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EN
This paper aims to assess the quality of composite joints made with the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing technique through strength tests. The first part of this paper details the design of different test sample versions with standardised geometry and the methods of joining plastics by application of 3D printing. The details cover the test apparatus used in the research, sample preparation methodology, as well as tensile and impact testing methodology. The test sample versions were selected according to the test types to have the results fully reproduce the mechanical response of the composite materials to the input forces. The second part of this paper analysis of the test results, presenting the fabrication accuracy of the test samples and their mechanical response recorded during the tests. Five test specimens of each version were produced to enable statistical analysis of the test results, which was indispensable for a reliable data analysis. The tests made it possible to determine how the proposed joints of plastic materials responded to the input forces, the maximum transmitted force limit, and the flaws of each version’s design. The test results made it possible to adapt the suggested solutions in the design engineering of programmable energy-absorbing structures.
PL
W artykule zostały przedstawione oraz przeanalizowane wyniki badań jakości połączeń kompozytowych wykonanych techniką przyrostową Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). W pierwszej części artykułu znajdują się informację dotyczące projektu różnych wariantów próbek o znormalizowanej geometrii oraz sposobów połączenia ze sobą tworzyw sztucznych z wykorzystaniem druku 3D. Dodatkowo opisane zostały aparatura, jak i metodyka zastosowana do wykonania próbek oraz przeprowadzenia badań wytrzymałościowych i udarnościowych. Warianty próbek zostały dobrane w zależności od wykonywanych badań w taki sposób, żeby uzyskane wyniki w pełni odzwierciedlały odpowiedź mechaniczną kompozytów na zadane wymuszenie. W drugiej części zostały zebrane i przeanalizowane wyniki zarówno przedstawiające dokładność wykonania próbek, jak i ich odpowiedź mechaniczną zarejestrowaną podczas testów. W ramach każdego wariantu zostało wykonanych pięć próbek umożliwiających analizę statystyczną wyników, niezbędną do rzetelnej analizy danych. Badania pozwoliły ustalić w jaki sposób zaproponowane połączenia tworzyw sztucznych reagują na zadane wymuszenia, jaka jest maksymalna siła, którą mogą przenieść oraz jakie wady mają poszczególne konstrukcje. Dzięki uzyskanym wynikom możliwa jest adaptacja zaproponowanych rozwiązań w projektowaniu programowalnych struktur energochłonnych.
EN
The article presents the results of a complex comparative analysis of the abrasive wear resistance of tools made of X153CrMoV12 steel after different heat treatment variants. These investigations aimed to select the most durable material for application in tools forming a mass band in the production of ceramic roof tiles. The tests included the determination of resistance to abrasive wear in ball-on-disc tests, hardness measurements, and microstructure analysis, including the assessment of changes occurring in the subsurface area, as well as impact tests (at a working temperature for the tools of 50°C). The comprehensive test results showed that the best effects of increasing the resistance to abrasive wear can be obtained through a heat treatment that consists of hardening at 1020°C and then tempering at 200°C for about 2 hours. The next stage of research will be to compare the results obtained with another popular material for tools for the production of roof tiles - Hardox steel, which is characterized by high resistance to abrasive wear.
EN
ASTM and ACI methods were used to determine the water absorption and impact resistance of M30 grade concrete containing different percentages of sintered fly ash aggregate (SFA) ranging from 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. In the concrete laboratory, the parameters of the concrete mix, including fresh density, slump value, dry density, compressive strength, and impact resistance, were determined. The fresh and dry densities of concrete mix decrease as the quantity of SFA used as substitute increases. The 100% substitution of SFA in concrete results in a slump value of 200 mm, a fresh density of 1946 kg/m3 , a dry density of 1911 kg/m3 , and water absorption of 3.5%, with a compressive strength of 12.3 MPa. For the drop weight impact resistance test, reliability analysis was conducted to determine the level of reliability of each concrete mix for varying SFA. Using reliability analysis, the failure analysis owing to impact load determined the energy absorption of the concrete mix.
EN
Bicycles are gaining more and more popularity, especially in crowded cities where there is a problem with traffic jams and a limited number of parking spaces. The bicycles are also often used by mountain bikers during riding on off-road trails. In both cases, the important parameters are the stiffness of the bicycle frame, the weight of the bicycle, but also driving comfort. To improve comfort and reduce vibrations in the bicycle frame both front and rear shock absorbers are used. The use of traditional shock absorbers increase the weight of the bike and its price. The work characterizes a modern damping system, Softtail type, designed by AG Motors. In this case, the damping element (elastomer) was placed directly in the rear fork. Analyses of polyurethanes of various hardness were carried out in terms of the possibility of using them as a vibration damper. A numerical and experimental analysis of the bicycle frame was performed, adapted to the a new shock-absorber system. Strength, fatigue and impact tests were carried out in accordance with the relevant bicycle standards. Research has shown that the frame bicycle with the Softtail system, meets the requirements of the standards.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań odporności wybranych stali stosowanych w budownictwie, poddanych wcześniejszej symulowanej ekspozycji pożarowej, na inicjowanie w nich, a następnie na ewentualną propagację kruchych pęknięć. Tego typu odporność materiału warunkuje jego ponowne zastosowanie po pożarze. Wnioskowanie przeprowadzono na podstawie wyników uzyskanych w zinstrumentalizowanej próbie udarności. Szczegółowe badanie dotyczy kolejno stali S355J2+N, 1H18N9T oraz X2CrNiMoN22-5-3.
EN
The results of a few resistance tests to initiation and then to possible propagation of brittle cracks carried out for selected steel grades used in the construction industry, subjected to prior simulated fire exposure, are presented and discussed in detail. This type of the material resistance determines its re-use after a fire episode. The inference has been made on the basis of the results obtained in the instrumented impact test. Detailed considerations are related to S355J2+N, 1H18N9T and also X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 steel grades, respectively.
EN
Metal-intermetallic layered (MIL) composites attract considerable attention due to their remarkable structural and ballistic performance. This study aimed to develop a Ti/Al-based multilayered MIL material by adding ceramic powders, since they can improve the composite’s impact resistance. To this end, an experiment was conducted which a stack of alternating Ti and al sheets bonded by hot pressing; Ti/Al multilayers containing additional layers of Al2O3 and SiC powders were also produced. The samples obtained were examined using electron microscopy techniques. The clads’ mechanical properties were investigated using a Charpy hammer. In the reaction zone, only one intermetallic phase occurred: the Al3Ti phase. The model with an additional Al2O3 layer showed the highest impact energy. none of the Ti/Al clads broke during the Charpy impact test, a result proving their high ductility.
EN
The aim of the study was to determinate the fracture mechanism of firefighters' helmets caused by the impact load in simulated operational conditions. Moreover the aim of the study was to assess the reliability of the personal protective equipment. Tests were conducted with the use of the drop tower system. On each type of helmet 5 impact tests were performed. The active force corresponding to impact energy of 60 J and the passive force (force in the place of the neck spine) was registered. Based on the results, it can be statement that helmets' structure influences their reliability and values of the active and passive forces. Additionally, the majority of tested helmets exceeded the acceptable threshold values of passive force.
PL
Celem badań było określenie mechanizmu niszczenia hełmów strażackich spowodowanego obciążeniem udarowym w symulowanych warunkach narażeni operacyjnych, a także ocena niezawodności sprzętu ochrony indywidualnej. Testy przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem młota udarowego opadowego. Na każdym typie hełmu przeprowadzono po 5 testów udarowych. Rejestrowano siłę czynną odpowiadająca energii uderzenia 60 J oraz siłę bierną (siłę w miejscu kręgosłupa szyjnego). Na podstawie wyników można stwierdzić, że konstrukcja hełmów i ich stan wpływają na ich niezawodność i wartości sił czynnych i biernych. W przypadku większości badanych hełmów przekroczono dopuszczalne wartości progowe sił biernych.
PL
Omówiono zasadę próby udarności oprzyrządowanym młotem Charpy'ego oraz typowe wykresy z tych badań. Zaprezentowano charakter zmian pola naprężeń w badanych próbkach i jego wpływ na charakterystyki przełomów. Przedstawiono wykresy z badań udarności, odnosząc je do krzywej przejścia stali w stan kruchy. Podano przykłady stali konstrukcyjnych, które mogą wykazywać charakterystyczny przebieg krzywych wytrzymałościowych.
EN
The article discusses the principle of Charpy's instrumented test and typical charts of these tests. The nature of the changes of the stress field in the examined samples and its consequences for the fracture characteristics were presented. Charts of Charpy's impact tests were presented and assigned for a britlle transition curve of steel. Examples of structural steels were given that may show a characteristic form of strength curves of the Charpy's instrumented test.
EN
The paper presents basic overview of measuring methods and fault diagnostics on the power transformers and illustrating measurement on transformer winding using with methods of impact test and frequency response analysis (SFRA). Impact test and SFRA method are often used for analyzing of the insulation between coil threads or themselves of windings and for detection of the attenuated winding sections of transformers. There methods enable detecting early condition of the winding faults. In the paper is presented experimental measurement on distribution three-phase transformer 22/0.4 kV without operation by time and frequency domain by impact test and SFRA method. It was used comparison of measured curve for all phases using with mathematical statistical methods. It was found fault coil into primary winding of coil phase A.
10
Content available Gravelling test for rail windshield
EN
During preliminary tests of locomotive windshield resistance to gravelling, according to the applicable standard PN-EN 15152:2007, carried out in the Institute of Aviation, the problem of the projectile overturning after leaving the cannon barrel was detected. Three tests recorded with a high-speed camera are presented in this article. This problem was found to be due to the incorrect projectile geometry. In order to stabilise the trajectory of the projectile, four types of projectiles were made using military experience. All of them meet relevant test conditions from the point of view of the test piece (locomotive windshield). The best projectile modification was obtained in the tests with an average deviation of the expected impact angle of 11º compared to 75º for a projectile made exactly according to the guidelines of the standard. Each of 22 modified projectiles hit the test piece with the tip, while out of the 12 original projectiles only 4 hit the test piece with the tip. The impact test results confirm that it is possible to perform a gravelling test according to the standard concept, but it seems necessary to clarify the standard requirements and to modify the projectile shape. The article contains a proposal for the projectile modification and highlights inaccuracies in the standard concerning the gravelling test.
PL
Duże zapotrzebowanie na odkuwki w postaci pierścieni dla różnych gałęzi przemysłu wymaga stosowania nowoczesnych stali martenzytycznych o właściwościach mechanicznych dostosowanych do konkretnego zastosowania. Aby sprostać wymaganiom rynku, powstała koncepcja projektu niskoodpadowej technologii kształtowania wielkogabarytowych pierścieni ze stali X20Cr13 i X10CrMoVNb9-1 o profilowanych pobocznicach. Liderem projektu jest firma Zarmen FPA. Jednym z etapów tego projektu jest opracowanie technologii obróbki cieplnej pierścieni. Wykonano badania mikrostruktury i właściwości mechanicznych (wg norm PN-EN ISO 6892-1:2016-09, PN-EN ISO 148-1:2017-02 i PN-EN ISO 6507-1:2007) na próbkach pobranych z odkuwek kutych swobodnie przy temperaturze 1110±20°C z redukcją wysokości materiału wsadowego 50% oraz obrobionych cieplnie w 2 wariantach: hartowanie stali X20Cr13 z temperatury 1020±10°C w oleju oraz odpuszczanie przy temperaturze 600°C i 700°C, hartowanie stali X10CrMoVNb9-1 z temperatury 1050±10°C w oleju oraz odpuszczanie przy temperaturze 650°C i 700°C. Materiałem wsadowym były wałki ϕ40x60 mm. Wykonano też badania porównawcze na próbkach pobranych z wałków w stanie dostawy hutniczej i poddanych obróbce cieplnej w tych samych warunkach co odkuwki. Wskaźniki Rp0,2 i Rm, zgodne z założeniami, otrzymano dla obu stali po odpuszczaniu próbek pobranych z odkuwek przy temperaturze 700°C, wynoszące odpowiednio: 660 MPa i 844 MPa dla stali X20Cr13 oraz 764 MPa i 893 MPa dla stali X10CrMoVNb9-1. Wydłużenie próbek z obu stali wyniosło 21%, a praca łamania KV2: 25 J dla stali X20Cr13 i 38 J dla stali X10CrMoVNb9-1. Planowana jest weryfikacja właściwości mechanicznych uzyskanych na próbkach pobranych z kutych wałków oraz z eksperymentalnie walcowanych pierścieni.
EN
The large demand for forgings in the form of rings for various branches of industry requires the application of modern martensitic steels with mechanical properties adapted to the specific application. To meet the requirements of the market, the first concept of low-waste forming technology for large-size rings made of X20Cr13 and X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel, with profiled side surfaces, was created. The leader of the project is Zarmen FPA. One of the stages of this project is the development of ring heat treatment technology. Tests of microstructure and mechanical properties (according to standards PN-EN ISO 68921:2016-09, PN-EN ISO 148-1:2017-02 and PN-EN ISO 6507-1:2007) were performed on samples collected from flat-die forgings at temperature 1110±20°C with 50% height reduction of the stock material and heat treatment in 2 variants: hardening of X20Cr13 steel from temperature 1020±10°C in oil and tempering at temperature 600°C and 700°C, hardening of X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel from temperature 1050±10°C in oil and tempering at temperature 650°C and 700°C. The stock material was ϕ40x60 mm shafts. Comparative tests were also performed on samples collected from shafts in the state as delivered from the mill and subjected to heat treatment under the same conditions as forgings. Indicators Rp0.2 and Rm, according to assumptions, were obtained for both steels after tempering of samples collected from forgings at temperature 700°C, and were equal to, respectively: 660 MPa and 844 MPa for X20Cr13 steel and 764 MPa and 893 MPa for X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel. Elongation of samples for both steels was 21%, and energy absorbed during fracture KV2: 25 J for X20Cr13 steel and 38 J for X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel. It is planned to verify mechanical properties obtained in samples collected from forged shafts and from experimentally rolled rings.
PL
Obiekty techniczne podczas eksploatacji narażone są na destrukcyjne oddziaływanie środowiska, w którym się znajdują. Potrzeba rozwiązania tego problemu była główną przyczyną opracowania i stosowania powłok ochronnych, które wydłużą czas życia danych obiektów technicznych. W pracy przeprowadzono badania udarności wybranych powłok polimerowych, nałożonych na podłoże stalowe, które były poddane procesom starzenia. Badaniom poddano powłoki poliuretanowe, polimocznikowe i polimocznikowo-poliuretanowe, które narażone były na działanie promieniowania UV, środowiska kwaśnego oraz zmiennych temperatur. Po procesie starzenia powierzchnie powłok analizowano pod mikroskopem stereoskopowym oraz wyznaczono grubość powłok. W zależności od rodzaju powłoki oraz wypływu różnych czynników środowiskowych zaobserwowano zmiany w odporności na uderzenia.
EN
Technical objects, during operation, are exposed to the destructive impact of the environment in which they are located. The need to solve this problem was the main reason for the development and use of protective coatings, which will extend the lifetime of given technical facilities. The impact tests of selected polymer coatings applied to the steel substrate, which underwent aging processes, were performed in the work. Before applying the coatings, the steel substrate was subjected to abrasive blasting using as an abrasive an electrocorund with grain granulation F30. The roughness was measured on the profilometer by the contact method, determining the arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile - Ra and the roughness height by 10 points - Rz. Polyurethane, polyurea and polyurea-polyurethane coatings were subjected to tests, which were exposed to UV radiation, acidic environment and variable temperatures. Biresin® U1305 and Almacoat Floor SL polyurethane coatings, after mixing the ingredients in the right proportions, were applied by hand using a brush. The Almacoat Protect C coating, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, was sprayed with a pneumatic gun. Accelerated aging using UV radiation was carried out for 3 weeks. The samples were placed in a chamber equipped with two T8 fluorescent lamps with a capacity of 18 W and two T8 fluorescent lamps with a power of 36 W, which emitted radiation from the UV-A range with a wavelength of 350 ÷ 400 nm. Aging of coatings in a 5% NaCl solution also took place over a period of 21 days. The samples were completely immersed in the solution and stored at room temperature. On the other hand, aging at variable temperatures consisted of subjecting the coatings to alternating high (+ 60 ° C) and low (-18 ° C) temperatures for 3 cycles, one cycle being 5 changes at 1 hour at low and high temperatures. After the aging process, the coating surfaces were observed under a stereoscopic microscope and the coating thickness was determined. Depending on the type of coating and the outflow of various environmental factors, changes in impact resistance were observed. Among the coatings tested, the highest impact strength was obtained for polyurea-polyurethane coatings (Protect C). Analyzing the effect of individual factors, UV radiation had the least impact on the deterioration of the impact strength of coatings, although the changes in appearance were significant. However, the aging of polyurethane and polyurea-polyurethane coatings in the NaCl solution reduces the impact resistance twice.
13
Content available Odporność na przebicia materiałów kompozytowych
PL
Konstrukcjom, które przenoszą obciążenia dynamiczne i których odporność decyduje o życiu i bezpieczeństwie człowieka stawia się szczególne wymagania. Wymagania dotyczą zarówno sfery materiałowej jak i konstrukcyjnej. To z kolei zmusza do poszukiwania optymalnych metod obliczeniowych, z uwzględnieniem nieliniowości, tak geometrycznej jak i fizycznej, wynikającej z konfiguracji struktury konstrukcji. Przykładem są różne konstrukcje balistyczne (osłony balistyczne), które są uderzane pociskami w których skumulowana jest ogromna energia. W takim przypadku uderzenie w tarczę (osłonę) pociskiem można rozpatrywać jako obciążenie spowodowane uderzeniem masą. Matematycznie zjawiska obciążeń przy dużych szybkościach odkształceń opisuje się różnymi modelami. Aparat matematyczny jest dość złożony ponieważ wymagana jest duża liczba „współczynników”, ponadto uzyskane wyniki badań nie zawsze są powtarzalne i ma na to wpływ wiele czynników. W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki przestrzeliwania tarcz wielowarstwowych z materiałów kompozytowych pociskami kalibru 7,62 mm. Tarcza składała się z trzech warstw, warstwy zewnętrzne stanowiły okładziny stalowe lub aluminiowe, warstwę wewnętrzną stanowiło drewno naturalne lub modyfikowane. Próbki w kształcie tarcz były o średnicy 50 mm i różnej grubości. Wyniki badań pozwoliły ocenić wpływ modyfikacji drewna na jego odporność na przebicia.
EN
For structures that carry dynamic loads, the requirements are imposed for safety reasons. The requirements apply to both materials and construction. This requires searching for optimal calculation methods, including geometric and physical nonlinearity, which are results from the construction of the structure. An example is various ballistic structures (ballistic shields), which are hit by bullets in which huge energy is accumulated. In this case, the hitting in the shield with a bullet can be considered as a load due to mass impact. Loads at high strain rates are described by various mathematical models. The mathematical model is complex because a large number of "coefficients" is required, moreover, the obtained test results are not always repeatable. The paper presents the results of shooting multilayer plates with composite materials with 7.62 mm caliber bullets. The shield consisted of three layers, the outer layers were steel or aluminum, the inner layer was natural or modified wood. The samples had the shape of a shield and were 50 mm in diameter and of different thickness. The results of the research allowed to assess the impact of wood modification on its puncture resistance.
14
EN
Rubberized concrete is made up of scrap tyre rubbers where the fine aggregate is partially replaced by it, as the waste rubber is being a threat to the environment. It is estimated that only 4% of the waste tyre is used in the application of civil engineering and also there is shortage of fine aggregates. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the preliminary concrete properties of M25 and M30 concretes. The fine aggregate is replaced by pre-treated crumb rubber with 10, 15 and 20 % of total weight. Various tests are conducted on the rubberized concrete specimens such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and slump test. The investigation is carried out to determine the impact load behavior of hybrid rubberized composite slabs. In addition 0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of replacement of rubber fibers for total weight of coarse aggregate is also made. The specimen of size 300 mm x 300 mm x 50 mm thickness is subjected to drop hammer test to find its performance against the impact loads. The number of blows for the first crack and complete failure of slab was found and the characteristics were studied.
EN
The article presents the results of comparative studies of selected mechanical properties (e.g. tensile modulus, tensile stress, notched impact, hardness) of self-extinguishing polypropylene (PPs) samples from three ventilation ducts. The samples were drawn from conduits used for a period of three years inside and outside the building (roof of the building) and, for comparison, from the new conduit. The climatic conditions on which the ventilation duct, placed on the roof, is exposed are temperate climate, group of warm climates, transitional type. Six pieces of samples were prepared for each material from each conduit to determine the mechanical properties. The results of the measurements are also compared with the catalog data provided by two manufacturers of this type of material. Based on the investigations of selected mechanical properties of self-extinguishing polypropylene derived from the operating elements of ventilation ducts, it can be stated that after three years of their use, no significant deterioration of the tested features of the material was observed. However, the impact strength and hardness assays have already shown changes in these properties for samples taken from the ducts used in comparison with the samples from the new duct. These data may indicate that the polypropylene aging process has started as a result of its operation for a period of three years both inside and outside the premises. However, comparing these results with catalog data for plastics dedicated to such applications, the stated changes in some properties do not disqualify the product for further use.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań porównawczych wybranych właściwości mechanicznych PPs (polipropylen samogasnący) dla próbek pobranych z trzech przewodów wentylacyjnych. Badaniom poddano próbki pochodzące z przewodów wentylacyjnych pracujących w różnych warunkach. Dla porównania do badań dołączono próbki pobrane z nowych przewodów. W celu wyznaczenia wybranych właściwości mechanicznych wykonywano analizy sześciu równoległych próbek. Wyniki pomiarów zestawiono z danymi katalogowymi podawanymi przez dwóch producentów tego typu elementów.
EN
The paper presents theoretical and experimental analyses of a possible effect of the short-circuit forces on the transformer winding. The first part of the paper is focused on creation and activity of the radial and axial forces during a short circuit. It shows dimensions, direction and − of course − the resulting mechanical stress. The presented equation shows basic dependencies of these mechanical forces created in the transformer winding. Finally, the paper presents experimental methods of diagnosing and analysing the effects of short-circuit forces on the transformer winding.
PL
Zachowanie piły podczas pracy – zarówno w trakcie przecinania, jak i na biegu luzem – zależy w dużym stopniu od konstrukcji piły i częstotliwości własnych narzędzi, które można określać doświadczalnie za pomocą testu harmonicznego bądź impulsowego. Wyniki badań wykazały, że ten ostatni nie gwarantuje prawidłowego przypisania częstotliwości charakterystycznych widma do odpowiadających im rzeczywistych postaci drgań wynikającym z testu harmonicznego.
EN
Behavior of the saw blade during cutting and also in idling is affected by a tool design and its natural frequencies. The latter could be determined experimentally either in harmonic or impact tests. The obtained results revealed that the impact test does not guarantee the proper way to attribute characteristic frequencies in the spectra to the real modes of vibrations obtained in the harmonic test.
EN
In order to characterize the dynamic behaviour of a back-to-back planetary gear, experimental and numerical modal analysis techniques are achieved. Rotational and translational modal deflections are highlighted. Natural frequencies are compared to the results from the lumped-parameter model. The modes are presented in the numerical studies in low-frequency and high-frequency bands. Distributions of modal kinetic and strain energies are studied.
PL
Powszechnie stosowane na osłony, zderzaki, obudowy maszyn i urządzeń laminaty poliestrowo-szklane z racji pełnionej funkcji są narażone na różnego rodzaju dynamiczne oddziaływanie siły skupionej. Uderzenia często mają charakter powtarzających się cyklicznie zdarzeń. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczące laminatów poliestrowo-szklanych wzmocnionych matami oraz tkaninami poddanych kilkudziesięciokrotnym uderzeniom. Zastosowano znormalizowaną metodę spadającego grota, metodę stopniowego wyznaczania. Wyniki pomiarów wskazują na dużą odporność na przebicie laminatów wykonanych z tkanin szklanych, równocześnie wskazują na znalezienie rozsądnego kompromisu pomiędzy laminatami o znacznej sztywności, tańszych, wykonanych z mat, a dużą wytrzymałością na uderzenia laminatów o stosunkowo niskiej sztywności przy małej liczbie warstw tkanin, przez to tańszych.
EN
Commonly used on the cover, bumpers, machinery and equipment enclosures polyester-glass laminates because of their function are exposed to various types of dynamic interaction of concentrated force. Strokes often are cyclically repeated events. The article presents the results of research on fi berglass reinforced mats and textiles of glass fi ber treated multiple repeated impacts. Used a standardized method of falling the mainsail, progressive method of selection. The measurement results indicate a high resistance to puncture laminates made from glass fabric, while point to fi nd a reasonable compromise between the laminates of substantial the stiffness, cheaper, made of a mat, and the high impact resistance of laminates with relatively low the stiffness at low number of layers of fabrics.
20
Content available Chatter stability investigation in micro-milling
EN
The paper presents investigation under chatter stability in micromilling process. To determine the impact of micromilling machine dynamic properties, impulse test of micromilling tool was carried out. Due to high participation of ploughing in micromilling process the regenerative effect in comparison to conventional milling can be reduced or lead to frictional vibration. Series of cutting tests for variable cutting speed, feed per tooth and cutting depth were performed to verify these assumptions. During the tests cutting forces and accelerations, both on machine spindle and workpiece were measured. Performed milling tests show that the vibration occurs at highest depth of cut and at lowest feed rate. This leads to the conclusion that reason of vibration could be friction between tool and workpiece.
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