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Corkscrew-like horizontal trace fossils with a focus on a new ichnospecies of Helicodromites from the Oligocene Molare Formation of NW Italy

Uchman Alfred, Rattazzi Bruno

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 2

art. no. 22

EN

Horizontal helical trace fossils constitute a characteristic burrow architectural design, but their ichnotaxonomy requires some clarification. In this paper, we review and revise this taxonomy on the basis of collections and data from the literature. Helicorhaphe is included in Helicodromites because its type ichnospecies displays the same morphological principles. A new ichnospecies of Helicodromites is distinguished from Oligocene offshore fan delta deposits in NW Italy. All ichnospecies of Helicodromites display a characteristic set of morphometric parameters that allow their distinction. All were probably produced by capitellid polychaetes in a deep tier within the sediment. They were generally stationary burrows, whose tracemakers benefited from feeding on microbes without significant sediment reworking.

2

Revision of the trace fossil Megagrapton Książkiewicz, 1968 with focus on Megagrapton aequale Seilacher, 1977 from the lower Eocene of the Lesser Caucasus in Georgia

Uchman Alfred, Lebanidze Zurab, Beridze Tamar, Kobakhidze Nino, Lobzhanidze Koba, Khutsishvili Sophio, Chagelishvili Rusudan, Makadze Davit, Koiava Kakha, Khundadze Nino

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 1

art. no. 8

EN

Megagrapton Książkiewicz, 1968 is a characteristic deep-sea trace fossil belonging to the group of graphoglyptids and mostly preserved as a network of irregular meshes in hypichnial semirelief. So far, eleven ichnospecies have been distinguished under this ichnogenus, though commonly on weak evidence. The so-far poorly known ichnospecies Megagrapton aequale Seilacher, 1977 is described here on the basis of the numerous, newly discovered specimens from deep-sea siliciclastic deposits of the Bolevani Subsuite (lower Eocene) in the Lesser Caucasus of Georgia, together with other collections and published examples. A neotype of this ichnospecies is designated and the diagnosis emended. M. aequale occurs in lower Cambrian to upper Miocene deep-sea turbiditic deposits, mostly in the Paleogene. It is characterized by relatively small, variable meshes, which have mostly irregular sub-pentagonal, sub-hexagonal or sub-heptagonal shapes that are variable in size and are bordered by curved or straight semicircular ridges. It has been mistaken for Paleodictyon, which forms regular hexagonal nets. Paleodictyon imperfectum Seilacher, 1977 is included in M. aequale as the ichnosubspecies M. a. imperfectum, which is characterized by relatively thin bordering ridges. After critical analysis of all ichnospecies, only M. irregulare Książkiewicz, 1968, M. submontanum (Azpeitia Moros, 1933), and M. aequale are recommended for further use. These are distinguished on the basis of the prevailing morphology of the meshes, irrespective of large differences in morphometric parameters within the ichnospecies. Irredictyon chaos Vialov, 1972 is included in M. irregulare as the ichnosubspecies M. i. chaos, which is characterized by relatively thick bordering ridges. Megagrapton is interpreted as a cast of a subsurface open burrow network with a few connections to the sea floor. The burrows probably functioned as a trap for small organisms (ethological subcategory irretichnia).

3

Unusual echinoid resting trace records change in the position of the redox boundary (Palaeogene of the Lesser Caucasus in Georgia)

Uchman Alfred, Lebanidze Zurab, Kobakhidze Nino, Beridze Tamar, Makadze Davit, Lobzhanidze Koba, Khutsishvili Sophio, Chagelishvili Rusudan, Koiava Kakha, Khundadze Nino

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 3

317--330

EN

The first recognition of a tracemaker responding to a temporary shift in the redox boundary is recognized. This is recorded by a new trace fossil, Sursumichnus orbicularis igen. et isp. nov., which is established for mound-like structures on the upper surfaces of sandstone beds from the Borjomi Flysch (upper Paleocene–lower Eocene) in the Lesser Caucasus (Georgia). It is connected with the spatangoid echinoid burrow Scolicia de Quatrefages, 1849 and interpreted as a resting trace of the same tracemaker produced after moving up from a deeper position within the sediment. The resting is caused by an episode of unfavourable conditions related to shallowing of the redox boundary. The trace fossil is a component of the Nereites ichnofacies.

4

Footprints of the earliest reptiles : Notalacerta missouriensis : Ichnotaxonomy, potential trackmakers, biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology

Marchetti Lorenzo, Voigt Sebastian, Lucas Spencer G., Stimson Matthew R., King Olivia A., Calder John H.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2020

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Vol. 90, No. 3

271--290

EN

The origin of reptiles in the tetrapod footprint record has always been a debated topic, despite the great potential of fossiliferous ichnosites to shed much light on reptile origins when compared to the much less extensive skeletal record. This is in part due to an unclear ichnotaxonomy of the earliest tracks attributed to reptiles that has resulted in unreliable trackmaker attributions. We comprehensively revise the earliest supposed reptile ichnotaxon, Notalacerta missouriensis, based on a neotype and a selection of well-preserved material from the type locality and other sites. A synapomorphy-based track-trackmaker attribution suggests eureptiles and, more specifically, ́protorothyridids ́ such as Paleothyris as the most probable trackmakers. A revision of the entire Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian record of this ichnotaxon unveils an unexpected abundance and a wide palaeogeographical distribution. The earliest unequivocal occurrence of Notalacerta is in the middle Bashkirian (early Langsettian) at the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Joggins Fossil Cliffs (Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada). This occurrence also coincides with the earliest occurrence of reptile body fossils (Hylonomus lyelli), which are found at the same site. Notalacerta is abundant and widely distributed during the Bashkirian, mostly in sediments deposited in tidal palaeoenvironments, and less common in the Moscovian and Kasimovian. During the Gzhelian and Asselian, Notalacerta occurrences are unknown, but it occurs again during the Sakmarian and is widespread but not abundant during the Artinskian, mostly in fully continental palaeoenvironments.

5

A new etching trace from the Savignone Conglomerate (Oligocene), NW Italy, probably produced by limpet gastropods

Uchman A., Rattazzi B.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 4

651--662

EN

A new ichnogenus and ichnospecies (Solealites ovalis) of etching trace is preserved on the surfaces of clasts from the Savignone Conglomerate (Oligocene) in the Palaeogene Piemonte Basin in NW Italy. It is a shallow, oval depression with a central elevation, which was produced probably by limpet gastropods and served as their home scar, but other gastropods or even sea anemones are not excluded as the trace makers. The conglomerate is interpreted as a deposit of a fan delta, whose clasts have been bioeroded in an intertidal and shallow subtidal shore zone and redeposited to the deeper sea.

6

In defence of an iconic ichnogenus : Oichnus Bromley

Wisshak M., Kroh A., Bertling M., Knaust D., Nielsen J. K., Jagt J. W. M., Neumann C., Nielsen K. S. S.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2015

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Vol. 85, No. 3

445--451

EN

By establishing the bioerosion ichnogenus Oichnus, Richard Bromley (1981) addressed ‘small round holes in shells’ and catalysed a series of still ongoing discussions on ichnotaxonomical principles. In a recent revision by Zonneveld and Gingras (2014), Oichnus was rejected, together with Tremichnus Brett, 1985 and Fossichnus Nielsen, Nielsen and Bromley, 2003, by means of subjective synonymisation with the presumed senior synonym Sedilichnus Müller, 1977. However, Sedilichnus is nomenclaturally unavailable, because it is an atelonym (conditionally proposed). In addition, reinvestigation of the type material of ‘Sedilichnus’ shows that it probably describes variably shaped oscula and thus is a genuine morphological character of the host sponge Prokaliapsisjanus, rather than a bioerosion trace fossil. The ichnogenera Oichnus and Tremichnus are re vised, leading to the synonymisation of Balticapunctum Rozhnov, 1989 with Tremichnus, and of Fossichnus with Oichnus. The refined ichnogeneric diagnoses return Oichnus to complete or incomplete bioerosive penetrations in calcareous skeletal substrates, commonly interpreted as praedichnia with or without signs of attachment, while Tremichnus (now including O. excavatus) exclusively refers to shallow pits passing into echinoderm skeletons that are interpreted as domichnia or fixichnia.

7

Construction of ichnogeneric names

Rindsberg A. K.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2015

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Vol. 85, No. 3

529--549

EN

Ichnologists have over used the root ichn- “trace”, employing it in new terms and new ichnogenera alike, to the point where it can be difficult to express one self clearly without using it several times in one sentence. The root derives from Ancient iχνος (ichnos), which means “foot print” or “track”, or by extension a “trace”, any sign of an animal’s activity. Perhaps it is time to explore the use of other roots to create new ichnologic terms and genera. Alternative Latin and Greek roots are given here, as well as ad vice on how to construct new ichnogenera in a technically correct and aesthetically pleasing manner.

8

The miniature echinoid trace fossil Bichordites kuzunensis isp. nov. from early Oligocene prodelta sediments of the Mezardere Formation, Gokceada Island, NW Turkey

Demircan H., Uchman A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2012

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Vol. 62, no. 2

205-215

EN

The pascichnial trace fossil Bichordites kuzunensis isp. nov. occurs as an epichnial complex structure in early Oligocene prodelta sediments of the Thrace Basin in Gokceada Island, northwest Turkey. It displays characteristics of irregular echinoid burrows such as overall shape and a double meniscate filling with a chevron dorsal suture, in addition to the feature typical of the so far monospecific Bichordites Plaziat and Mahmoudi, 1988, that is a single central core around a single drainage tube. Its miniature size can be related to the small size of the tracemaker (ontogenic feature) or to its dwarfism in a stressed deltaic environment (palaeoecological feature). Its occurrence indicates a period of fully marine conditions during accumulation of the deltaic sediments of the Mezardere Formation.

9

'Entobia balls' in the Medobory Biohermal Complex (Middle Miocene, Badenian; western Ukraine)

Radwański A., Wysocka A., Górka M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2011

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Vol. 61, no. 3

265-376

EN

The peculiarly shaped 'Entobia balls', from the Middle Miocene (Badenian) Medobory Biohermal Complex, western Ukraine, are a maze of moulds of clionid sponge borings belonging to the ichnogenus Entobia Bronn. The ichnospecies recognized (Entobia geometrica, E. paradoxa, E. cateniformis, E. laquea) are ascribed to the activity of two extant zoospecies, Cliona vastifica Hancock and C. celata Grant. Their habitat was provided by thick-walled shells of the bivalve Chama gryphoides garmella De Gregorio, the shells of which were drilled through completely. Some small patches of borings are compatible with those of the extant zoospecies Cliona viridis (O. Schmidt).

10

Kiss of death of a hunting fish : trace fossil Osculichnus labialis igen. et isp. nov. from late Eocene - early Oligocene prodelta sediments of the Mezardere Formation, Thrace Basin, NW Turkey

Demircan H., Uchman A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2010

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Vol. 60, no. 1

29-38

EN

The trace fossil Osculichnus labialis igen. et isp. nov. occurs as hypichnial pairs of uneven bilobate mounds in early Oligocene prodelta sediments of the Thrace Basin. Osculichnus is generally elliptical or crescentic in outline and has two lip-like lobes: a smaller and a larger one, which are separated by an undulate furrow. Herein, it is interpreted as a hunting trace (praedichnion) of a fish penetrating a surficial sand layer and into an underlying mud horizon. The fish hunted for small endobenthic bivalves and perhaps other invertebrates such as polychaetes. Penetration into surficial mud rather than sand resulted in poorly preserved variants of this trace fossil, whose median furrow is commonly not visible. The probability of fish trace makers is supported by experiments.

11

Ichnological record of the activity of Anthozoa in the early Cambrian succession of the Upper Silesian Block (southern Poland)

Pacześna J.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2010

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Vol. 60, no. 1

93-103

EN

A new occurrence of inferred Anthozoa trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian subsurface succession of the Upper Silesian Block is discussed with respect to their ichnotaxonomical variation and some aspects of the palaeoecology. The three ichnogenera Bergaueria Prantl, 1945, Conichnus Mannil, 1966 and Conostichus Lesquereux, 1876 have been identified. A relatively diverse assemblage of actinian or cerianthid trace fossils allows recognition of habitats, feeding modes and life strategies of the tracemakers. An example of probable anthozoanpolychaete mutualism is suggested on the basis of the interrelationships of the trace fossils.

12

Ptychoplasma conica isp. nov. - a new bivalve locomotion trace fossil from the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian) alluvial sediments of Sołtyków, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Pienkowski G., Uchman A.

Geological Quarterly

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2009

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Vol. 53, No 4

397-406

EN

A new locomotion (repichnion) trace fossil, Ptychoplasma conica isp. nov., which is composed of chains of hypichnial mounds, is described from Hettangian alluvial sediments in Central Poland. Its occurrence is limited to amalgamated crevasse sand stones. The trace fossil is associated with freshwater bivalves belonging probably to Unionidae. This trace fossil reflects rhythmic (?diurnal) movement of the tracemaker in accordance with the direction of flow in the crevasse channel, where the forward movement took place in the shallow part of a sandstone layer and was interrupted by resting episodes in deeper sediment layer along the mud-sand inter ace. Episodic flood events forced bivalves to produce escape structures, moving from deeper (previous) to upper (later) levels of lateral movements. Some vertical burrows with bivalve body fossils preserved at the bottom suggest a taphonomic burial. P. conica ranges from Late Triassic to Hettangian.

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Trace fossils from the Lower-Middle Jurassic Bardas Blancas Formation, Neuquen Basin, Mendoza Province, Argentina

Bressan G., Palma R.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2009

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Vol. 59, no. 2

201-220

EN

Trace fossil associations from the Lower.Middle Jurassic siliciclastic succession of the northern Neuquen Basin, Argentina are described and their palaeoenvironmental interpretation is discussed. The Bardas Blancas Formation displays facies of lower foreshore to offshore environments, such as massive and laminated mudstones, laminated siltstones, hummocky cross-stratified sandstones, massive and laminated sandstones, wave-rippled sandstones, as well as fine- to medium-grained bioclastic sandstones and massive conglomerates. They contain a trace fossil assemblage low in abundance but high in diversity. The assemblage, comprising eleven ichnogenera, is dominated by Skolithos, Chondrites, Thalassinoides, Planolites, Palaeophycus, Taenidium, Gyrochorte and Arenicolites. Gordia, ?Diplocraterion and Lockeia are less abundant. These trace fossils belong to the Skolithos, Cruziana and Zoophycos ichnofacies. Their distribution is controlled mainly by hydrodynamic energy, substrate consistency and oxygen levels. Storm beds exhibit two successive stages of colonization: (1) the pioneer stage, during which Skolithos, Diplocraterion and Arenicolites (elements of the Skolithos ichnofacies), were produced; and (2) the stable environment stage, represented by Chondrites, Thalassinoides, Taenidium, Gyrochorte, Gordia, Lockeia, Palaeophycus and Planolites (elements of the Cruziana ichnofacies). deeper environments exhibit a low diversity association with Chondrites and Thalassinoides, characterizing the Zoophycos ichnofacies.

14

Dinosaur track assemblages from the Hettangian of Poland

Gierliński G., Pieńkowski G.

Kwartalnik Geologiczny

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1999

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Vol. 43, Nr 3

329-346

EN

Almost all dinosaur tracks in Poland come from three lowermost formations of the Lower Jurassic in the Holy Cross Mountains: Zagaje Formation, Skłoby Formation and Przysucha Ore-Bearing Formation. Floristic remains and sequence stratigraphy correlation indicate the Hettangian age of all three formations. They represent various continental and marginal-marine environments. Fluvial and lacustrine sediments dominate in the continental Zagaje Formation, while the nearshore and deltaic facies are dominant in the two overlying formations. Various ornithischian, sauropod and theropod tracks occur in these sediments. Parallel sauropod trackways reported herein are the earliest record of sauropod gregarious behavior. Moreover, the present paper summarises and systematises the whole existing material, addressing the ichnosystematic and preservational aspects. Dinosaur tracks assemblages are assigned to three parts of the lithostratigraphical succession in which they occur and are discussed against their palaeoenvironmental background. Two general assemblages are distinguished: lower Zagaje assemblage of an inland, humid habitat with both low- and high-growing vegetation, dominated by high browsing herbivores (sauropod trackmakers of Parabrontopodus) and medium- to large-sized predators (theropod trackmakers of Anchisauripus and Kayentapus), and upper Zagaje-Skłoby-Przysucha assemblage, representing deltaic plain-shoreline habitats with low, dense vegetation, dominated by low browsing herbivores (ornithischian trackmakers of Anomoepus and Moyenisauropus), associated by small- to medium-sized predators (theropod trackmakers of Grallator and Anchisauripus). Dinosaur ichnofauna from Poland rather poorly reflects biostratigraphical vertebrate faunal change in Early Jurassic time, but it does reflect environmental and biogeographical differences quite well. The discussed data imply also a high dinosaur phylogenetical diversity as early as in the Hettangian age.

PL

Ślady dinozaurów w Polsce są do tej pory znane tylko z Gór Świętokrzyskich. Inne odsłonięcia utworów lądowych wczesnej jury (pliensbachu i późnego toarku) w innym obszarze ich występowania na powierzchni (jura Krakowsko-Wieluńska) mogą tez zawierać ślady dinozaurów, ale dotychczas nie zostały one znalezione, co jest przede wszystkim związane z fragmentarycznością i złym stanem tych odsłonięć. Niemal wszystkie ślady dinozaurów znane z północnego obrzeżenia Gór Świętokrzyskich pochodzą z trzech najniższych formacji: zagajskiej, skłobskiej i przysuskiej rudonośnej reprezentujących hettang. Taki wiek tych osadów wynika z danych makro- i mikroflorystycznych oraz z korelacji opartej na stratygrafii sekwencyjnej. Pojedyncze ślady znaleziono też w najniższej, lądowej części formacji ostrowieckiej (również najprawdopodobniej reprezentującej najpóźniejszy hettang)oraz w utworach lądowych późnego toarku w okolicach Opoczna (jeden bardzo dobrze zachowany ślad teropoda). Formacja zagajska, skłobska i przysuska rudonośna reprezentują różnorodne środowiska kontynentalne i marginalnomorskie. W najniższej formacji, zagajskiej występują utwory związane ze środowiskiem lądowym, rzecznym i jeziorno-bagiennym, w samym stropie mogącym reprezentować już środowisko równi deltowej, związanej ze zbliżającą się transgresją. Z tansgresją wczesnego hettangu związana jest nadległa formacja skłobska, w której dominują środowiska przybrzeżne, na peryferiach basenu deltowe. Następna, przysuska formacja rudonośna ma względem formacji skłobskiej charakter regresywny, dominują w niej osady płytkich, rozległych zatok lagun rozdzielone piaszczystymi osadami delt, barier i rzek. Kulminacją agresji jest regionalna powierzchnia erozyjna w jej stropie, nad którą występuje pakiet fluwialny zaliczany do formacji ostrowieckiej. W utworach tych występują zróżnicowane ślady wczesnych dinozaurów ptasiomiednicznych, auropodów i teropodów, które opisano z poszczególnych odcinków profilu utworów hettangu. Z utworów najwcześniejszego hettangu (dolna część formacji zagajskiej z odsłonięcia w Sołtykowie, pochodzi unikatowa powierzchnia z tropami dorosłych i młodych zauropodów. Jest to najstarszy znany dowód stadnego życia tych dinozaurów. Oszacowano wzajemne kierunki i prędkość: poruszania się zwierząt, a także wiek młodych osobników ( 1-2 lata). Konieczne było też usystematyzowanie i podsumowanie wszystkich dotychczas zebranych danych pod względem ichnotaksonomicznym. Zebrany i opracowany materiał ichnologiczny pozwolił też na wyodrębnienie dwóch zasadniczych zespołów śladów. Pierwszy zespół, charakterystyczny dla dolnej części formacji zagajskiej, jest związany z typowo lądowym środowiskiem równi rzecznych, porośniętych zarówno nisko-, jak i wysokopienną roślinnością. Dominują w nim twórcy śladów - Parabrontopodus (zauropody), wyspecjalizowani w żerowaniu na wysokopiennej, drzewiastej roślinności, oraz średnie i duże drapieżniki, teropody, twórcy śladów-Anchisauripus i Kayenrapus. Drugi zespół, typowy dla najwyższej części formacji zagajskiej, formacji skłobskiej i przysuskiej formacji rudonośnej, jest związany ze środowiskami równi deltowych i przybrzeżnych porośniętych gęstą, niskopienną roślinnością. Dominują w nim twórcy śladów - Anomoepus i Moyenisauropus, a więc dinozaury ptasiomiedniczne wyspecjalizowane w żerowaniu na niskopiennej roślinności, wraz z małymi lub średnimi drapieżnymi teropodami - twórcami śladów - Grallator i Anchisauripus. Obecność śladów niewielkich (karłowatych lub młodych) zauropodów w tym drugim zespole nie zakłóca całego podziału - mogły sie w nim pojawiać również małe zauropody, gdyż ich pożywieniem mogła być z powodzeniem roślinność niskopienna. Omawiane tropy dobrze odzwierciedlają zwiazek ze środowiskiem i czynnikami paleobiogeograficznymi. Uzyskane wyniki wyraźnie wskazują też na silne zróżnicowanie filogenetyczna dinozaurów w najwcześniejszej jurze, a także na to, że już w tym czasie stanowiły one dobrze wykształcone zespoły, determinowane przez czynniki ekologiczne.