri Siddhartha Kumar

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 4

1675--1692

EN

The temporal variation of seismic b-values during 1964–2020 was investigated for the Himalayas and foreland lying between 69°E-98°E and 21°N-36°N covering a range of more than 3000 km in five different time windows; 1964–1974, 1975–1985, 1986–1996, 1997–2007, and 2008–2020. The b-values show a very significant variation from 0.4 to 3.3. Seismically active areas are either in the phase of incubation or the phase of trigger indicating stress accumulation punctuated release. Since each jump in the magnitude of earthquakes is associated with a logarithmic decrease in frequency, an incubation period can be treated as the occurrence of a large number of low-magnitude earthquakes (cumulative energy released is much smaller than a single big trigger); hence, large b-value and the vice-versa. Thus the low b-value anomaly zones may be regarded as high-stress accumulation zones approaching the phase of triggering. The study area was divided into six type zones based on geological, gravity and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data. As expected, most of the large-magnitude earthquakes were seen to have occurred in the low b-value regions. A comparative study of variation in b-values with depth for two windows, the western Himalayan syntaxis and the Indo-Burma range shows differences in the stress accumulation and the triggering potential for different ranges of depths. The study reveals that in the central Himalayas and its adjoining region large-magnitude earthquakes are due in the near future as crustal stress accumulation is high in these zones.

2

Chemical stability assessment of soft magnetic composites for biomedical applications

Powojska Anna, Niewęgłowska Joanna, Suska Sylwia, Cavadas Adelio, Mystkowska Joanna

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2022

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vol. 25, no. 164

2--8

EN

Silicone-based elastic composites with a metallic filler have been strongly developed in recent years. These materials are considered applicable in many fields of science, including medicine. The advantageous mechanical parameters provided by the NdFeB micropowder reinforcement are balanced by the elasticity and biocompatibility guaranteed by the silicone matrix. So far, there have been several reports regarding such composites’ properties important from the biomedical point of view. The article deals with the physicochemical parameters of the new material for medical applications as well as the properties of the incubation liquid. The aim of the work was to determine effects of both the magnetic particles content (0, 30, 50, 70 wt%) and the incubation process under physiological conditions on the physicochemical properties of the material and the solution after incubation. The samples were incubated for various periods of time (8, 16 and 24 weeks) at the temperature of 37°C in a 0.9 wt% NaCl solution. The density, water contact angle, and water absorption of the materials were measured. The electrolytic conductivity, pH value, redox potential, surface tension, and kinematic viscosity were determined for the liquids after the materials incubation. The results obtained for pure silicone and the silicone-based composite reinforced with NdFeB microparticles were compared. The results indicate that incubation affects the samples and liquids, changing their physiochemical properties. For composites, the density decreased, which results in a noticeable concentration of the examined elements in the solutions.

3

Contextual effects on routine persistence: the case of a social subsystem

Kandora M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Organizacja i Zarządzanie

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2018

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Nr 77

85--106

EN

Organizational routines form the background and ensure the linkage of most everyday activities inside an organization. They have also been the subject of extensive scholarly inquiry over the last thirty years. Nevertheless, extant Routine Theory does not explain unequivocally their origin. It also provides only poor guidance on how to shape them in practice. In particular, there is a dilemma of how to facilitate their persistence whilst reducing the randomness of this process on the one hand, and, on the other, to maintain its effectiveness, dependent on the right degree of management involvement (and the associated cost). This article drafts one of the possible approaches to address this issue, referred to as incubation, and identifies factors influencing routine persistence (based on a thorough review of the literature), specific to the social subsystem of the organization. The identified set of factors may be further used to steer the routine incubation process.

PL

Rutyny organizacyjne spajają większość codziennych działań uczestników organizacji. Są również, od ponad trzydziestu lat, przedmiotem szczególnego zainteresowania nauk o zarządzaniu. Dostępna baza teoretyczna nie wyjaśnia jednak jednoznacznie ich genezy. Dostarcza też jedynie ubogich wskazówek dotyczących ich kształtowania w praktyce. Pojawia się w szczególności dylemat, jak je utrwalać, aby z jednej strony ograniczyć przypadkowość tego procesu, a z drugiej zachować jego efektywność, w tym racjonalny poziom zaangażowania kierownictwa. W niniejszym artykule zasygnalizowano jedno z możliwych podejść do rozwiązania tego problemu zwane inkubacją i dokonano identyfikacji czynników rutynotwórczych (na podstawie przeglądu literatury przedmiotu), właściwych podsystemowi społecznemu organizacji, które stanowią podzbiór parametrów sterujących tym procesem.

4

Wpływ promieniowania rentgenowskiego na stabilność wybranych właściwości polietylenu

Wiśniewska A., Chwalik G., Łagan S.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

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2018

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nr 1

3--11

PL

Przeprowadzono ocenę procesu degradacji polietylenu (PE) w warunkach in vitro pod wpływem działania promieniowania rentgenowskiego (X) oraz inkubacji w dwóch roztworach symulujących środowisko żywego organizmu (SBF – simulated body fluid). W badaniach wykorzystano dawkę odpowiadającą 10 standardowym zdjęciom rentgenowskim układu kostnego oraz roztwory Ringera i soli fizjologicznej o temperaturze 40°C. Przedstawiono wyniki wpływu 12-miesięcznych badań na wybrane właściwości powierzchni materiału: zwilżalności powierzchni oraz ścieralności. Na podstawie pomiarów kąta zwilżania określono wartość swobodnej energii powierzchniowej (SEP). Wykonano również analizę przewodności płynów inkubacyjnych. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że przyjęta dawka promieniowania rentgenowskiego nie ma istotnego wpływu na zwilżalność powierzchni polietylenu. Charakter warstwy wierzchniej polietylenu nie zmienił się na skutek 12-miesięcznej inkubacji i pozostał hydrofilowy. Dla próbek inkubowanych w obu płynach imersyjnych zaobserwowano spadek wartości swobodnej energii powierzchniowej (SEP). Zarówno dla napromieniowanego materiału, jak i grupy kontrolnej nie stwierdzono znaczących zmian w masie próbek oraz przewodności płynów inkubacyjnych, co wskazuje na stabilność polietylenu. Uzyskano natomiast wzrost wartości ścieralności o ok. 26%. Wraz z upływem czasu inkubacji zauważono spadek wartości tego parametru dla polietylenu poddanego działaniu promieniowania. Dla grupy kontrolnej nie stwierdzono znaczących zmian.

EN

The evaluation of a degradation process of polyethylene (PE) in in vitro conditions under the influence of X-rays (X) and an in-cubation in two solutions simulating the environment of a living organism (SBF – simulated body fluid) was carried out. A dose corresponding to 10 standard X-ray pictures of the skeletal system as well as Ringer's and saline solutions at 40°C were used in the study. The paper presents the results of the influence of the 12-month studies on the selected surface properties of the material: surface wettability and abrasiveness. The value of surface free energy (SFE) was determined on the basis of the wetting angle measurements. The conductivity of the incubation fluids was also analyzed. The obtained results indicate that the adopted dose of X-ray radiation has no significant effect on the wettability of the surface of polyethylene. The nature of the surface layer of polyethylene did not change as a result of the 12-month incubation and remained hydrophilic. For the samples incubated in both immersion fluids, a decrease in surface free energy (SFE) was observed. For both the irradiated material and the control group, no significant changes in the mass of the samples and the conductivity of the incubation fluids were found, which indicates the stability of polyethylene. However, the abrasion value increased by approximately 26%. With the passage of the incubation time, a decrease in the value of this parameter was observed for the polyethylene subjected to radiation. No significant changes were found for the control group.

5

Responses of soil ß-glucosidase activities to simulated increased precipitation in a semi-arid temperate grasslands

Rui X., Liang D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

401--404

EN

In concurrent with global warming, precipitation regimes are predicted to change as well around the world. In this study, two experimental sites were selected with different nutrient availability along a slope to study the effects of simulated increased precipitation on soil β-glucosidase activities in an Inner Mongolian grassland. Soil samples were adjusted to 55% of water holding capacity and incubated at 22°C in the dark for 32 days. Soil β-glucosidase activities were measured prior to and after the incubation. Results showed that soil β-glucosidase activities had differential responses to increased precipitation with a significant increase in the downslope site, but not in the upslope site. Correlation analysis showed that the initial soil β-glucosidase activities exerted a significantly negative relationship with soluble organic nitrogen (N). Our results indicated that both water availability and soil soluble N availability played important roles in regulating β-glucosidase activities in this semiarid region.

6

Źródła oraz metody badań związków arsenu w próbkach środowiskowych

Burzyńska O., Siebielska I

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2012

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Tom 14

417--426

EN

The article is a review of information available in literature about arsenic and its compounds. The paper characterizes forms of arsenic that can be found in the environment, main chemical and physical transformations it undergoes, application of arsenic in industry and agriculture, dangers associated with arsenic contamination and its toxicity for humans and the environment. Natural and artificial sources of arsenic are discussed. Final part presents fractionating of arsenic in detail, as well as main methods of arsenic determination in the laboratory.

7

In vitro tests of dense hydroxyapatite materials

Sobczak A., Kida A., Kowalski Z., Wzorek Z.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2009

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Vol. 11, nr 1

44-49

EN

The paper presents the results of the calcining process of deproteinised and defatted bone pulp called bone sludge. The calcining process was performed in two stages. The first step of the calcining process was realized at the temperature of 600°C in a rotary kiln. In the second stage the obtained bone ashes were calcined at five different temperatures from 650°C to 950°C for 2 hours in a chamber kiln and in air atmosphere. The products of the calcining process were characterized by the XRD method. Calcium content was determined by titration whereas the contents of total phosphorus and acid-soluble phosphorus - by the spectrophotometric method. The X-ray analysis confirmed that hydroxyapatite is the main component of the calcining products. Calcium and phosphorus contents were kept at the level of 40% and 17.5%, respectively, which corresponded to the Ca/P ratio of not stechiometric hydroxyapatite. In vitro studies, in the simulated body fluid, Ringer liquid and distilled water were realised. The measurements of pH value of SBF and Ringer fluid were realized. Additionally electrical conductivity as well as pH for distilled water where conducted. The goal of these tests was to evaluate chemical durability of dense hydroxyapatite materials.

8

Evaluation of the biomedical properties of hydroxyapatite obtained from bone waste

Sobczak A., Kida A., Kowalski Z., Wzorek Z.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2009

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Vol. 11, nr 1

37-43

EN

The method of obtaining hydroxyapatite by thermal treatment of deproteinised and defatted bone pulp called bone sludge was presented. The products of the calcining process were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The calcium content was determined with titration, whereas the contents of total phosphorus - with a spectrophotomertric method. X-ray investigations confirmed that hydroxyapatite was the main component of the calcining products in the calcining process. The FT-IR spectra confirmed that all organic substances were removed during the calcining process. On the basis of the research into physiological liquids the propensity to resorption of hydroxyapatite bioceramic was evaluated.

9

Pomiar rozwoju małego i średniego przedsiębiorstwa w fazie inkubacji

Przybył D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Budowa Maszyn i Zarządzanie Produkcją

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2008

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Nr 8

93-99

PL

Celem artykułu jest próba ustalenia, na jakie czynniki wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne trzeba zwrócić uwagę przy dokonywaniu pomiaru rozwoju przedsiębiorstwa, w tym przypadku przedsiębiorstwa będącego w stanie szczególnym, czyli w momencie narodzin i początku rozwoju. Rozważania mają służyć do ustalenia optymalnego zestawu usług wspomagających powstanie i rozrost firmy, które inkubatory przedsiębiorczości mogłyby oferować. Kolejnym celem artykułu jest określenie kryteriów, które będą mogły posłużyć do selekcji projektów biznesowych (również dla inkubatorów przedsiębiorczości).

EN

The following paper is part of a bigger project, namely the author's doctoral dissertation. The aim of the paper is to establish what internal and external factors should one take into account when measuring enterprise growth. In this case, an enterprise which is in its special state, that is, its birth and growth. The discussion is to serve further work which is to establish an optimal set of services supporting the existence and growth of a company; services which could be offered by business incubators. A further aim of this paper is to determine those criteria which may be used in selecting business projects (e.g. also in selecting business incubators).

10

Ageing of organic matter in incubated freshwater sediments; in fer ences from C and H isotope ratios of methane

Szynkiewicz A., Modelska A., Jedrysek M-O., Kurasiewicz M., Mastalerz M.

Geological Quarterly

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2008

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Vol. 52, No 4

383-383

EN

The freshwater sediments were incubated under anaerobic conditions for 570 and 879 days to in vestigate the potential variations in methanogenic pathways due to increasing sediment age and recalcitrance of organic matter. The methanogenic pathways did not shift from acetate fermentation toward CO2 reduction, as indicated by the observed variations of the isotopic composition of methane in natural conditions. It appeared, however, that the observed decrease of methane concentration (from 86 to 39%) and continuous in crease in d13C(CH4) (from –69.7 to –59.0‰) and dD(CH4) values (from –381 to –320‰) resulted mainly from exhaustion of at least one methanogenic substratein the incubated sediments. To better understand processes controlling the variations of delta exp.13C(CH4) and deltaD(CH4) values relative to ageing of organic matter, the method of principal component analysis (PCA) was used. This method offers good comparison of the relation ships between variables when a larger number of parameters control a given process in the same time period. In this study, the PCA indicated three distinctive factors that controlled decomposition of organic matter during the incubation. Factor 1 explained 33% of observed variations among the variables and had positive (0.93–0.92) loadings for electric conductivity and DIC concentration and negative loading for delta exp.13C(CH4) val ues (–0.72). Factor 2 accounted for 28% and had high posi ive loading for deltaD(CH4) value (0.86) and high negative loading for methane concentration (–0.81). Factor 3 accounted for 19% and exhibited high positive loadings for temperature (0.90) and delta exp.13C(DIC) value (0.69). Factors 1 and 2 were directly linked to the methanogenesis and indicated that bigger accumulation of bio-products in sediments is likely important for variations of delta exp.3C and deltaD of methane. This study shows that method of principal component analysis might be a useful tool while studying biogeochemical carboncy cleduring early digenesis of freshwater sediments.

11

Incubator for individual eggs of fish

Bardega R., Luczynski M.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2007

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Vol. 3, No. 2

49-51

EN

We have constructed and tested a device for incubation of individual eggs of fish. We measured the diameter of fertilized and water hardened eggs of vendace (Coregonus albula). Each egg developed in a separate incubator, which was a modified Pasteur pipette. Incubation of 315 eggs resulted in 249 hatched embryos (eleutheroembryos). The technique enabled identification of each eleutheroembryo hatching from a given egg. Example of relationship between external diameter of egg and the length of eleutheroembryo showed potential applications of the technique in studies on fish reproduction biology.

12

Wady i zalety beztlenowej inkubacji osadów w badaniach nad mikrobiologiczną produkcją metanu

Szynkiewicz A., Jędrysik M. O.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Górnictwa Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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2004

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Vol. 107, nr 39

313-322

PL

Jednym z głównych źródeł metanu są beztlenowe osady słodkowodne. Ze względu na wiele niemożliwych do kontrolowania czynników środowiskowych wpływających na tempo produkcji metanu we współczesnych osadach, przenosi sieje w celu eksperymentów do laboratoriów i inkubuje w warunkach kontrolowanych. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono metodę inkubacji osadów o dużych objętościach, które w porównaniu do inkubacji osadów o małych objętościach, lepiej naśladują warunki w jakich osady są w naturze. Pomiary przewodnictwa elektrycznego i potencjału redoks w kolumnie wodnej wykazały, że mieszanie osadu z wodą w celu pozbycia się resztek metanu nie pobranych do analizy, wpływa na zaburzenie warunków panujących w osadzie maksymalnie na 5 dni. Można przyjąć, że od 6 dnia po wymieszaniu osadu z wodą przewodnictwo elektryczne i potencjał redoks zależą od procesów rozkładu materii organicznej zachodzących w osadzie. Według autorów analiza tempa i zmian produkcji metanu w prowadzonej inkubacji osadów jest właściwa pod warunkiem, że interwały czasu pomiędzy kolejnymi dniami obserwacji są takie same i wyraźnie dłuższe niż 5 dni.

EN

Methane is one of greenhouse gases responsible for increase of global temperature of the atmosphere. The main source of atmospheric methane are recent anaerobic freshwater sediments. A great number of environmental factors control methane production in sediments. Thus, for scientific puropse, such sediments are often incubated under laboratory conditions. In contrast to other authors using mililiters-scale incubators, the method of incubation presented in this work, applied much bigger incubators i.e. liters-scale. This allowed to better simulate natural environments. The analysis of electric conductivity and redox potential in water column shown that mixing of sediments with water column during/after sampling action, results changes physicochemical conditions in the incubators up to 5th day after the mixing. After 6 days the changes of electric conductivity and redox potential are depended on the processes of organic matter decomposition in the sediment. In our opinion, the analysis of the rate and changes of methane production in the proposed method of incubation are correct when intervals between subsequent observation days are the same and distinctly longer than 5 days.

13

The dietary yeast enriched with the bioelements waste-free technology production

Dobrzański Z., Ryszka F., Górecka H., Dolińska B., Opaliński S.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2004

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Vol. 6, nr 4

10-14

EN

The industrial production of yeast is responsible for a huge amount of technological sludge which is very difficult to clean and recycle. The technology of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast production on the basis of saccharose (simple sugar or molasses), lactose or glucose with the incorporation of selenium, chromium and zinc compounds for fodder purposes has been described. This technology is characterized by a high efficiency of the dry biomass (max. 93.6%) and very low amount of waste. The complete efficiency of the incorporation process reached 79.5% for a selenium, 74.4% for a chromium and 62.8% for a zinc. The use of the yeast enriched with these bioelements proved very good in the case of monogastric animals (swine, poultry).

14

Cadmium Mobility in Different Soils Amended by Sewage Sludge Incubated with Limestone and Lime, and Cd Uptake by Oats

Hanc A., Tlustos P., Szakova J., Balik J., Pavlikova D.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2002

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Vol. 9, nr 11

1365-1371

EN

The objective of this study was focused on the accumulation of Cd by above ground biomass of oat grown on three soils with different soil properties treated by incubated sewage sludge amended by lime and limestone and on the changes of availability of Cd in soil I when treated sewage sludge was applied. Different properties of soils and sludges affected Cd availability. The sludge application increased the available Cd content in Luvisol and decreased in Chernozem. Sewage sludge amended by lime and limestone showed the highest effect in acid soil. The highest Cd concentration in plant biomass was found at treatments amended by nonincubated sludge. Lime reduced the Cd content in plant biomass more than other treatments. No differences were found between aerobic and anaerobic sludge effect on Cd content in above oat biomass.

PL

Cel badań skupiał się na akumulacji Cd w biomasie części nadziemnych owsa rosnącego na trzech glebach o różnych właściwościach. traktowanych inkubowanym osadem ściekowym wzbogaconym wapnem tlenkowym lub węglanem i na zmianach przyswajalności Cd w glebach, na których ten osad ściekowy był stosowany. Różne właściwości gleb i osadów wpływały na dostępność Cd. Stosowanie osadów zwiększało zawartość przyswajalnego Cd w glebie płowej, a zmniejszało w czarnoziemie. Osady ściekowe wzbogacone wapnem tlenkowym lub węglanowym wykazywały największy efekt na glebie kwaśnej. Największą zawartość Cd w biomasie roślin stwierdzono w kombinacjach nawożonych osadem nieinkubowanym. Wapno redukowało zawartość Cd w biomasie roślin bardziej niż inne zabiegi. Nie stwierdzono różnic między działaniem osadów inkubowanych w warunkach tlenowych i beztlenowych na zawartość Cd w biomasie części nadziemnych owsa.