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PL
Pierwotne niedobory odporności (PNO) stanowią grupę ponad 300 jednostek chorobowych o zróżnicowanym obrazie klinicznym, a których patofizjologia może dotyczyć każdej składowej niespecyficznej i specyficznej odpowiedzi immunologicznej. Szacuje się, że na świecie może żyć ponad sześć milionów ludzi z PNO. Przy podejrzeniu PNO należy podjąć szereg badań dążących do ustalenia trafnej diagnozy, a badania laboratoryjne są ich nieodzownym elementem. Można wyróżnić testy podstawowe i specjalistyczne. Rozwój nowoczesnych technik laboratoryjnych ułatwia postawienie prawidłowej diagnozy.
EN
Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) constitute a group of over 300 disease entities of a varied clinical picture. Their pathophysiology can affect each component of both non-specific and specific immune response. It is estimated that over six million people with PID can live in the world. When PID is suspected, a number of tests should be performed to establish an accurate diagnosis, and laboratory tests are essential in this matter. There are basic and specialised tests. The development of modern laboratory techniques makes it easier to make a correct diagnosis.
PL
Od czasu opracowania techniki fucji komórek tworzenie hybrydom produkujących przeciwciała monoklonalne stało się podstawowym źródłem syntezy wysocespecyficznych cząsteczek immunoglobulin, skierowanych przeciwko wybranemu antygenowi. Przeciwciała monoklonalne wprowadzono zarówno do badań podstawowych, diagnostyki, jak i terapii. Zastosowanie przeciwciał monoklonalnych w terapii wymusiło opracowanie bardziej wyszukanych metod syntezy - zadaniem stało się otrzymanie przeciwciał nie tylko specyficznych, ale maksymalnie zbliżonych strukturą do przeciwciał ludzkich. Tak powstały przeciwciała chimeryczne czy humanizowane, otrzymywane drogą inżynierii genetycznej.
EN
Starting from the day, when cell fusions technique was established, hybridoma cells producing monoclonal antibodies became main source of highly specific immunoglobulin directed against chosen antigen. Recently monoclonal antibodies are introduced into research area, diagnostic and therapy as well. Application of monoclonal antibodies into therapy demands approaching much more sophisicated methods of immunoglobulin synthesis. The aim is synthesis of monoclonal antibodies not only highly specific, but also structurally the closest to the structure of human antibodies. That is how using genetic engineering methods chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies were synthesized.
3
Content available remote Metody immunoenzymatyczne w analizie antybiotyków w produktach żywnościowych
EN
Antibiotics constitute a group of chemical compounds which arouse extreme excitement - in some cases great expectations and in others fear, anxiety and dismay. Such a situation is due to the observed effects of their action within the sphere of human life. Dosages of these chemicals may be regarded as indispensable and advantageous during medical treatment or as hazardous when overdosed. Antibiotics and antimicrobiological compounds constitute often toxic residuals id food. Due to a wide use of antibiotics as prophylactic measures in the breeding of animals which are the raw material base for the manufacture of food products, and the use of these compounds as food additives to prolong food stability and its life, there is a search going on to find out methods for determination and analysis of speciation of their trace quantities. A valuable and large group of diagnostic methods with potential possibilities and significance in such analyses consists of immunometric methods [1-7]. Generally, these methods are based on selective reaction of complex formation between antibodies and antigens or haptenes which have developed a specific antibody in vertebrates organisms [1-4, 6]. The results of immunochemical reactions depend on many factors such as the type of sorbent, size of active surface, kind of marker, specificity of the formed bonds directly or indirectly affecting the kinetics and physico-chemistry of the serologic process (precipitation or agglutination), [2-7, 16-18]. The use of immunodiagnosis as a method of food analysis results in a considerable lowering of detection and determination thresholds of many substances [8-15]. Known immunological methods can be successfully used not only for the evaluation of antibodies [2-4, 13-18], hormones [19-23], autoantigens [24], but also for the determination of the nutritious components of food [25-28], proteins [29-43], vitamins [44, 45] as well as toxic bacterial, mycotic and mould residues [48-54], antibiotics [55-61], alkaloids [62, 63] and pesticides [64-70]. These methods can be utilized for analyses of final products as well as intermediates and raw materials, including the assessment of specified technological process [71-79]. Their use makes it possible to lower the detection and determination thresholds of the compound under analysis [80-84, 134-136]. Stored food products give rise to the formation of antibiotics under the influence of present or developing microflora [91-103]. The hitherto used methods for the determination of antibiotics include mainly various chromatographic procedures such as HPLC [101-110], GC [106, 111-115], P&TLC [116, 117], MS [118-123], or enzymatic methods. All these methods have been recognized as sensitive and satisfying the requirements of analysts [124-127]. However, their general utilization is relatively low due to expensive apparatus and equipment required. Therefore, in order to improve the sensitivity of determination and reduce the costs of analyses, in the seventies analysts started to use thin-layer or column chromatography in combination with enzymatic or immunochemical reactions [128-133]. At present, penetrating research is going on in analytics to use widely proteins and not only enzymatic ones [1-7, 13, 16-18]. The properties of specific proteins can be used in analytics as agents which either directly or indirectly from selective complexes with the component of the compound under analysis. To provide good and effective monitoring of such reactions one of the serologic reaction components is marked with isotopic tracer (115J, 3H, 57Co, 14C), fluorochromes (fluorescein isothiocyante, rhodamine B isothiocyante), enzymes (peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase, urease) or colloidal gold [1-7, 134-136]. In addition, there is used an avidin-biotic system, with antibodies being marked with biotin and enzymes with avidin. Such an extension of biomolecule application increases the sensitivity of the antibody-antigen reaction by increasing the number of addition sites on biotinylated antibodies. Among the immunometric methods, the highest effectiveness ins shown by immunoenzymatic methods which may have a wide application due to the simplicity of their use. The effectiveness of such an analysis depends on the stage of sample preparation being dependent, in turn, on the immunometric method selected. Then, the processes of sample preparation for analysis are different accordingly. In most cases the sample preparation is based on extraction with organic solvents to remove homogenates of samples under analysis [61]. It is a significant point of any analysis to consider the procedures of speciation examination [137-140]. Thus, the choice of immunometric methods, as those with a high specificity, to that end seems to deserve recommendation. The present paper reports the results of comparison of methods for the determination of antibiotics in food products of animal origin. The multidirectional comparison of properties, characteristics and values of various chromatographic methods: HPLC, GC, P&TLC and GC-MS with various immunometric methods has clearly resulted in the benefit of immunoenzymatic methods. The best results in terms of technical development are obtained by the immunoenzymatic method ELISA [2-4, 7, 15-17, 71-74, 83, 84, 138-140]. This is due not only to its high specificity, detectability, sensitivity, but also to the short time of analysis, possibility of multiple repetitions under the same testing conditions, simple equipment and personnel requirements as well as low costs of determination.
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