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Aktualne kierunki rozwoju elektroniki spinowej

Korzec Z.

Elektronika : prace naukowe

2005

nr 10

7-22

Elektronika spinowa (spintronika) stanowi jedną z dróg rozwoju nanoelektroniki. Artykuł poświęcony jest omówieniu zasad działania i najważniejszych zastosowań przyrządów spintroniki, opartych na zjawiskach magnetycznych występujących w magnetycznych strukturach wielowarstwowych typu GMR oraz tunelowych złączach magnetycznych. Szczególna uwaga została zwrócona na jedno z najważniejszych zastosowań elektroniki spinowej, jakim są pamięci magnetyczne, obecnie powszechnie stosowane, m.in. w systemach napędowych dysków twardych i telefonii komórkowej.

The field of spintronics has its roots dating back to the 1930, when it was first discovered that electrical transport in ferromagnetic metals is comprised of largely independent currents of majority and minority spinelectrons. Generating, manipulating and detecting such spin-polarized current is the essence of spin-electronics. The use of electron spin as a new degree-of-freedom in electron devices offers new functionality and performance. The discovery of enhanced magneto-resistance and oscillatory interlayer exchange coupling in transition metal-multilayers has enabled the development of new classes of magnetically engineered magnetic thin-film materials suitable for advanced magnetic sensors and magnetic random access memories. Commercial success has already been realized in all-metal structures based on giand magneto-resistance a new and entirely spin-derived functionality. The giant magneto-resistance effect (GMR) is due to spin transport between two ferromagnetic metals separated by a nonmagnetic spacer metal and refers to the increase in resistance which occurs when the relative orientation of the magnetic moments of the two magnetic layers is changed from parallel to anti-parallel. The largest GMR in magnetic multilayers are noted for magnetic structures containing the thinnest possible magnetic and nonmagnetic layers. This is because the GMR effect is dominated by spin-dependant scattering at the magnetic/nonmagnetic interfaces. IBM was the first company, which have used GMR in read head sensors. Now this kind of heads is found in virtually all hard disk drives produced today. As the areal density of magnetic recording disc drives continues to increase at an extremely high rate an alternatives to GMR sensors are needed. One of various approaches is introducing the spintronic devices with magnetic tunnel junctions, which are based on quantum mechanical tunneling of spin-polarized electrons through a very thin insulator layer. As nowadays the spin electronics became recognized as an large, dynamic field of research representing one of the most promising way for future technology, in this paper only an general overview is given and the main points are underlined.