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Development of Renewable Material Hydrochar-Based CaAl Layered Double Hydroxide to Overcome Methyl Red Dyes Contaminant

Mohadi Risfidian, Juleanti Novie, Palapa Neza Rahayu, Hidayati Nurlisa, Lesbani Aldes

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

17--25

EN

The preparation of the CaAl/HC composite was carried out with a supporting material in the form of hydrochar from duku skin. The success of the preparation was demonstrated by XRD, FT-IR, and BET analysis. The diffractogram of CaAl/HC showed diffraction peaks at 2θ = 10.16° (003), 18.0° (002), 20.15° (006) and 65.4° (110). The diffraction showed similarity to diffraction in CaAl and hydrochar double layer hydroxyl. The FT-IR spectrum of CaAl/HC also showed similarity to the CaAl/HC double layer hydroxyl at 3448, 1635, and 1381 cm-1. The characteristic spectrum of the hydrochar also appeared in CaAl/HC at 20.15. BET analysis showed an increase in the surface area of CaAl/HC before modification of 11.842 m2/g and increased to 22.635 m2/g of CaAl/HC. The ability of CaAl/HC as an adsorbent is determined through several parameters including selectivity, regeneration, isotherm, and thermodynamics. The results of dye selectivity showed that CaAl/HC was more likely to absorb MR dyes in a mixture of dyes (DG, MO, PR, MR, CR, and DR). The regeneration results showed the ability of CaAl/HC which lasted up to 73.26% in the fifth cycle.

2

Experimental Studies on Hydrothermal Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste for Solid Fuel Production

Djaenudin, Permana Dani, Ependi Mahyar, Putra Herlian Eriska

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 9

208--215

EN

Using the Hydrothermal process to reduce the volume of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) which is mostly organic component and to utilize the solid powder resulted as coal-like solid fuel will contribute not only to solving the MSW problem but also reducing the coal consumption in the power plant. In this study, the hydrothermal processes were conducted using a laboratory scale apparatus with MSW components as the samples. The process parameters comprised temperature, solid load, and holding time. Four components were used as representative of organics and plastics in the municipal solid waste. In this study, the experiments were done performed at various temperatures, 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C inside an experimental autoclave. The results of the experiments show that the process time, the water amount and the temperature which are used in hydrothermal process, affect the proximate and ultimate compositions. The moisture and fixed carbon content decrease and the volatile matter increases, so that the calorific value of MSW increases. On the basis of the experiments, the optimum hydrothermal process parameters are feed to water ratio of 1/1 (250 g/250 ml), temperature of 180 °C, and holding time of 90 min. It also can be concluded that the hydrothermal process can be applied to MSW to produce solid fuel.

3

Competitive Removal of Cationic Dye Using NiAl-LDH Modified with Hydrochar

Normah, Palapa Neza Rahayu, Taher Tarmizi, Mohadi Risfidian, Arsyad Fitri Suryani, Priambodo Aldi, Lesbani Aldes

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 4

124--135

EN

In this study, NiAl-LDH was modified with hydrochar using the NiAl-Hydrochar composite coprecipitation method. Materials were characterized by XRD and FT-IR analysis. XRD diffractogram and FT-IR spectra show that the NiAl-Hydrochar composite material has the characteristics of the precursors. NiAl- Hydrochar composite materials have a large adsorption capacity to adsorb cationic dyes. The adsorption follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with the maximum capacity (Qmax) of the NiAl-Hydrochar composite material reaching 256.410 mg/g for malachite green and the adsorption process takes place spontaneously and endothermically. The regeneration process of NiAl-Hydrochar composites was more stable and the decrease was not significant (>70%). The selectivity of the dye mixture showed that the adsorbent was more selective for malachite green dye compared to methylene blue and rhodamine-B.

4

Production of Coal-Like Solid Fuel from Albizia Chinensis Sawdust via Wet Torrefaction Process

Putra Herlian Eriska, Damanhuri Enri, Dewi Kania, Pasek Ari Darmawan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

183--190

EN

Albizia Chinensis is a plant easily found in Indonesia and other South East Asian countries. The sawdust from this plant is a lignocellulosic waste that can be potentially upgraded for the fuel purposes. This research investigated the potential of upgrading sawdust into a coal-like solid for fuel by a wet torrefaction process. In this project, a 1 L torrefaction reactor with an electric heater was employed to perform the carbonization of the Albizia chinensis sawdust. Wet torrefaction was performed in batch at temperatures of 190–230°C with holding times of 20°C, 30 and 60 min. The solid to water ratios of 1:3, 1:5 and 1:10 were used. The results showed that the chemical and physical properties of sawdust and hydrochar varied as a function of reaction temperature, holding time and solid load. The results also suggested that wet torrefaction could increase the fixed carbon in sawdust while the ash content and volatile matter decreased. The high heating value of hydrochar was 24.55 MJ/kg higher than raw sawdust, 18 MJ/kg. CO2 was predominantly detected in the gas phase, reaching the of >90% CO2. The liquid products were identified as sugar and organic acid compounds, which may be desirable feedstock for biochemical production.

5

Wet Torrefaction of Miscanthus – Characterization of Hydrochars in View of Handling, Storage and Combustion Properties

Wnukowski M., Owczarek P., Niedźwiecki Ł.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 3

161--167

EN

Properties of miscanthus hydrochars obtained through wet torrefaction were studied. The process was carried out in three different temperatures – 180, 200 and 220 °C and with four different ratios of water to biomass – 3:1, 6:1, 12:1 and 16:1. The obtained solid products were characterized with respect to their fuel properties. The best results were obtained for the temperature of 220 °C and showed a noticeable improvement in fuel properties – especially grindability and lowered ash content. The influence of water to biomass ratio was not so explicit and while high ratio showed an improvement in all mentioned properties, low ratio allowed to achieve the highest energy yield. The results obtained for miscanthus wet torrefaction and the literature data for dry torrefaction were compared.