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PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia rejestracji dźwięku z wykorzystaniem przestrzennych układów wielu mikrofonów. Omawiana problematyka dotyczy tzw. beamforming'u, modelowania przestrzennych charakterystyk kierunkowych matryc mikrofonów, a także współczesnych technologii realizacji nagrań wielokanałowych z przeznaczeniem do odtwarzania w systemach dźwięku przestrzennego.
EN
In this article the issues concerning sound recording with the use of three-dimensional systems of several microphones were considered. The issues under study concern the so called beamforming, which is modeling three-dimensional directivity patterns of microphone arrays, as well as modern technologies of multichannel recording production with the purpose of reproduction in surround sound systems.
2
Content available remote Detection of spatial effects in sound engineering
EN
The paper describes operation algorithm and equipment as well as software installation of a detector enabling a visual evaluation of acoustic perspective and dominating sound source direction in multi-channel registration and transmission of spatial sound. Proposed system may be successfully used in modern sound engineering studios, including “live” transmissions.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano algorytm działania i realizację sprzętową oraz software’ową detektora umożliwiającego wizualną ocenę perspektywy akustycznej i kierunku źródła dźwięku dominującego w wielokanałowej rejestracji i przekazach dźwięku przestrzennego. Proponowany system może z powodzeniem być wykorzystany w nowoczesnych studiach inżynierii dźwięku, w tym w realizacjach „na żywo”.
PL
W artykule opisano możliwości wykorzystania jednopunktowego mikrofonu surround do wyznaczania kierunku źródła dźwięku (Sound Source Localization - SSL). W eksperymentach zastosowano mikrofon "soundfield" z czterema przetwornikami (kapsułami) o charakterystykach kardioidalnych. Specjalna konstrukcja mechaniczna powoduje, że przetwornik w całości posiada charakterystykę dookólną. Mikrofon ten umożliwia akwizycję dźwięku 3-D w tzw. A - formacie. Po dalszej obróbce sygnału możliwe jest wyznaczenie np. kierunku źródła dźwięku w przestrzeni. Przeprowadzone eksperymenty dowodzą, że prosty algorytm obliczeniowy szczególnie nadaje się do realizacji w czasie rzeczywistym, a zastosowanie mikrofonu "soudfield" znacząco upraszcza konstrukcję mechaniczną systemu SSL.
EN
The paper describes options to use a single point surround microphone to determine a direction of the sound source localization (SSL). A "soundfield" microphone with four transducers (capsules) characterized by cardioid responses. A unique mechanical design of the transducer results in its omnidirectional response. The microphone enables 3D sound acquisition in so called A-format. Upon further processing of signal it is possible to determine e.g. a direction of a sound source within space. The conducted experiments prove that a simple calculation algorithm is in particular feasible for a real time operation, and application of the "soudfield" microphone significantly simplifies mechanical design of the SSL system.
EN
The paper describes operation algorithm as well as hardware and software realization of a detector, enabling a visual evaluation of acoustic perspective and dominating sound source direction in multi-channel registration and transmission of spatial sound. Proposed system may be successfully used in modern sound engineering studios, including "live" transmissions.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano algorytm działania i realizacje sprzętową oraz software’ową detektora umożliwiającego wizualną ocenę perspektywy akustycznej i kierunku źródła dźwięku dominującego w wielokanałowej rejestracji i przekazach dźwięku przestrzennego. Proponowany system może z powodzeniem być wykorzystany w nowoczesnych studiach inżynierii dźwięku, w tym w realizacjach "na żywo".
PL
Celem referatu jest przegląd wybranych zastosowań metod inteligentnych w akustyce, a w szczególności w szeroko rozumianej inżynierii dźwięku. Przedstawione badania i eksperymenty były prowadzone na podstawie sztucznych sieci neuronowych, metody zbiorów przybliżonych, logiki rozmytej, grafów przepływowych Pawlaka oraz algorytmów genetycznych. Rozwiązywane problemy dotyczyły klasyfikacji dźwięków muzycznych, rozpoznawania fraz muzycznych, przetwarzania muzyki, sterowania klasycznymi organami piszczałkowymi oraz oceny jakości w akustyce.
EN
The aim of this paper was to review some chosen applications of computational techniques to acoustics and in particular to sound engineering. The presented research studies employed artificial neural networks, rough set method, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, Pawlak’s flow graphs and other soft computing techniques. The investigated problems were devoted to classification of musical instrument sounds, musical phrases, and intelligent music processing, and also to the domain of computer control of classical organ instruments.
EN
In the paper the concept of HRTF application in the recording process is described. The way of data-acquisition for data-base containing information for 3-D auralization is shown. The measurement procedure, data-base creation and practical application are presented.
EN
This paper presents the basic principles of musical recording in churches. The main technical aspects and their relations to perception of sound are described. The case of microphone setup during orchestral recordings known as "the zone microphones" is an example of using psychoacoustic phenomena in creation of sound image.
EN
Text retrieval methods are developed for many years, so now many people are satisfied with precision and recall of search engines. However there are other multimedia objects in Internet - pictures, video and music. Author of this article presents method for finding all hierarchical hypothesis of musical piece's rhythm. This work is usable to find the rhythmic structure of musical artifact with hierarchy of rhythmic levels. First step of the method is to find periods of levels. Phases are found in the second step. All possible hypotheses are generated, so there is no doubt that the correct hypotheses will be found in the set to be ranked. Author also proposes ranking method basing on the rhythmic tree and musical salience estimated by machine learning system, which uses Data Mining association rules to find relation between physical factors (pitch, length, amplitude) and rhythmic salience of sounds.
EN
The aim of this work is to present a computer-based system for multi-channel sound synchronization. Multichannel sounds are interpreted as simultaneously recorded human speech at different microphone locations and without synchronization between recorders. Computing is based on cross-correlation techniques. The discussion of the implementation and results of tests are included.
EN
The aim of this work is presenting a computer - based system for playing multichannel source material over stereo headphones. The system uses convolution techniques to process source input material with HRIR functions. A standard set of HRIR functions recorded in anechoic chamber was used. The described system was tested employing an expert group to examine the degree of localisation accuracy. Statistically processed results are shown.
EN
The main aspects of spatial attributes of sound important during recording process are described in the paper. Such features as spaciousness, liveness and clarity of real and recorded sound are discussed. Connections between room acoustic parameters and sound image are presented.
EN
In the paper, the kinds of delays and the reasons why its appear in the modern sound recording techniques by means of digital audio workstations, were discussed; the way and the range of delay influence on sound was determined on the basis of experimental research as well as the appriopriate methods of its compensation and removing were presented.
EN
In the paper a proposal was outlined concerning searching for correlation between parameters and musical timbre. The procedure involves first statistical analysis of parameter values. Next, discretization process is performed based on fuzzy logic principles. In the experiments all parameter value domains are limited to five ranges in order to facilitate a comparison between objective analysis and subjective tests. Experts' task in listening tests is to assign semantic description to presented sounds. The next step of the procedure is extraction of rules from the gathered data based on the rough set method. The ROSETTA system is used for this purpose. The derived rules serve then for automatic classification of musical instruments. Some exemplary results are shown and conclusions are derived.
EN
The analysis of the voice-coil loudspeaker efficiency is developed in the paper. For a given value of the voice-coil mass there exists the optimal value of the diameter of the diaphragm, for which the efficiency achieves its maximal value. The optimal diaphragm's diameter increases with the voice-coil mass, and also optimal efficiency increases with with the voice-coil mass. The discussion of technological reality of maximization of the efficiency is done.
EN
The aim of the paper is to verify whether a feature vector based on chosen MPEG-7 sound parameters is sufficient for automatic classification of musical instruments. For that purpose a decision system based on artificial neural network (ANN) is constructed. Experiments consist of several steps. First, pitch detection is performed. Then, parametrization of musical sounds within a group of 12 instruments based on some chosen parameters contained in the MPEG-7 standard and parameters derived from the wavelet analysis is performed. ANNs are trained with feature vectors consisted of parameters contained in the MPEG-7 standard, those extracted from the wavelet analysis and parameters derived from both representations. A comparison of results of the musical instrument classification is done and conclusions are derived.
EN
This paper describes the measurements system of assessments of the quality of speech in rooms. It includes an overview of traditional method of subjective measurements of logatom intelligibility and modified intelligibility test with forced choice. Experiments in which the methods were used are described.
EN
Typical spectral analysis widely used in many technical calculations is not suitable for the validation of musical compositions applied to the musical therapy. That is why we propose in this paper a concept of the modified spectral analysis of music pieces performed in nommiformly distributed bands according to the equal-tempered scale intervals. The analysis of the signal energy spectrum is dynamically executed in relatively long time blocks in order to achieve the required frequency resolution. The presented procedure can be utilized in musicology and in studies of the multi-aspect influence of music on human beings.
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