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1

Broken engine’s crankshaft misalignment inspection by using reverse engineering technique

Khuanlieng W., Chuvaree S., Janmanee P.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 125, nr 2

65--74

EN

Purpose: The research aims to study the measuring data comparison between the broken crankshaft and the new crankshaft. The broken crankshaft has been investigated whether to measure dimensions or misalignment value. Therefore, the new crankshaft was measured and compared with a broken crankshaft using a 3D laser scanner. The misalignment value has been related to the overlapping value of a broken crankshaft by using a 3D software application. Design/methodology/approach: The broken crankshaft has been compared with the new crankshaft in contemporary models. The broken crankshaft was produced and assembled from an automobile manufacturer’s factory. It belonged to a particular Diesel engine that fractured while running in normal driving conditions. The broken crankshaft dimension has been investigated to find out the worn-out and misalignment value. The broken crankshaft inspection was measured using a micrometre and a 3D laser scanner application. Both crankshafts were created as artefact 3D models by the 3D laser scanner of the HandySCAN700 model. The accuracy of the 3D laser scanner will be presented in terms of measuring error. Two crankshafts were combined in concentric mate function. The inspection points were carried out at 4 points of each 90° around the main journal diameter, by following the guidelines of crankshaft inspection on a workshop manual basis. The overlapping value of each main journal will be measured by a 3D compare function at 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° respectively. Findings: The results showed the average diameter of the broken crankshaft’s main journal was less than the limit value. A new crankshaft was judged to be needed to be replaced. Moreover, it showed the lowest diameter of main journal No. 2 was 69.890 mm. It carried a 0.06% excessive worn-out value. The measuring error value of the 3D laser scanner was found and required for user-performed calibration procedures. The highest overlapping value was higher than the standard tolerance, up to 117%. It was located at the main journal No. 3 at 180° and near the fractured point of the broken crankshaft. Research limitations/implications: The study of the broken crankshaft inspection was limited to either under-warranty or over-warranty cases. Most of the technicians in authorised automobile dealerships had no intention of performing the inspection process completely. In addition, they were lack of measuring skills and data records. Moreover, automotive manufacturers cannot support the 3D dimension data because it may affect the business’s confidential data leakage. Practical implications: The workshop manual mentioned the crankshaft inspection as a basic tool. In the case of complex components, automotive manufacturers should consider the utilisation of non-contact measuring tools for inspection reference. Originality/value: A reverse engineering technique was applied to scan the broken crankshaft into a 3D model using 3D laser scanning technology, which is used to reduce the measuring time and measuring value error in the inspection process.

2

Zastosowanie współrzędnościowych systemów pomiarowych w procesie inżynierii rekonstrukcyjnej

Jamuła Barbara, Bazan Anna, Turek P., Magdziak Marek

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

|

2023

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nr 7-8

26--32

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane prace z zakresu inżynierii rekonstrukcyjnej realizowane w Katedrze Technik Wytwarzania i Automatyzacji (KTWiA) na Wydziale Budowy Maszyn i Lotnictwa (WBMiL) Politechniki Rzeszowskiej im. Ignacego Łukasiewicza (PRz).

3

Alternative Security of the Combat Readiness Recovery Using 3D Printing and Reverse Engineering

Augustyn Sławomir, Kowalski Rafał

Safety & Defense

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2023

|

2

40--51

EN

Disrupting spare parts supply chains can harm the smooth running of an organization. In the case of military vehicles, weapons or other types of equipment used on the battlefield, this is a serious threat that may result in the inability to continue some tactical operations. An ad hoc way to maintain the ability to take action while the appropriate spare parts are delivered and to improve damaged devices may be to produce the damaged components locally. Such a temporary solution is possible for relatively simple elements whose structure, mechanical properties and principle of operation can be determined on a reverse engineering basis. This article describes the concept of alternative solutions for temporarily repairing damaged devices by producing spare parts in mobile specialized production subunits. This paper characterizes the types of 3D printing, contemporary examples of use in foreign armies, priorities of international alliances related to 3D printing, and a case study of repairing an unmanned aircraft by means of 3D printing. Using the experience and knowledge of foreign armies, adapting the possibilities of 3D printing applications to one's own needs, defining legal regulations and creating properly equipped subunits makes it possible to implement the presented concept. Creating conditions for implementing the described concept facilitates the production of a suitable product range in peace, crisis or conflict situations, which may significantly contribute to increasing the level of readiness of the national defense systems.

4

Reverse engineering technology in the process of automotive component innovation

Kender Štefan

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

|

2023

|

Vol. 90, nr 3

16--23

EN

The paper presents the possibilities of using reverse engineering technology in the digitization of automotive components and their innovation. The selected car component was digitized. A CAD model of the part was created based on the scanned point clouds. Point clouds were scanned by a laser 3D scanner in PolyWorks software. The reference 3D model was created from a point cloud in CATIA V5. It is then possible to compare the scanned point cloud and the reference model. The comparison of the scanned point cloud and the reference model is performed in PolyWorks. The process of scanning an automotive component using the FARO PLATINUM ARM 3D scanning arm is documented. The reference 3D model was subsequently modified and innovated for the facelift car model.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości wykorzystania technologii inżynierii odwrotnej w digitalizacji podzespołów motoryzacyjnych oraz ich innowacyjności. Wybrany element samochodu został zdigitalizowany. Na podstawie zeskanowanych chmur punktów stworzono model CAD części. Chmury punktów skanowano laserowym skanerem 3D w programie PolyWorks. Referencyjny model 3D został stworzony z chmury punktów w programie CATIA V5. Możliwe jest wówczas porównanie zeskanowanej chmury punktów z modelem referencyjnym. Porównanie zeskanowanej chmury punktów z modelem referencyjnym odbywa się w programie PolyWorks. Udokumentowano proces skanowania komponentu samochodowego za pomocą ramienia skanującego FARO PLATINUM ARM 3D. Referencyjny model 3D został następnie zmodyfikowany i udoskonalony na potrzeby modelu samochodu po liftingu.

5

A way of supporting the servicing of production machines using reverse engineering and 3D printing techniques

Loska Andrzej, Palka Dorota, Bień Alicja, Substelny Katarzyna

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2022

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nr 1

28--36

EN

The use of machines and devices causes their components to wear out, which leads to damage. The easiest and fastest method of repair is to replace this element with a new one. The problem arises when the desired element is not available on the market, technical documentation is unavailable or the costs of acquiring a new element are too high. In such a situation, engineering reconstruction, also known as reverse engineering, is used, which allows for the reconstruction of technical documentation and the production of a new product thanks to additive technology. The article presents the process of reverse engineering and the types of additive manufacturing technology. The aim of the article is to present the possibilities of using the reverse engineering method and 3D printing in the reconstruction of sample machine parts. The work uses the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) spatial production technology. The relevance of the article is confirmed by the possibility of its practical use in the field of machine servicing support.

PL

Eksploatacja maszyn i urządzeń powoduje, że ich podzespoły zużywają się, a to prowadzi do uszkodzeń. Najprostszą i najszybszą metodą naprawy jest wymiana tego elementu na nowy. Problem pojawia się, gdy pożądany element nie jest dostępny na rynku, niedostępna jest dokumentacja techniczna lub koszty pozyskania nowego elementu są zbyt wysokie. W takiej sytuacji zastosowanie znajduje rekonstrukcja inżynierska nazywana również inżynierią odwrotną, która pozwala na odtworzenie dokumentacji technicznej oraz wykonanie nowego produktu dzięki technologii addytywnej. W artykule przedstawiono proces przebiegu inżynierii odwrotnej oraz rodzaje technologii wytwarzania przyrostowego. Celem artykułu jest przedstawianie możliwości zastosowania metody inżynierii odwrotnej oraz druku przestrzennego w rekonstrukcji przykładowych części maszyn. W pracy wykorzystano technologię wytwarzania przestrzennego FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling). Zasadność artykułu potwierdza możliwość jego praktycznego wykorzystania w zakresie wspomagania serwisowania maszyn.

6

Prototype of hand prosthesis components manufactured with biocompatible material using PolyJet Matrix technology

Szczygieł Paweł

Mechanik

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2022

|

R. 95, nr 7

50--54

EN

This paper presents a procedure for developing a components of the hand prosthesis using reverse engineering. The hand model was obtained using a plaster cast and a 3D scanner. The 3D model of the prosthesis was remodelled using selected CAD software. The prosthesis was made of MED610 polymer material using PolyJet Matrix (PJM) technology. The MED610 material was chosen for its biocompatible properties. The printed model of the finger prosthesis was subjected to a bending test.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono procedurę projektowania elementów protezy dłoni z wykorzystaniem inżynierii odwrotnej. Modele dłoni odwzorowano w postaci odlewów gipsowych. Korzystając ze skanera 3D otrzymano chmurę punktów, którą przekonwertowano do pliku STL. Model 3D protezy przebudowano w oprogramowaniu CAD. Protezę wykonano z materiału polimerowego MED610 z zastosowaniem technologii PolyJet Matrix (PJM). Materiał MED610 został wybrany ze względu na biokompatybilne właściwości. Wydrukowany model protezy poddano próbie zginania.

7

Reverse engineering of research engine cylinder-head

Cieślik Wojciech, Szwajca Filip, Wisłocki Krzysztof

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

73--82

EN

The pursuit of increasing the efficiency of internal combustion engines is an ongoing engineering task that requires numerous research efforts. New concepts of injection or combustion systems require preliminary investigation work using research engines. These engines, usually single-cylinder, make it possible to isolate a single variable in a complex combustion mixture preparation process, thus enabling analysis of the changes being made. However, these engines are relatively expensive and their designs are offered by a limited number of manufacturers. The authors of this paper have successfully undertaken the engineering task of modifying an existing research engine cylinder head in such a way as to implement an electronically controlled variable valve timing system of the intake system. The process of reverse engineering, together with design assumptions that finally contributed to the construction of the assumed solution has been described in this paper.

8

Specified weight cutting system for irregular solid material based on 3D scanning

He Jiadong, Huang Yafeng, Zang Xiao, Zhang Yajun

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 5

art. no. e143108

EN

A specified weight-cutting system for irregular solid materials such as rubber is important for industrial engineering. Currently, the workers’ experience is used, which has low accuracy and efficiency. A specified weight cutting system for irregular solid material based on 3D scanning is proposed in this paper, which aims to overcome the inaccuracy and inefficiency of the manual cutting process. Firstly, the surface of the irregular solid material is scanned by a tracking 3D laser scanner, and a triangular mesh file is generated. Secondly, the defects of the 3D model are repaired by reverse engineering, and then the 3D model file of the irregular objects is generated. Finally, the cutting position of the specified weight solid material is calculated by the calculation algorithm in UG software. In short, this research creates a new method for processing data collected by the 3D scanner, by working jointly with multiple devices and software, facilitating the cutting of irregular solid materials with specified weights. Additionally, the system has the advantage of accuracy and efficiency over the experience of workers.

9

Reverse engineering in modeling agricultural products

Boryga Marek, Kołodziej Paweł

Agricultural Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 26, No. 1

105--117

EN

The purpose of the study was to use reverse engineering to model biological products, especially sugar beet root. In the process of creating the solid model, the appropriate tools available in the 3D design environment were applied. The 3D scan of the beet, in the form of a spatial point cloud, was used to project the root geometry. This was, in turn, used to construct a triangulation grid that includes nodal points of triangles. The subsequent steps presented the process of creating a solid model using the Interpolation Spline tool. Attention has been paid to the possibility of modifying the geometry by inserting additional points into the existing interpolation spline and changing angular position as well as the distance of the structural planes. Geometry mapping error values were determined with regard to the reference model depending on the spread value of the Structural Planes. Error courses are non-linear with a logarithmic line trend (surface field error) and a linear line trend (volume error). The effects demonstrated the usefulness of geometry projection and its applicability to support the strength testing of biological materials, with particular emphasis on dynamic tests using whole roots.

PL

Celem pracy było zastosowanie inżynierii odwrotnej do modelowania produktów pochodzenia biologicznego a w szególności korzenia buraka cukrowego. W procesie tworzenia modelu bryłowego wykorzystano odpowiednie narzędzia jakimi dysponuje środowisko do projektowania 3D. Pomocą w odwzorowaniu geometrii korzenia był trójwymiarowy skan buraka stanowiący przestrzenną chmurę punktów. Posłużyła ona do budowy siatki triangulacyjnej obejmującej punkty węzłowe trójkątów. W kolejnych krokach przedstawiono przebieg tworzenia modelu bryłowego za pomocą narzędzia Splajn interpolacyjny. Zwrócono uwagę na możliwości modyfikacji odtwarzania geometrii poprzez wprowadzanie kolejnych dodatkowych punktów do istniejącego Splajnu interpolacyjnego oraz zmiany położenia kątowego jak również odległości Płaszczyzn konstrukcyjnych. Wyznaczono wartości błędów odwzorowania geometrii w odniesieniu do modelu referencyjnego w zależności od wartości rozstawienia Płaszczyzn konstrukcyjnych. Przebiegi błędów mają charakter nieliniowy z logarytmiczną linią tredu - błąd pola powierzchni oraz z liniową linią tredu - błąd objętości. Na podstawie uzykanych efektów wykazano przydatność odtwarania geometrii i możliwość jej zastosowania do wspomagania badań wytrzymałościowych materiałów biologicznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem testów dynamicznych z wykorzystaniem całych korzeni.

10

Współczesne zastosowania współrzędnościowej techniki pomiarowej w realizacji projektów z zakresu inżynierii odwrotnej. Cz. I

Kaźmierczak Maciej

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

|

2021

|

nr 7-8

87--90

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono krótki przegląd zrealizowanych przez autora projektów z zakresu inżynierii odwrotnej. Do ich realizacji użyto narzędzi pracujących w ramach współrzędnościowej techniki pomiarowej. Były to współrzędnościowa maszyna pomiarowa Zeiss Accura wyposażona w głowicę skaningową VastXT (metoda kontaktowa) oraz ramię pomiarowe wyposażone w laserową głowicę skaningową (metoda bezkontaktowa).

11

Współczesne zastosowania współrzędnościowej techniki pomiarowej w realizacji projektów z zakresu inżynierii odwrotnej. Cz. II

Kaźmierczak Maciej

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

|

2021

|

nr 11-12

44--45

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono krótki przegląd zrealizowanych przez autora projektów z zakresu inżynierii odwrotnej. Do ich realizacji użyto narzędzi pracujących w ramach współrzędnościowej techniki pomiarowej. Były to współrzędnościowa maszyna pomiarowa Zeiss Accura wyposażona w głowicę skaningową VastXT (metoda kontaktowa) oraz ramię pomiarowe wyposażone w laserową głowicę skaningową (metoda bezkontaktowa).

12

Właściwości lekkich cegieł z 800-letniego obiektu zabytkowego w Indiach

Kumar Degloorkar Nikhil, Kumar Rathish Pancharathi

Cement Wapno Beton

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2021

|

R. 26, nr 2

89--100

PL

Renowacja i konserwacja obiektów dziedzictwa kulturowego w każdym kraju jest zadaniem trudnym i czasami wymaga dużej uwagi. Jest to równocześnie ważne dla podtrzymania kultury i dziedzictwa społeczeństw. Jednak często bardzo trudno jest znaleźć odpowiednie materiały stosowane w przeszłości i dlatego w wyniku zastępowania ich dostępnymi spoiwami cementowymi, może dojść do uszkodzenia starych materiałów. Z tego powodu trzeba zbadać te antyczne materiały i opracować podobne zastępcze, o zbliżonych właściwościach. Ten materiał zastępczy powinien mieć podobny skład mineralny i właściwości fizyczne, a wówczas nie będzie stwarzał problemów w trakcie naprawy i po jej wykonaniu. W niniejszej pracy, przy użyciu nowoczesnych technik analitycznych, a przede wszystkim mikroskopii elektronowej, rentgenografii i spektroskopii w podczerwieni, zbadano skład antycznej cegły pływającej, stosowanej w indyjskim obiekcie zabytkowym. Określono również właściwości fizyczne, a mianowicie ciężar właściwy, gęstość nasypową, zawartość pustek i porowatość. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy można stwierdzić, że cegły były lekkie, o czym decydowała duża porowatość, i mogły pływać w wodzie, gdyż były to pojedyncze pory zamknięte. Cegły wykonano z gliny prażonej w niskich temperaturach, co pozwoliło uzyskać dużą porowatość. Skład chemiczny cegieł, oznaczony pod mikroskopem elektronowym przy zastosowaniu mikroanalizy rentgenowskiej, składał się z kwarcu, tlenku glinu i hematytu. To niskotemperaturowe prażenie gliny zostało poparte analizą FTIR, wykazującą wiązania Si-O, które nie są trwałe w wysokiej temperaturze.

EN

Restoration and preservation of Heritage Structures in any country is a challenging task and sometimes requires urgent attention. Moreover, it is important for sustenance of culture and heritage of the society. But many times, it is very difficult to find matching materials used in the past and hence due to use of available cementitious materials there can be degeneration of existing material. In view of this, there is a need to characterize these ancient materials and develop alternate materials with almost similar characteristics. With this knowledge, an alternate material similar in mineral composition and physical properties need to be developed, which will not have compatibility issues during and after repair. In the present study, the material characterization of an ancient floating brick at an Indian Heritage site was examined using modern analytical techniques like SEM-EDS, XRD and FTIR. In addition, the physical properties like specific gravity, bulk density, voids ratio and porosity were also determined. From the analysis, it could be confirmed that the bricks were light in weight due to the pores content and could float in water due to the non-interconnected porosity. Also, the presence of quartz, alumina and hematite from SEM-EDS analysis confirmed that these bricks were made of firing the clay, at lower temperatures, to induce pores. This low temperature firing of clay was supported by FTIR analysis indicating the presence of Si-O bond that would have disappeared at higher temperature.

13

Resolution in the 3D modeling of objects for additive manufacturing and reverse engineering – shutter effect

Coutiño-Moreno Elvis, Estrada Quirino, Maldonado-Onofre Daniel, Rodriguez-Mendez Alejandro, Gomez-Giron Julio

Applied Computer Science

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2021

|

Vol. 17, no 1

40--52

EN

This article presents a proportional relationship between Shutter and the value of the resolution scanning system that allows decision making for modeling 3D parts used in reverse engineering and additive manufacturing. As a first step, the object of interest is treated to dim excessive brightness, then the object is scanned (by point cloud or mesh) with the use of a Handyscan 700 scanner. The point cloud is processed with the Geomagic software Desing X to generate a CAD image and a “.stl” file for 3D printing.

14

Digital Shape and Geometric Dimension Analysis of Polymer Fuel Tanks

Józwik J., Dziedzic K.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

|

Vol. 15, no 4

38--48

EN

3D optical scanning method, is employed to digital shape and geometric dimension analysis of fuel tanks. The following paper presents the application possibilities of the optical 3D measurement method for measuring and archiving dimensions of geometrically complex parts, on the example of a passenger car fuel tank in local company. Based on the conducted measurements, for a specific type and size of the population of fuel tanks, proposed model that classifies the geometric accuracy of the tanks produced in the production line. For the analysis and data processing different informatics techniques have been used. The main objective of theirs was to identify the possibility of implementing the system for automation of the measurement to the production line. The measurements were implementation at local company - a manufacturer of polymer tanks in the automotive industry. For most of the measuring points, the mean value of the measuring deviations ranged from -1 mm to +1 mm. The mean values of the standard deviations are presented for a representative deviation of the X dimension of 0.1; 5; 10; 15 and 20 mm were respectively: 0.014; 0.150; 0.172; 0.289; 0.340 mm. The dimensional shape assessment of the manufactured tanks is extremely important from the point of view of the automation of this task in the production line. The optimization of the measurement of tanks carried out in laboratory conditions was implemented on the production line. The main task of optical scanning for the assessment of dimensional conformity has not been used so far in factory. This is due not only to the cost of such systems, but also to certain limitations that have been resolved thanks to laboratory tests. The obtained results of the metrological inspection make it possible to identify significant dimensional and shape deviations of automatically manufactured tanks. The proposed use of artificial neural networks allows the production with a high quality of tanks accuracy with the minimum the number of scanned tanks in the production line. The paper also presents the possibilities of the computer software to analyze the deviations of geometrically very complex parts.

15

Cyfryzacja w budownictwie. BIM i cyfrowy bliźniak

Tomana Andrzej

Wiadomości Projektanta Budownictwa

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2020

|

nr 10-11

6--9

16

The analysis of the gear’s geometry measurement with various measuring systems

Tymczyszyn Jarosław

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

|

2020

|

nr 3

39--46

EN

The paper presents a comparison between contact and optical measuring systems, which can be implemented to measure the shape and dimensional accuracy. The comparison included the MarSurf XC20 contact system, the iNEXIVE optical microscope and the MCA II measuring arm with the MMDx100 laser head as well as the ATOS II Triple Scane structured light scanner. The measurements were conducted on a part of a gear rim. The assessment of the measuring accuracy in relation to the nominal model was performed in the GOM Inspect software. The parametric model of the gear created in the NX software was adopted as the nominal model. According to the obtained reports, it results that the MarSurf XC20 is the most accurate 2D measuring system whereas the ATOS II Triple Scane is the most accurate 3D measuring system.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono porównanie pomiarowych systemów; stykowych oraz optycznych, możliwych do wykorzystania przy weryfikacji dokładności wymiarowo-kształtowej. Porównanie obejmowało system stykowy MarSurf XC20, mikroskop optyczny iNEXIVE , ramię pomiarowe MCA II z głowicą laserową MMDx100 oraz skaner światła strukturalnego ATOS II Triple Scane. Pomiary przeprowadzono na fragmencie wieńca koła zębatego. Ocenę dokładności pomiaru w odniesieniu do modelu nominalnego przeprowadzono w programie GOM Inspect. Za model nominalny przyjęto model parametryczny koła zębatego stworzonego w systemie NX. Według otrzymanych raportów wynika, że najbardziej dokładnym systemem pomiarowym 2D jest MarSurf XC20, a systemem pomiarowym 3D ATOS II Triple Scane.

17

Making copies of religious culture relics using reverse engineering

Pieróg Bartosz, Filipowicz Krzysztof, Pajor Mirosław

Mechanik

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2020

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R. 93, nr 4

16--19

EN

Presented is the process of making copies of reliefs that are religious culture relics. Described is making of two replacements of exhibits from West Pomeranian churches. Priceless relics were made available courtesy of the National Museum in Szczecin that poses them in its collection. Sculptures were scanned using a contactless method with an industrial 3D scanner. Obtained data were used to develop technology and make copies using five-axis milling centre to achieve a satisfying reconstruction of details. Copies were made during realisation of a master project on Mechanics and Machines Making studies in Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics department of the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Achieved effects were, on one hand, the copies and on the other hand, the enrichment of the didactic process with practical experience, necessary in technical studies.

PL

Opisano proces kopiowania płaskorzeźb będących zabytkami kultury sakralnej. Omówiono wykonanie dwóch zastępczych eksponatów pochodzących z kościołów z Pomorza Zachodniego. Bezcenne zabytki zostały udostępnione przez Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie, w którego zbiorach się znajdują. Rzeźby zeskanowano metodą bezdotykową z użyciem przemysłowego skanera 3D. Na podstawie uzyskanych danych opracowano technikę wykonania kopii na pięcioosiowym centrum frezarskim, które dawało gwarancję satysfakcjonującego odwzorowania szczegółów. Wykonanie kopii było elementem pracy dyplomowej na kierunku Mechanika i Budowa Maszyn na Wydziale Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Mechatroniki Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie. Dzięki temu oprócz wykonania kopii eksponatów osiągnięto efekt w postaci wzbogacenia procesu dydaktycznego o niezbędne w toku studiów technicznych doświadczenia praktyczne.

18

The Study on Effects of Walking on the Thermal Properties of Clothing and Subjective Comfort

Špelić Ivana, Rogale Dubravko, Mihelić Bogdanić Alka

Autex Research Journal

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 3

228--243

EN

Former studies done by other authors investigated the first- and second-layered air gaps beneath the clothing garments. None of the previous studies reported multidisciplinary clothing design testing approach linking both the objective measuring methods and subjective responses, while testing the thermal properties linked to a microclimatic volume formed between the layers of garments forming the ensemble. Neither was determined the limiting value of the microclimatic volume for outerwear garments, after which the thermal insulation will start to decrease due to convection. By taking the advantage of the precise three-dimensional (3D) body scanning technology and reverse engineering 3D CAD tool, the volume of the microclimatic air layers formed under outerwear garments was determined to study the impact of the ensemble’s microclimatic volume on the overall insulation value, measured by means of the thermal manikin. The jacket with the smaller microclimatic volume provided 5.2–13.5% less insulation than wider jackets, while the ensembles with tighter jackets showed 0.74–1.9% less insulation in static and 0.9–2.7% more insulation in dynamic conditions, thus proving that the limiting value of the microclimatic volume is greater than previously reported for three-layered ensembles. The effective thermal insulation value was reduced in average by 20.98–25.34% between standing and moving manikins. The thermal manikins are designed for steady-state measurements and do not work well under transient conditions, so three human subjects were employed as evaluators of the clothing thermal quality. In cooler climatic conditions, the measured physiological parameters and subjects’ grades pointed to discomfort while wearing ensembles with tighter jackets.

19

RE4TinyOS: A Reverse Engineering Methodology for the MDE of TinyOS Applications

Marah Hussein M., Challenger Moharram, Kardas Geylani

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2020

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Vol. 21

741--750

EN

In this paper, we introduce a tool-supported reverse engineering methodology, called RE4TinyOS to create or update application models from TinyOS programs for the construction of Wireless Sensor Networks. Integrating with an existing model-driven engineering (MDE) environment, use of RE4TinyOS enables the model-code synchronization where any modification made in the TinyOS application code can be reflected into the application model and vice versa. Conducted case studies exemplified this model-code synchronization as well as the capability of creating application models completely from already existing TinyOS applications without models, which is crucial to integrate the implementations of the third party TinyOS applications into the MDE processes. Evaluation results showed that RE4TinyOS succeeded in the reverse engineering of all main parts of two well-known TinyOS applications taken from the official TinyOS Github repository and generated models were able to be visually processed in the MDE environment for further modifications.

20

Modern Reverse Engineering Methods Used to Modification of Jewelry

Kroma Arkadiusz, Adamczak Oliwia, Sika Robert, Górski Filip, Kuczko Wiesław, Grześkowiak Krzysztof

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2020

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Vol. 14, no 4

298--306

EN

The article presents the results of research aimed at redesigning a jewelry product with the use of modern reverse engineering methods. A detailed review of the literature was conducted and the essence of the application of this technology in the era of Industry 4.0 was presented. The 3D digitization of the research object was performed with the use of Aicon SmartSCAN-HE R8 and DAVID-SLS3 scanners. The obtained better quality file was edited in Autodesk Meshmixer 3.5 software. On the basis of the created model, a 3D print was made using FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) and DPP (Daylight Polymer Printing) technology with two different materials – HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) and photopolymer casting resin. The final stage of the work was the measurement of the surface roughness of the B101 (CuSn10P) tin-phosphorus alloy castings made using the method of investment casting.