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1

IoT-based monitoring system for hydroponics

Sulaiman Siti Fatimah, Abu Kassim Amirul Hafiz, Samsudin Sharatul Izah, Sulaiman Noor Asyikin, Sunar Noorhazirah

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 8

135--140

EN

A hydroponic system is a method to grow plants using water. Hence, the quality of plant water must be at an optimal level to ensure the plants grow well. This project proposed Internet of Things (IoT) technology to monitor plant water quality. In this project, the NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller is used to control the entire hydroponic system, while the Total Dissolves Solid (TDS) sensor and ultrasonic sensor (HCSR04) were used to measure the plant water quality (water concentration and water level inside the reservoir). The Cayenne myDevices App acts as a platform for mobile monitoring. The measured data from both sensors will be sent to NodeMCU ESP32 by using Wi-Fi connectivity, before being sent to Cayenne myDevices App to be displayed on mobile devices. The water concentration and the water level inside the reservoir are the elements that were monitored in this project, and this project focuses on mustard green cultivation. The results of several experiments that have been carried out show that the proposed hydroponic cultivation monitoring system-based IoT technology successfully displays the water quality of mustard green through display on mobile devices using the Cayenne myDevices App. Users will also be notified when the distance between the ultrasonic sensor and the water level inside the reservoir is more than 10 cm, and the reading of water concentration is lower than 840 ppm. Overall, the monitoring system developed in this project is proven to be able to effectively monitor the water quality of mustard green plants.

PL

System hydroponiczny to metoda uprawy roślin przy użyciu wody. Dlatego jakość wody roślinnej musi być na optymalnym poziomie, aby rośliny dobrze rosły. W ramach tego projektu zaproponowano technologię Internetu rzeczy (IoT) do monitorowania jakości wody w roślinach. W tym projekcie mikrokontroler NodeMCU ESP32 służy do sterowania całym systemem hydroponicznym, natomiast czujnik Total Dissolves Solid (TDS) oraz czujnik ultradźwiękowy (HCSR04) zostały wykorzystane do pomiaru jakości wody roślinnej (stężenia wody i poziomu wody w zbiorniku). Aplikacja Cayenne myDevices działa jako platforma do mobilnego monitorowania. Zmierzone dane z obu czujników zostaną przesłane do NodeMCU ESP32 za pomocą połączenia Wi-Fi, zanim zostaną przesłane do aplikacji Cayenne myDevices w celu wyświetlenia na urządzeniach mobilnych. Stężenie wody i poziom wody w zbiorniku to elementy, które były monitorowane w tym projekcie, który koncentruje się na uprawie gorczycy. Wyniki kilku przeprowadzonych eksperymentów pokazują, że proponowany system monitorowania upraw hydroponicznych oparty na technologii IoT z powodzeniem wyświetla jakość wody musztardowej zieleni poprzez wyświetlanie na urządzeniach mobilnych za pomocą aplikacji Cayenne myDevices. Użytkownicy zostaną również powiadomieni, gdy odległość czujnika ultradźwiękowego od poziomu wody w zbiorniku przekroczy 10 cm, a odczyt stężenia wody będzie niższy niż 840 ppm. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, udowodniono, że system monitorowania opracowany w ramach tego projektu jest w stanie skutecznie monitorować jakość wody gorczycy zielonej.

2

Fiber optic sensor based on lateral offset displacement for water quality analysis in agricultural applications

Haroon Hazura, Azman Noor Erina, Idris Othman Siti Khadijah, Abdul Razak Hanim, Mohd Zain Anis Suhaila, Salehuddin Fauziyah, Othman Maisara

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 7

253--256

EN

In this study, we developed a fiber optic sensor based on a lateral offset displacement to evaluate the water quality of a hydroponic farming system. The fiber is set up in lateral offset SM-SM fiber mode. The fiber core has been spliced at a variety offset lengths, which serve as a sensing region of the fiber sensor towards the hydroponic crop system's water quality, including pH and temperature. Upon completion, the highest sensitivity was achieved by fiber optic sensor with an offset distance of 18.72 µm, with 0.1972 dBm/pH and 0.2863 dBm/°C for pH and temperature measurements, respectively.

PL

W tym badaniu opracowaliśmy czujnik światłowodowy oparty na czujniku przesunięcia bocznego do oceny jakości wody w systemie uprawy hydroponicznej. Światłowód jest ustawiony w trybie światłowodu SM-SM z przesunięciem bocznym. Rdzeń włókna został spleciony na różnych przesuniętych długościach, które służą jako obszar wykrywania czujnika włókna w kierunku jakości wody w systemie upraw hydroponicznych, w tym pH i temperatury. Najwyższą czułość uzyskano po zastosowaniu czujnika światłowodowego o odległości offsetu 18,72 µm, gdzie czułość uzyskana dla pomiarów pH i temperatury wynosi odpowiednio 0,1972 dBm/°pH i 0,2863 dBm/°C.

3

Yield and Quality Improvement of Curly Kale (Brassica oleracea var. Sabellica L.) by Utilizing Agricultural Waste

Sembiring Gitta Malinda, Karyawati Anna Satyana, Maghfoer Mochammad Dawam

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

163--171

EN

Curly kale has a high nutritional content that benefits the human body’s health. This plant appeals to many individuals. Using agricultural waste processed by fermentation to produce liquid organic fertilizer is an effective option for safe products and can reduce the hydroponic cultivation cost of curly kale. This study aimed to investigate liquid organic fertilizer application technology from various agricultural wastes, vinasse, leucanea leaves, and banana peels. These waste materials are additional hydroponic nutrients close to the hydroponic nutrients (AB Mix) that can increase the yield and quality of curly kale plants. Using a randomized block design, this study involved conducting ten treatments repeated three times from April to June 2022 at the screen house of Villa Puncak Tidar, Malang. The study found that the nutritional composition of AB Mix 75% + (25% LOF Vinasse + Banana Peels + Leucaena leaves) had results close to the shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and shoot root ratio of the 100% AB Mix treatment. The total chlorophyll content approaching the 100% AB Mix treatment results was the AB Mix 75% + (25% LOF Vinasse + Banana Peels) treatment. The AB Mix 50% + (50% LOF Vinasse + Banana Peels) treatment produced the highest levels of antioxidants and showed an increase of 15.79%, compared to the 100% AB Mix treatment of 67.63%.

4

Hydroponics agriculture as a modern agriculture technique

Monisha K., Kalai Selvi H., Sivanandhini P., Sona Nachammai A., Anuradha C. T., Rama Devi S., Kavitha Sri A., Neya N. R., Vaitheeswari M., Hikku G. S.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 116, nr 1

25--35

EN

Purpose: Hydroponics, also known as controlled environment agriculture, is a method of cultivating plants and herbs without soil using mineral-supplemented solutions. Agriculture biotechnology enhances its wings on developing genetically modified plants for expanding crop yield and introducing characteristic features such as growing seasonal crops throughout the year, weather-resistant, and pest resistance. Compared to traditional agriculture, hydroponic cultivation yields high-quality crops with 90% more efficient use of water. Therefore, hydroponic cultivation could be considered a succeeding future of agriculture. In this context, understanding agriculture through the hydroponic route is vital for the efficient cultivation of crops. This review elaborates on the different classes of hydroponic systems and the factors that enable the systematic elements of the frame-up. Design/methodology/approach: The significant intent of this review is to provide information on distinct hydroponic systems. Findings: The present review reports a comprehensive discussion about the significance of the hydroponics system, its mechanism, nutrient solution preparation, types of hydroponic setup, and the challenges faced and would light up the knowledge in the same. Originality/value: This review focus on the current feasible hydroponic method of crop cultivation.

5

Application of the OpenCV library in indoor hydroponic plantations for automatic height assessment of plants

Pietrzykowski Sławomir Krzysztof, Wymysłowski Artur

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2022

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Vol. 16, No. 2

55--63

EN

This paper presents a method for automatically measuring plants’ heights in indoor hydroponic plantations using the OpenCV library and the Python programming language. Using the elaborated algorithm and Raspberry Pi-driven system with an external camera, the growth process of multiple pak choi cabbages (Brassica rapa L. subsp. Chinensis) was observed. The main aim and novelty of the presented research is the elaborated algorithm, which allows for observing the plants’ height in hydroponic stations, where reflective foil is used. Based on the pictures of the hydroponic plantation, the bases of the plants, their reflections, and plants themselves were separated. Finally, the algorithm was used for estimating the plants’ heights. The achieved results were then compared to the results obtained manually. With the help of a ML (Machine Learning) approach, the algorithm will be used in future research to optimize the plants’ growth in indoor hydroponic plantations.

6

Influence of Chloride Salinity on Cadmium uptake by Nicotiana tabacum in a Rhizofiltration System

Lopez-Chuken Ulrico Javier, Barceló-Quintal Icela Dagmar, Ramirez-Lara Evangelina, Cantu-Cardenas Maria Elena, Villarreal-Chiu Juan Francisco, Beltran-Rocha Julio Cesar, Guajardo-Barbosa Claudio, Castillo-Zacarias Carlos Jesus, Gomez-Salazar Sergio, Orozco-Guareno Eulogio

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 1

35--40

EN

A hydroponic trial was conducted to study the effect of chloride salinity in simulated effluent on Cd accumulation by tobacco. Leaf surface area (LSA) and root surface area (RSA) measurements were incorporated as possible determinants of Cd uptake rate by plants. Results showed that individual plant differences in Cd content were normalized when including RSA to express Cd uptake rates by plants but not including LSA. A biotic ligand model (BLM) fitted to predict Cd uptake, estimated active and almost linear uptake of the free Cd2+ ion by tobacco plants, while virtually no changes in the chloride complex (CdCl+) uptake were predicted, presumably due to a rapid saturation of the hypothetical root sorption sites at the concentrations used in this trial. Nicotiana tabacum var. K326 is evidenced to be a species potentially suitable for biological wastewater treatment using rhizofiltration at concentrations commonly found in salt-affected wastewater, with high Cd accumulation (185 to 280 mg/kgdm) regardless of water salinity and tolerance up to 80 mmol/L NaCl.

7

Manual Treatment of Urban Wastewater by Chemical Precipitation for Production of Hydroponic Nutrient Solutions

Correia Tânia, Regato Mariana, Almeida Adelaide, Santos Teresa, Amaral Leonor, Carvalho Fátima

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 3

143--152

EN

An urban wastewater treatment system was developed in Portugal for posterior in situ feasibility testing at the Bulgarian Antarctic Base, using its domestic wastewater. The aim of this system was to develop a low cost, integrated approach for wastewater treatment and production of nutrient solutions (NS) for hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) in Antarctic stations, or any other place where the lack of resources and logistical hardships make the wastewater treatment and reuse impractical. The wastewater treatment system consisted in manual agitation lime chemical precipitation (LCPm) and effluent natural neutralization (NN) by atmospheric CO2 carbonation reactions (with and without air injection). The resulting effluent/NS had macronutrient values (nitrogen and phosphorous) for the hydroponic cultivation of lettuce below the values of commercial NS and a high pH (pH ≈ 8). The treatment achieved a total coliform removal rate of 100%. Before the LCPm treatment system development, several lime-based reagents were tested under different reaction pH and using mechanical agitation, to access their organic matter removal efficiency, as chemical oxygen demand (COD). The best COD removal results obtained were: commercial Ca(OH)2 (pH 11.5 – 89%), reagent grade Ca(OH)2 (pH 11.5 – 79%) and CaO (pH 12.0 – 64%).

8

Miejskie farmy wertykalne następstwem rozwoju miast w ramach gospodarki post-wzrostowej (post-growth economy)

Mikołajczyk Agnieszka

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

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2018

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nr 10

9--26

PL

W ramach niniejszego artykułu podjęto problematykę autonomii żywnościowej oraz „samowystarczalności" potrzeb miasta w czasach przemian gospodarczych świata. Przeprowadzona analiza zagrożeń gospodarki nastawionej na konsumpcjonizm przedstawia możliwe rozwiązania mające korzystny wpływ na gospodarkę lokalną, ale także uatrakcyjnienie przestrzeni intensywnie rozrastających się miast. Niekorzystne zjawiska meteorologiczne i urbanistyczne potwierdzają tezy dotyczące wyczerpywania się surowców naturalnych oraz wysokiego zanieczyszczenia środowiska. Dodatkowo podejmując temat śladu ekologicznego i strat ekonomicznych jakie niesie za sobą gospodarka uzależniona od exportu proponuje się innowacyjne rozwiązanie jakim jest wdrażanie miejskich farm wertykalnych. Przedstawienie możliwości technologicznoprojektowych lokalnej produkcji żywności oraz przytoczenie światowych realizacji dokonano analizy możliwości potencjalnych lokalizacji farm wertykalnych w ramach gospodarki regionalnej Jako główny przykład przedstawiony zostanie Miejski Park Produkcji Żywności, będący projektem zagospodarowania terenów pokolejowych w Katowicach, opracowany w ramach pracy dyplomowej na studiach I stopnia kierunku Architektura i Urbanistyka. Przedstawione w ten sposób idee mają zobrazować realne możliwości tego typu inwestycji i ich wpływ na odbiór terenów miejskich przeznaczonych pod produkcję żywności lokalnej. Innowacyjność rozwiązań nadaje kierunek dalszego rozwoju miast jak i oznacza realny potencjał gospodarek lokalnych do przemian w zakresie dążenia do zrównoważonego rozwoju ale także do tzw. „samowystarczalności".

EN

This article deals with the issues of food auto nomy and sustainability of ur ban needs in times of world economic transformation. The conducted analysis of risks to the economy targeted at consumerism shows possible solutions having a beneficial impact on the local economy as well as on making the space of intensely growing cities more attractive. Adverse weather and urban phenomena confirm the theses concerning the depletion of natural resources and high environment contamination. Additionally, tackling the issue of ecological trace and economic losses resulting from economy dependent on export, innovative solutions are offered, that is implementation of urban vertical farms. The presentation of technological and designing possibilities of local food production and reference to world realisations were bases for analysis of possibilities of potentia! locations for vertical farms as part of regional economy. The mai n example will be the Urban Food Production Park being a project for development of post-railway lands in Katowice, developed as part of Bachelor's thesis at first-cycle studies of Architecture and Town Planning. The ideas presented in such a man ner are to picture real possibilities of such investments and their impact on the reception of urban areas intended for production of local food. The innovativeness of solutions gives direction for further development of cities and means real potentia! of loca I economies for transformations in the scope of striving for sustainable growth as well as the socalled sustainability.

9

Alleviation effect of selenium on manganese stress of plants

Kleiber T., Krzesiński W., Przygocka-Cyna K., Spiżewski T.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2018

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Vol. 25, nr 1

143--152

EN

Mn, as Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni is a heavy metal and also a necessary element all the living organisms. Excessive Mn nutrition causes a strong oxidative stress. The aim of the studies was to determination the effect of Se treatment (as sodium selenite Na2O4Se3) to alleviate the Mn stress of plants. Because of its sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by excessive concentrations of Mn a model plant was lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Sunny’). The studies were conducted in a controlled environment growth room in stable climate conditions: 16 h photoperiod; temperature light/dark 18.0 ±0.5°C/16.0 ±0.5°C; relative humidity 70-80%; quantum flux density 195-205 μmol m−2 s−1. Plants were grown hydroponically in nutrient solution characterized by excessive Mn content (19.2 mg dm−3) and different contents of Se (control; 0.77, 1.05, 1.33 mg dm−3). In all the combination were also tested different foliar sprays (distilled water and a 0.005% Se solution). Plants grown under conditions described above take up and transported Se from nutrient solutions into their leaves with a significant reduction of Mn concentration and changes in the plant nutrient status. With the increase in the concentrations of Se clearly narrowed quantitative relations in the leaves between this element and micro-metallic. Increasing Se levels in nutrient solution has a positive influence on the growth of plants, but Se foliar treatment generally decreases plant yield. The study shown that Se application may lead to alleviation of Mn stress of plants, with simultaneous reduce in Mn concentration in leaves - which may be of practical importance also in the cultivation of more economically important species.

10

Wpływ udziału keramzytu w podłożu na parametry wzrostu roślin iglastych z gatunku żywotnik zachodni (Thuja occidentalis L.)

Żelaziński T., Kubiak J.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2017

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T. 17, z. 3

145--153

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań uprawy żywotnika zachodniego odmiany ‘Smaragd’ na podłożach z różnym udziałem keramzytu oraz podłożach szczepionych mykoryzą. Udział keramzytu w poszczególnych próbach badawczych wynosił: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 i 50%. Przygotowanie próbek do badań polegało na wcześniejszym wymieszaniu gleby z keramzytem i nasadzeniu roślin do wazonów. Badano takie parametry roślin, jak wysokość, masę świeżej części naziemnej (biomasa) oraz masę części podziemnej (korzeni po opłukaniu). Badanie przeprowadzono w okresie 2 lat. Stwierdzono, że największy przyrost roślin można osiągnąć, stosując dodatek keramzytu na poziomie 20–30%. Zaobserwowano również, że zwiększenie przyrostu roślin jest możliwe przy uprawie roślin w kombinacji keramzytu z dodatkiem mykoryzy. Spostrzeżono, że możliwość stosowania dużego udziału dodatku keramzytu w mieszankach podłoży, w połączeniu z jego niewielkim ciężarem, otwiera nowe możliwości wykorzystania tego surowca do upraw roślin na dachach zielonych, garażach podziemnych oraz w budownictwie halowym.

EN

The results of the research growing northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) on substrates with different share of expanded clay and substrates vaccinated mycorrhiza. The addition of expanded clay in the individual test samples was: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%. Preparation of samples for investigation consist of early mixing of soil with expanded clay and planting of plants for pot. The study was conducted in two years were tested parameters such as growth of plants, the mass of the ground part and the root mass. It was found that the highest growth of plants can be achieved by applying the addition of expanded clay at 20–30%. It was also observed that increasing the growth of plants is possible with the plant cultivation in combination with the addition of expanded clay mycorrhiza. It was noticed that the ability to use a large share of addition of expanded clay in mixtures of substrates, combined with its low weight opens up new possibilities for using this resource for plants in crops for green roofs, underground garages and building a hall.

11

Determination of lithium bioretention by maize under hydroponic conditions

Antonkiewicz J., Jasiewicz C., Koncewicz-Baran M., Bączek-Kwinta R.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2017

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Vol. 43, no. 4

94--104

EN

Irrigation of cultivated plants can be a source of toxic lithium to plants. The data on the effect of lithium uptake on plants are scant, that is why a research was undertaken with the aim to determine maize ability to bioaccumulate lithium. The research was carried out under hydroponic conditions. The experimental design comprised 10 concentrations in solution differing with lithium concentrations in the aqueous solution (ranging from 0.0 to 256.0 mg Li ∙ dm-3 of the nutrient solution). The parameters based on which lithium bioretention by maize was determined were: the yield, lithium concentration in various plant parts, uptake and utilization of this element, tolerance index (TI) and translocation factor (TF), metal concentrations in the above-ground parts index (CI) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Depression in yielding of maize occurred only at the highest concentrations of lithium. Lithium concentration was the highest in the roots, lower in the stems and leaves, and the lowest in the inflorescences. The values of tolerance index and EC50 indicated that roots were the most resistant organs to lithium toxicity. The values of translocation factor were indicative of intensive export of lithium from the roots mostly to the stems. The higher uptake of lithium by the above-ground parts than by the roots, which primarily results from the higher yield of these parts of the plants, supports the idea of using maize for lithium phytoremediation.

PL

Celem badań było określenie zdolności kukurydzy do bioakumulacji litu. Badania prowadzono w warunkach kultur wodnych. Schemat doświadczenia obejmował 10 obiektów różniących się stężeniem litu w roztworze wodnym, w zakresie od 0.0–256.0 mg Li∙dm-3 pożywki. Jako parametry, na podstawie których określono bioretencję litu przez kukurydzę przyjęto: plon, zawartość litu w różnych częściach rośliny, pobranie i wykorzystanie tego pierwiastka oraz indeksy: tolerancji plonu (TI), translokacji (TF), stężenia metalu w częściach nadziemnych (CI) i bioakumulacji (BAF). Depresja plonowania kukurydzy wystąpiła przy dawce 128 i 256 mg Li ∙ dm-3. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że korzenie charakteryzowały się największymi zawartościami litu, natomiast niższymi łodygi i liście, a najmniejszymi kwiatostany. Wartości indeksu translokacji świadczą o intensywnym przemieszczaniu się litu z korzeni do części nadziemnych. Najwięcej litu pobrały łodygi, następnie korzenie, liście, a najmniej kwiatostan. Pobranie litu przez kukurydzę, w zależności od obiektu, wahało się od 2.31 do 24.36% w stosunku do ilości wprowadzonej do obiektu. Najmniejszy fi toodzysk odnotowano w obiektach, w których zastosowano największe ilości litu (3200-6400 mg Li akwarium-1), co zapewne było związane z dużymi dawkami litu oraz niskim plonowaniem i pobraniem tego pierwiastka przez kukurydzę.

12

The Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen Deficiency on the Changes in Selected Physiological Parameters of Common Bean (Phaseoleus Vulgaris L.) Grown In Hydroponic Cultures

Wróbel J., Auriga A., Mielczarek M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

321--327

EN

This study aimed at evaluating the physiological activity of common bean grown under the conditions of stress being induced by salinity and nitrogen deficiency and its lack in substrate. Three series of two-factorial hydroponic experiment with the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Basta were carried out from May to July in 2013–2014. The first experimental factor was three levels of nitrogen content in a Hoagland hydroponic medium (level 1 – a complete medium, level 2 – without 50% N, level 3 – without 100% N). The second experimental factor was three levels of medium salinity (level 1 – no NaCl addition, level 2 – 30 mM NaCl addition, level 3 – 50 mM NaCl addition). Nitrogen deficiency in a Hoagland hydroponic medium, together with increased salinity level, significantly affected the changes in the physiological parameters of the common bean cultivar Basta being tested, i.e. assimilation pigment concentration (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and chlorophyll-a+b and carotenoids), assimilation and transpiration intensities, and RWC (relative water content). The 50% nitrogen deficiency in medium induced a significant increase in the concentration of all assimilation pigments in common bean leaves and was by far the highest among the experimental variants being tested. A significant decrease in the content of assimilation pigments was observed in the hydroponic mediums without nitrogen and salined with 30 and 50 mM sodium chloride. The interaction of these two experimental factors being analysed, i.e. nitrogen deficiency and its lack in a Hoagland hydroponic medium and its salinity, significantly decreased the intensity of assimilation in bean leaves, while a significant increase in transpiration was observed in the variant without nitrogen and with 50 mM NaCl. The experimental variants being tested had a significant effect on the changes in leaf water balance of the common bean cultivar being tested. Salinity, in interaction with nitrogen deficiency in medium, decreased relative water content (RWC) in leaves, irrespective of their level.

13

Water and Ionic Balance in the Leaves of Basket Willow (Salix viminalis L) Cultivated in Hydroponics with Different Salinity Levels

Wróbel J., Mikiciuk M.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 10

1315-1321

EN

In the study, a significant effect of different NaCl concentration in Hoagland’s medium was showed on the water and ionic balance in the leaves of three clones of Salix viminalis L., ie ‘Bjor’, ‘Jorr’ and ‘Tora’. The measurements of water indicators (RWC and WSD) as well as the content of monovalent (K+ and Na+) and bivalent (Ca2+ and Mg2+) cations in the leaves of basket willow clones allow to conclude that under high salinity of hydroponics with sodium chloride the ‘Bjor’ clone was characterised by more favourable water and ionic balance when compared with the ‘Jorr’ and ‘Tora’ clones, as well as by effective mechanism of decreasing the uptake of sodium ions in leaves under the highest salt concentration in the medium. The results indicate that the ‘Bjor’ clone is best adapted to survival under salt stress conditions.

PL

W badaniach wykazano ważny wpływ zróżnicowanego stężenia NaCl w pożywce Hoaglanda na bilans wodny i jonowy w liściach trzech klonów Salix viminalis L.: 'Bjor', 'Jorr' i 'Tora'. Pomiary wskaźników wodnych RWC i WSD oraz zawartości kationów jednowartościowych (K+ i Na+) oraz dwuwartościowych (Ca2+ i Mg2+) w liściach klonów wierzby wiciowej pozwalają wnioskować, że w warunkach dużego zasolenia hydroponiki chlorkiem sodu klon 'Bjor' w porównaniu z klonami 'Jorr' i 'Tora' charakteryzował się korzystniejszym bilansem wodnym oraz jonowym, a także skutecznym mechanizmem zmniejszania pobierania jonów sodu w liściach w warunkach największego stężenia soli w podłożu. Wyniki badań wskazują, że klon 'Bjor' jest najlepiej przystosowany do przetrwania w warunkach stresu solnego.