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1

The effect of oil feeding type and oil grade on the oil film bearing capacity

Mazurkow Aleksander, Witkowski Waldemar, Kalina Adam, Wierzba Bartłomiej, Oleksy Mariusz

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 2

381--386

EN

Two types of hydrodynamically lubricated plain journal bearings were subject to examination differing in the method used to feed them with oil. The first type was fed from a lubrication pocket and the second from the bearing face side. Mathematical models were developed with two-way oil flow allowing to determine the oil film bearing capacity, the maximum pressure, the maximum temperature, and the film oil minimum height for given position of journal relative to solid bush. Static characteristics were developed used in the further course of the study to compare operating parameters of the considered types of bearings. Another issue considered in the paper is the effect of oil VG grade on bearing performance with conditions of oil feeding taken into account and results of the research presented.

2

Analysis of the Load-Carrying Capacity in a Hydroelectric Power Plant

Olszewski A., Żochowski T., Gołębiewski G.

Tribologia

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2018

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nr 2

103--110

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the load-carrying capacity of a historic hydrodynamic water-lubricated radial bearing of an unconventional segment design installed in the Braniewo Hydroelectric Power Plant. The aim of the calculations was to determine whether the bearing operates in the conditions of hydrodynamic or mixed lubrication, as well as to establish the optimal geometry of the axial grooves allowing for the highest load-carrying capacity. Computer simulations were performed using proprietary ARTbear software developed at Machine Design and Vehicles Department of Gdańsk University of Technology. The calculation results led to the creation of the technical documentation of the bearing’s modernization serving to increase its lifespan and reliability.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę nośności zabytkowego hydrodynamicznego łożyska poprzecznego smarowanego wodą o nietypowej konstrukcji segmentowej zainstalowanego w elektrowni wodnej Braniewo. Celem obliczeń było określenie, czy łożysko pracuje w warunkach tarcia płynnego czy mieszanego oraz wyznaczenie optymalnej geometrii szczeliny smarowej umożliwiającej uzyskanie maksymalnej nośności. Symulacje komputerowe wykonano, wykorzystując autorski program komputerowy ARTbear opracowany w Katedrze Konstrukcji Maszyn i Pojazdów Politechniki Gdańskiej. Wykonane obliczenia posłużyły do opracowania dokumentacji modernizacji łożyska zwiększającej jego trwałość i niezawodność.

3

Analysis of Bearing Clearance and Width of an Oil Groove on the Characteristic of Fluid Film in Hydrodynamic Main Crankshaft Bearings

Żochowski T., Olszewski A.

Tribologia

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2018

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nr 5

159--167

EN

Paper represents an analysis of the influence of oil groove width and bearing clearance on the characteristics of oil film in a hydrodynamic journal main crankshaft bearing. Analysis was performed to define the influence of bearing clearance and dimensions of oil grooves on static characteristics and manufacturability of half-shelf bearings in industrial high-volume production. Computer simulations were made using an ARTbear program, which was developed in Department of Machine Construction and Vehicle Design in Gdańsk Technical University. The analysis allowed defining the correlation between groove geometry and load capacity and working conditions of bearings. Potential opportunities of possible shortening of production time in high-volume production were also indicated.

PL

Przedstawiono analizę wpływu szerokości rowka olejowego oraz luzu łożyskowego na charakterystykę filmu olejowego w hydrodynamicznych łożyskach poprzecznych wału korbowego. Analizę przeprowadzono w celu określenia wpływu luzu łożyskowego oraz wymiarów rowka na charakterystyki statyczne łożyska oraz technologiczność wykonywania panewek w przemysłowej produkcji wielkoseryjnej. Symulacje komputerowe wykonano, wykorzystując autorski program komputerowy ARTbear opracowany w Katedrze Konstrukcji Maszyn i Pojazdów Politechniki Gdańskiej. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły określić zależności pomiędzy geometrią rowka smarującego a nośnością i warunkami pracy łożyska. Odniesiono się również do potencjalnych możliwości skrócenia czasu operacji wykonywania rowka w trakcie produkcji seryjnej panewek.

4

The experimental identification of the dynamic coefficients of two hydrodynamic journal bearings operating at constant rotational speed and under nonlinear conditions

Breńkacz Ł., Żywica G., Drosińska-Komor M.

Polish Maritime Research

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2017

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nr 4

108--115

EN

Hydrodynamic bearings are commonly used in ship propulsion systems. Typically, they are calculated using numerical or experimental methods. This paper presents an experimental study through which it has been possible to estimate 24 dynamic coefficients of two hydrodynamic slide bearings operating under nonlinear conditions. During the investigation, bearing mass coefficients are identified by means of a newly developed algorithm. An impact hammer was used to excite vibration of the shaft. The approximation by means of the least squares method was applied to determine bearing dynamic coefficients. Based on the performed research, the four (i.e. two main and two crosscoupled) coefficients of stiffness, damping and mass for each bearing were obtained. The mass coefficients add up to the complex shaft weight. These values are not required for modeling dynamics of the machine because the rotor mass is usually known, however, they may serve as a good indicator to validate the correctness of the stiffness and damping coefficients determined. Additionally, the experimental research procedure was described. The signals of displacements in the bearings and the excitation forces used for determination of the bearing dynamic coefficients were shown. The study discussed in this article is about a rotor supported by two hydrodynamic bearings operating in a nonlinear manner. On the basis of computations, the results of bearing dynamic coefficients were presented for a selected speed.

5

Operating conditions of slide bearings of mills used in KGHM Polska Miedź S.A.

Olszewski A., Łubiński J. I., Pawlos W., Kuźba B.

Tribologia

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2016

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nr 4

177--189

EN

The paper contains the results from a technical analysis of the conditions of the operation of hydrodynamic bearings supporting the drums of ore processing mills at KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. A theoretical analysis was performed on the grounds of onsite examination and measurements of principal dimensions of the bearings of interest. The computer simulation covered the characteristics of the oil film in the bearings as a function of bearing clearance, load, lubricant viscosity, and journal tilting in relation to two planes (horizontal and vertical). The results of the analysis indicate that the bearings currently operate close to maximum capacity and that there is a significant deflection of the Bering journals under the applied joint load of the drum’s own weight and the process load of grinders and slurry. The current extent of tilting can cause oil film breakage at the bearing’s edge. The result of calculations amended by bearings’ examination and measurements allowed the formulations of conclusions regarding the current state of the bearings and evaluated load conditions. Guidelines were established for later developments in the capacity and reliability of the bearings.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę warunków pracy łożysk hydrodynamicznych młynów rudy zainstalowanych w KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. Analiza teoretyczna została poprzedzona wizją lokalną oraz wykonaniem stosownych pomiarów geometrii czopów i łożysk. Symulacja komputerowa charakterystyk filmu olejowego łożysk obejmowała zbadanie wpływu wartości luzu łożyskowego, obciążenia, lepkości oleju smarującego oraz ukosowania czopa w dwóch płaszczyznach (poziomej i pionowej). Analiza wskazuje, że zainstalowane łożyska pracują na granicy swojej nośności, a ugięcie osi czopów spowodowane ugięciem walczaka pod działaniem ciężaru własnego i nadawy wywołuje znaczne ukosowanie czopa w panwi mogące prowadzić do przerywania filmu olejowego na krawędziach zewnętrznych. Przeprowadzone obliczenie uzupełnione o oględziny pomiary łożysk wykonane w KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. pozwoliły na sformułowanie wniosków odnośnie do stanu istniejących łożysk, ich obciążenia oraz możliwości zwiększenia nośności i niezawodności.

6

Hydrodynamic tilting pad journal bearing with automatic control

Marcinkevičius A. H.

Archive of Mechanical Engineering

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2010

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Vol. LVII, nr 4

343-354

EN

Hydrodynamic three tilting-pad journal bearing is analyzed in the paper. It is shown that, when assembling that type of not controlled bearing, it is impossible to obtain a small clearance between the pad and the journal at high frequency of journal rotation. In a static state, i.e. when the journal is immobile, such a bearing should be assembled with a large interference between the pads and the journal in order to guarantee the small clearance at rotation. At start, when the hydrodynamic lubricating wedges between the pads and journal are absent, the bearing would work with dry friction, resulting in quick wear of pads and high load of the drive motor. Apart of that, it is impossible to control the power consumption and temperature regime neither for idle nor for working rotation of the journal. The proposed automatic control gives a possibility to regulate the clearance between the pads and the journal by measuring and controlling the axial force of the pad load, and in such a way to improve work conditions of the bearing.

PL

Praca dotyczy analizy warunków pracy łożyska hydrodynamicznego z panewką z ruchomymi płytkami ze sterowaniem automatycznym. Pokazano, że bez sterowania nie jest możliwe zapewnienie małej szczeliny pomiędzy płytką a czopem przy obrotach wału z dużymi prędkościami. W warunkach statyki, gdy wał pozostaje w spoczynku, łożysko takie powinno być montowane z dużym luzem ujemnym pomiędzy płytkami i czopem aby zagwarantować małą szczelinę przy obrotach wału. W początkowym okresie pracy łożyska, przy braku klina smarnego, łożysko mogłoby pracować w warunkach tarcia suchego co prowadzi do szybkiego zużycia płytek i dużego obciążenia napędu. Ponadto nie jest możliwe sterowanie zużyciem energii ani warunkami temperatury w której pracuje łożysko zarówno bez jak i pod obciążeniem. Zaproponowane sterowanie daje możliwość regulacji szczeliny pomiędzy płytkami i czopem poprzez pomiar i sterowanie siłą osiową obciążającą płytkę, co prowadzi do polepszenia warunków pracy łożyska.

7

Badania teoretyczne łożysk ślizgowych podpartych na czaszy kulistej

Olszewski A., Wodtke M.

Tribologia

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2009

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nr 4

147-156

PL

Podparcie łożysk ślizgowych na czaszy kulistej umożliwia uzyskanie równoległości czopa wału względem powierzchni ślizgowej łożyska. Rozwiązanie tego typu jest często spotykane w maszynach o znacznych gabarytach, w których trudno zapewnić idealne osiowanie wszystkich gniazd łożyskowych. W pracy przedstawiono metodykę badań teoretycznych i doświadczalnych łożysk ślizgowych podpartych na czaszy kulistej. Badania teoretyczne prowadzono z wykorzystaniem programu komputerowego MES oraz programu wyznaczającego charakterystyki filmu olejowego. W celu opisu systemu tribologicznego łożysko–podpora stworzono trójwymiarowy model MES łożyska i gniazda. W czasie badań analizowano wpływ wielu czynników mogących ułatwiać lub utrudniać samonastawność, takich jak luz pomiędzy kulą a gniazdem, wpływ współczynnika tarcia, geometrię gniazda itp. Wyniki badań są aktualnie weryfikowane na specjalnie do tego celu zmodernizowanym stanowisku badawczym.

EN

A new concept of a hydrodynamic bearing computer model with selfaligning spherical support is presented in the paper. It takes into account the interaction between the bearing and spherical support. The model is composed of two modules. The first module is used for calculating hydrodynamic pressure distribution, and the second one (FEM module) describes the tribological characteristics of the spherical support of the bearing. During the simulations, both bearing geometry and spherical support geometry were changed. Several bearings were tested, varying clearance, length and preload. Different spherical seats were also studied, varying clearance and friction coefficient. The influence of the groove in the bearing shell sliding surface on tribological behaviour was also investigated. The proposed computer model offers an efficient design stage simulation of the behaviour of a sliding bearing in a spherical support. The model is being verified during experimental tests in a modernised test rig.

8

Nonlinear analysis of the stability of hydrodynamic bearings

Amamou A., Chouchane M., Naimi S.

Diagnostyka

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2009

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nr 4(52)

3-10

EN

The linear analysis of the stability of a hydrodynamic bearing is used to determine the stability boundaries and to predict if the steady state is stable or not. A nonlinear or weakly nonlinear model is used to determine the behaviour of the system near the critical stability boundaries. By applying the Hopf bifurcation theory, the existence of stable or unstable limit cycles in the neighbourhood of the stability boundaries can be predicted depending on the characteristics of the bearing.A numerical integration of the nonlinear equations of motion is then carried out in order to verify the results obtained analytically.

9

Mechanically non-contact axial flow blood pump

Mitamura Y., Kido K., Yano T., Sakota D., Yozu R., Okamoto E., Murabayashi S., Nishimura I.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 27, no. 1-2

139-146

EN

To overcome the drive shaft seal and bearing problem of the rotary blood pump, a hydro-dynamic bearing, a magnetic fluid seal and a brushless DC motor were employed in an axial flow pump. This enabled contact free rotation of the impeller without material wear. The axial flow pump consists of a brushless DC motor, an impeller and a guide vane. The motor rotor is directly connected to the impeller by a motor shaft. A hydrodynamic bearing is installed on the motor shaft. The motor and the hydrodynamic bearing are housed in a cylindrical casing and are waterproofed by a magnetic fluid seal. Impeller shaft displacement was measured using laser sensor. The axial and radial displacements of the shaft were less than a few micrometers for up to 8500 rpm. The shaft did not touch the housing. A flow of 5 L/min was obtained at 8000 rpm at a pressure difference of 100 mmHg. The left ventricular bypass experiment was performed in vitro. With an increase of the motor speed, the bypass flow increased, and at 7000 rpm a total bypass was obtained. The hydrodynamic bearing worked normally under variable load conditions. In conclusion, the axial flow blood pump consisting of a hydrodynamic bearing, a magnetic fluid seal and a brushless DC motor provides contact free rotation of the impeller without material wear.

10

On the thermal effects in hydrodynamic journal bearings

Fillon M.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2005

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Vol. 10, no 3

441-450

EN

This paper presents recent works on temperature effects in hydrodynamic journal bearings. This is an over-view of several specific thermal problems encountered particularly in fixed geometry and tilting-pad journal bearings. The temperature-viscosity variation, the heat transfer, the change in bearing clearance, the thermal and mechanical deformations, the flow regime, the transient regime, the risk of seizure, the dynamic loading as well as the misalignment are successively discussed.

11

Numerical modeling and design of a wavy thrust bearing

Choy F. K., Braun M. J., Zhao H.

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2002

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Vol. 7, no 3

757-769

EN

The objective of this paper is to present the analytical and numerical development leading to the simulation of a wavy thrust bearings. The analytical formulation is based on the application of the Reynolds equation to the geometry of two parallel circular plates with prescribed boundary conditions at their inner and outer circumferential edges. The upper plate is assumed to be rotating while the lower plate, which is wavy in geometry, is stationary. A numerical procedure based on the discretisation of the Reynolds equation yields a finite difference formulation that reduces the second order partial differential equation to a set of simultaneous algebraic equations. For a given loading condition, the equilibrium position of the rotating plate is evaluated using the Newton-Raphson search, by balancing the applied load with the force generated by the hydrodynamic fluid film resisting pressure. The stiffness of the bearing is then calculated using a numerical small perturbation procedure at the equilibrium position of the upper plate. Finally the transient motion of the journal is evaluated using a numerical integration scheme on the translational and angular acceleration parameters. General and specific conclusions are drawn based on these numerical results.