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Nowe spojrzenie na występowanie naturalnych wycieków węglowodorowych w Karpatach

Matyasik Irena, Bieleń Wojciech

Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze

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2023

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R. 26, Nr 3 (289)

4-9

PL

Naturalne wycieki węglowodorów na powierzchni terenu są najwyraźniejszym przejawem ropogazonośności basenów naftowych. Przyczyną ich występowania jest migracja faz węglowodorowych, a ich charakter zależy przede wszystkim od budowy tektonicznej. Makroprzejawy węglowodorów charakterystyczne są dla basenów naftowych cechujących się skomplikowaną tektoniką formacji ropogazonośnych i/lub zaawansowaną erozją skał uszczelniających. Analiza rozmieszczenia i intensywności naturalnych wycieków węglowodorów ma istotne znaczenie dla walidacji modeli systemów naftowych. Wycieki, które objęto badaniami pochodzą z rejonu złóż ropy naftowej: na fałdzie Łodyna-Wańkowa, Czarna, Dwernik, Zatwarnica oraz w rejonie Sanoka (Tarnawa Wielopole). Do określania charakteru geochemicznego wycieków zastosowano badania biomarkerów GC i GCMS oraz badania składu izotopowego węgla. Stwierdzono, że środowisko sedymentacji badanej materii organicznej, będącej źródłową dla wycieków, jest tlenowe. Wiek geologiczny substancji organicznej został określony na kredowy lub młodszy, a stopień dojrzałości termicznej odpowiada fazie procesów termokatalitycznych. Porównanie charakterystyki geochemicznej wycieków i rop naftowych wskazuje na ich podobieństwo genetyczne. Zbieżność między lokalizacjami wycieków i dużych złóż ropy naftowej nie jest przypadkowa, a prześledzenie wszystkich naturalnych wycieków na tle uaktualnionych przekrojów powierzchniowych będzie przesłanką do analizy dróg migracji w modelu generacyjnym.

EN

Visible petroleum seepages are pronounced symptoms of the subsurface petroleum reserves. Their occurrence is caused by the migration of hydrocarbons, and their nature depends primarily on the tectonics. Hydrocarbon macro seepages are characteristic of oil basins with complicated tectonics of oil-bearing formations and/or advanced erosion of sealing rocks. Analysis of the distribution and intensity of natural hydrocarbon seepages is essential for the validation of oil system models. The hydrocarbon seepages that were tested come from the area of oil fields: on the Łodyna-Wańkowa fold, Czarna, Dwernik, Zatwarnica and in the Sanok area (Tarnawa Wielopole). GC and GCMS biomarker analyses and isotopic composition tests were used to determine the geochemical character of the hydrocarbon seepages. It was found that sedimentation environment of the organic matter (which is the primary source of the oil seepage) was oxic. Geological age of the organic matter was determined as Cretaceous or younger. And the degree of thermal maturity corresponds to the phase of thermocatalytic processes. Comparison of the geochemical characteristics of the seepage oils and crude oils collected from fields shows their genetic similarity. The coincidence between the locations of oil seepages and large oil deposits is certainly not accidental. The tracing of all hydrocarbon seepages in the context of updated surface cross-sections will be a premise for the analysis of migration routes in the generation model.

2

Transforming Bubble Wrap and Packaging Plastic Waste into Valuable Fuel Resources

Sari Mega Mutiara, Inoue Takanobu, Rofiah Rofiah, Septiariva Iva Yenis, Prayogo Wisnu, Suryawan I. Wayan Koko, Arifianingsih Nur Novilina

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

260--270

EN

This study aimed to investigate the potential of plastic waste, specifically bubble wrap and packaging plastic, as a fuel source through pyrolysis process. The samples were analyzed using FTIR and GC-MS. The results showed that both samples contained alkanes and alkenes, with hydrocarbon fractions like those found in gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel. The pyrolysis process resulted in hydrocarbon fractions ranging from light to heavy fractions. The bubble wrap sample showed the highest percentage of hydrocarbon fraction in the kerosene range (C10–C13), with an area of 19.23%. In contrast, the packaging plastic sample showed the highest percentage of hydrocarbon fraction in the diesel range (C14–C20), with an area percentage of 19.67%. The calorific value of the pyrolysis products was also determined, with the bubble wrap sample having a higher value than that of gasoline, while the packaging plastic sample had a value close to that of kerosene. The results of this study suggest that plastic waste has the potential to be converted into fuel, which can contribute to sustainable development by reducing dependence on fossil fuels and reducing plastic waste. However, further refinement of the pyrolysis products is needed to meet commercial fuel standards.

3

Geospatial Assessment of Regression Analysis Between the Hydrocarbon Content in Surface Waters and Snow Cover on the Example of the Territories of the Far North of Russia

Martynova Natalia, Budarova Valentina, Kravchenko Victoria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

74--83

EN

The article presents the generalized results obtained from the analysis of oil pollution of surface waters in the fields of the Far North. The research considered the administrative territorial division of the Russian Federation, the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra (KhMAO). The results of the study performed on the basis of field data on sampling for the year were presented. The influence of the hydrocarbon content in surface waters and snow cover was assessed. The aim of the work was to consider the snow cover as a natural source of pollutants, affecting the accumulation in surface waters and snow cover. The results obtained can be used for subsequent observations of snow cover and surface waters. The data obtained can serve as a basis for planning further research and developing the solutions for environmental protection in the Far North. The analysis of the dependencies between the indicators of hydrocarbon pollution in surface waters and snow cover was carried out using the methods of correlation and parametric multivariate regression analysis. The methods of geoinformation analysis and GIS technologies were also used in the work. It was revealed that the problem of the state of snow cover and its role as an indicator of atmospheric and soil pollution require further research. On the one hand, the snow cover detains metals, and polluted soil areas are formed locally, on the other hand, after the snow melts, the pollutants remaining on the surface with surface runoff enter rivers and are carried by the wind for quite long distances.

4

Biosurfactant Produced by Indigenous Bacteria During Composting Process of Crude Oil Polluted Soil: Properties and Role

Sari Gina Lova, Trihadiningrum Yulinah, Ni'matuzahroh, Putra Suhendra Amka, Kasasiah Ahsanal, Alim Muhammad Syahirul

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

297--314

EN

Bacterial co-metabolism in composting process has been widely used to remove hydrocarbons, aided by in-situ production of bio-based surfactants, in terms of compost humic acid-like substances and biosurfactants. The properties of compost humic acid-like substances have been shown in previous studies as potential surface tension reducers and emulsifiers for hydrocarbons. The current study aimed to analyze the properties of biosurfactant of surface tension decrease, emulsification activity, and hydrocarbon solubilization ability. Four indigenous bacteria consortia were isolated from composted materials of yard waste, rumen residue, crude oil-polluted soil, and the mixture of polluted soil with organic waste (1:1, w/w) at day 0th, 20th, 40th, and 60th. Organic waste consists of yard waste and rumen residue in the ratio of 1:1. The isolated indigenous bacteria consortia were incubated for 7 days in different media, i.e., organic waste extract, 6.00% of crude oil, and a mixture of organic waste extract with 6.00% crude oil. The results indicated that the surface tension decrease and emulsification activity of biosurfactants were 8.35–52.90 mN m-1 and 0.00–12.00%, respectively, which showed the potential as surface tension reducers with low emulsification activity. The higher hydrocarbon solubility was shown by the biosurfactant from the rumen residue (13 620 µg g-1) and the mixture (10 998 µg g-1) at day 40th, which was comparable to 1.50% of Tween 80. The biosurfactants in the current research were produced with the same materials, process, and time as compost humic acid-like substances which acts as in-situ bio-based surfactants. The respective ability to solubilize hydrocarbon might be combined and estimated to be higher than Tween 80 of 24 329 µg g-1 and 21 619 µg g-1 for rumen residue and the mixture, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the best composition for in-situ bio-based surfactant production to assist the degradation of hydrocarbon through composting process is polluted soil with organic waste (1:1, w/w). The solubility of hydrocarbons can be increased without synthetic surfactants addition, but through providing nutrients to maintain in-situ bio-based surfactant production with intermittent addition of organic waste every 40 days. This method is expected to be an appropriate approach in composting development as a cost-effective sustainable bioremediation technique for polluted soil.

5

Removal of Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Soils Using Bioremediation by Aerobic Co-composting Methods at Ship Dismantle Locations

Syawlia Rizki Mona, Titah Harmin Sulistiyaning

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 6

181--190

EN

This research focused on hydrocarbon removal from contaminated soil, using co-composting methods on a laboratory scale. The soil samples were taken from ship demolition sites in Tanjung Jati, Bangkalan Regency, Madura Island. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of bioremediation process using the co-composting method for hydrocarbon removal. The co-composting was treated under aerobic conditions, and manual stirring for aeration was performed every 2 days. Moreover, the values of hydrocarbon and total bacterial population levels were measured on day 0, 30, and 60. The results of the study at location 1 showed that for 60 days, the cocomposting of contaminated soil in the control reactor was 33.36%, kitchen waste (34.99%), local cattle rumen waste (59.41%), and soil mixed kitchen and cattle rumen waste (61.01%). Meanwhile, at location 2, they were 28.50%, 64.18%, 42.67%, and 67.03% respectively. The largest total bacterial population was in the nutrient agar media with stratification of up to 10-8.

6

Ecological Implications and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metal and Hydrocarbon Contaminants in the Soil of a Poorly Crude Oil Remediated Site in Nigeria: A Case of Ikot Ada Udo Community

Joseph Akaninyene, Udofia Udeme, Edet Uwem, Iwok Eno, Ivara Vivian

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 10

275--286

EN

The ecological risk and source apportionment of heavy metals and hydrocarbons in soil from the study site was carried out. Composite soil samples (n = 48) were collected from 3 sampling points (SP 1, SP 2, SP 3) within the site at 50, 200, and 500 meters, respectively, from the oil well and from a control site (Ibagwa, Abak) at 10,000 meters from the study site, using a hand-held auger. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES, Yobin Yvon JY-24) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) using Agilent 6890N Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector (GC– FID model, Japan). Mean levels of heavy metals and TPH were higher in the study site compared to the control. The mean levels of heavy metals were 0.748 mg/kg (Pb), 0.754 mg/kg (Cd), 1.577 mg/kg (Ni), 0.274 mg/kg (Cr), 4.749 mg/kg (Fe), 0.020 mg/kg (V), 0.103 mg/kg (Co), 0.181 mg/kg (As), 5.544 mg/kg (Mn), and 5.187 mg/kg (TPH). The heavy metals in the soil had an increasing sequence of Vi_f) (91.47%) and ecological factor (Eⁱ_r) (99.29%) in the soil, denoting that Cd contributed the most to the ecological instability and contamination of the soil. Co-relation, principal component analysis (PCA), and coefficient of variation (CV) revealed that Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Fe, V, As, Mn, and TPH were introduced into the soil through the crude oil spill (artificial sources), while Co originated from natural sources. A thorough clean-up of the spill site is therefore recommended to ecologically restore the soil. More of similar studies are required in other crude oil impacted soils in Niger Delta, Nigeria.

7

Studium petrologiczno-mineralogiczno-geochemiczne skał w profilu dolomitu głównego w otworze Mo-1

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna, Kozłowska Aleksandra, Kuberska Marta, Matyasik Irena

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 10

780--792

EN

Rocks from the Mo-1 well from the Barnówko-Mostno-Buszewo (BMB) oil and gas field have been studied aiming at constructive results for application in exploration for oil and gas. The study focuses on carbonate deposits from the Main Dolomite horizon, commonly diagenetically altered, where the pore space has been filled by dolomite and anhydrite. Standard petrological analysis was conducted, wide fluid inclusion analyses performed and geochemical character of bitumen determined. Based on microscopic fluorescence studies, three types of fluid inclusions have been distinguished in the vertical column of the well: one-phase non-fluorescent (methane), two-phase non-fluorescent (brine), and two-phase fluorescent inclusions (oil). These three types, further studied microthermometrically, display characteristics of fluid fillings present in the basin and closed as the inclusions in minerals.

8

Laminar burning velocity predictions of single-fuel mixtures of C1-C7 normal hydrocarbon and air

Jach A., Żbikowski M., Teodorczyk A.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 3

227--235

EN

The numerical modelling of combustion phenomena is an important task due to safety issues and development and optimization of engines. Laminar burning velocity (LBV) is one of the most important physical properties of a flammable mixture. Knowing its exact value if crucial for assessment of flame stabilization, turbulent flame structure. It influences strongly safety, probability of knocking combustion and it is one of parameters used for assessment and development of detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms. Hence, the goal of this work is to develop models by means of Machine Learning algorithms for predicting laminar burning velocities of single-fuel C1-C7 normal hydrocarbon and air mixtures. Development of the models is based on a large experimental data set collected from literature. In total more than 1000, LBVs were accumulated for hydrocarbons from methane up to n-heptane. The models are developed in MATLAB 2018a with use of Machine Learning toolbox. Algorithms taken into account are multivariate regression, support vector machine, and artificial neural network. Performance of the models is compared with most widely used detailed chemical kinetics mechanisms’ predictions obtained with use of LOFEsoft. These kind of models might be efficiently used in CFD combustion models based on flamelet approach. The main advantage in comparison to chemical kinetics calculation is much shorter computational time needed for computations of a single value and comparable performance in terms of R2 (coefficient of determination), RMSE (root-mean-square error) and MAE (mean absolute error).

9

Main features of gas hydrates

Kutnyi B. A., Abdullah N. M.

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2017

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Vol. 1, nr 4

165--170

EN

Natural gas hydrates are specific combinations of two very common substances: water and natural gas. If these substances come into contact at high pressure and low temperature, the solid mass is formed, similar to ice. Huge amounts of hydrate deposits are found in the seabed of the ocean floor and in the polar zones, where they are kept in the thermobaric conditions that permit formation of gas hydrates. Synonymous with the term "hydrate" are gas hydrates, methane hydrates, or clathrates (from the Greek "frame"). The basic structural element of hydrates is crystal lattice of water molecules, inside of which gas molecules are located. Hydrate structure is similar to the structure of ice, but differs from the latter by the fact that gas molecules are located inside the crystal cells rather than between them. Outside hydrates are looking like ice, although they can be seen not frequently. They do not behave like ice. If a match is brought to them, they flash. When conventional hydrocarbon reserves can not provide energy to the growing economy and population, then they will be substituted with the so-called unconventional hydrocarbon reserves in the form of gas hydrates.

10

Wrinkled graphene: synthesis and characterization of few layer graphene-like nanocarbons from kerosene

Ramya A. V., Mohan A. N., Manoj B.

Materials Science Poland

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2016

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Vol. 34, No. 2

330--336

EN

Wrinkled graphene, derived from a facile thermal decomposition and chemical method, was subjected to various analysis techniques and the results have been reported here. Raman studies revealed the presence of highly graphitized amorphous carbon, which was evident by the appearance of five peaks in the deconvoluted first order spectrum. This result was very well corroborated by the XRD analysis. XPS and FT-IR spectra confirmed the incorporation of oxygen functionalities into the carbon backbone. AFM and SEM images of the sample disclosed a cluster of few-layer wrinkled graphene fragments. TEM images displayed a chain of nearly spherical aggregates of graphene, resembling nanohorns. The resistivity and sheet resistance of the sample were found to be low, making the obtained material a promising candidate for various device applications. Hence, kerosene soot proved to be an efficient precursor for facile synthesis of few layer graphene-like nanocarbon.

11

Uproszczony opis symulacji spalania metanu w powietrzu prowadzonej w programie Chemkin PRO

Kędzior R., Grzesiak D., Cybulska P., Malinowski R., Falewicz P., Głowiński J.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2015

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T. 94, nr 10

1858-1860

EN

Combustion of MeH/air mixts. was simulated for MeH concns. 7.6–9.5% by vol. to det. the change of mol. streams during reaction. A unidirectional flow of the reacting mixt. was examd. in the model. In addn. to convection, thermodiffusion and heat conduction were taken into account. Proportionality coeffs. were also calcd. from resp. equations.

PL

Pokazano możliwość dokładnego opisu symulacji spalania metanu w powietrzu za pomocą układu dwóch równań różniczkowych. Symulacja prowadzona była w programie Chemkin PRO przy uwzględnieniu pełnego mechanizmu reakcji GRI-Mech 3.0. W modelu rozważano jednokierunkowy przepływ mieszaniny reagującej. Obok konwekcji uwzględniona została dyfuzja (termodyfuzja) i przewodzenie ciepła. Chemkin PRO jest obecnie na rynku jednym z najbardziej profesjonalnych narzędzi do prowadzenia symulacji procesów spalania. Zaproponowany opis stanowi doskonałe uzupełnienie programu.

12

Engine enhancement using enriched oxygen inlet

Shivakumar S. P.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2015

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Vol. 48

37--49

EN

An internal combustion engine essentially requires a fuel which must have sufficient calorific value to produce enough power, and oxygen for the combustion of fuel. In normal vehicles fuel will be supplied from a fuel tank equipped with it. And oxygen will be taken from the atmospheric itself. Under normal conditions the percentage of oxygen present in atmospheric air will be around 21% of the total volume. Studies shows that by increasing the oxygen percentage in the inlet air increases engine performance and reduces emission produced by the engine.

13

Significance of pressure solution structures analysis for fluid flow studies – examples from Struga-1 well (Zechstein Main Dolomite; W Poland): first results

Górka J., Świerczewska A., Krzyżak A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

82--83

EN

The internal structure and composition of pressure solution structures are factors that may influence petroleum generation and migration (Hofmann & Leythaeuser 1995). Pressure solution structures (PSS) i.e. stylolites and solution seams occur frequently in Zechstein carbonates of Poland (Kłapciński 1972). They are common in rocks of the Zechstein Main Dolomite. These rocks are both the source and reservoir rocks (Kotarba et al. 2000). Therefore, defining the role of pressure solution structures in migration of hydrocarbons is a key element of reservoir characterization.The main aim of this study is to determine the role of pressure solution structures in fluid flow in dolomites from the Polish part of the Zechstein Main Dolomite (Ca2). Sixteen samples were collected from the core of the Struga-1 well for mineralogical, microstructural and petrophysical studies. The inflow of oil was obtained from the interval within the range of 2042.5–2058.5 meters (Kotarba et al. 2000). This interval was sampled and it corresponds to an occurrence of carbonates of the Zechstein Main Dolomite. Lithology of the sampled cored interval was described based on macroscopic studies. Standard thin sections were studied using polarization microscopy for identification of mineral composition and microstructures. These studies were supplemented by observations in UV light for identification of organic matter and hydrocarbon inclusions. Chemical staining method was used in identification of carbonate minerals in 6 thin sections by solution of alizarin red and potassium ferricyanide. All thin sections were observed under the cathodoluminescence (CL). PSS were studied in details using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with X-ray microanalysis (EDS). Frequency of their occurrence in the core was described by macroscopic and microscopic studies as number of PSS per 1 m and per 1 cm respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to define the value of porosity. These measurements were performed on eight water-saturated samples using the 2MHz Magritek Rock Core and 24MHz Tomography system. The pore size distribution (PSD) of the rock sample was precisely determined by T2CMPG experiments. According to the paleogeographic interpretation of Ca2 basin Struga-1 well is located in a platform depression (flat) (comp. Kotarba et al. 2000). This was a low-energy zone dominated by mudstones, wackestones with numerous bioclasts, e.g. gastropodes, foraminifers and bivalves. Intraclasts were delivered from adjacent high-energy zones (Czekański at al. 2010). In a new interpretation by Kosakowski & Krajewski (2013) the well intersects facies association of the carbonate platform lower slope. The studied rocks are fine crystalline dolomites. Coarser crystals occur only at the lowest part of the studied core. In most of thin sections primary textures are not recognized. In some samples bioclasts replaced by dolomite as well as anhydrite and gypsum are visible. Under the CL the dolomite mosaics show dark orange to brown luminescence. Relicts of calcite are absent or very rare. Anhydrite is observed as patches filling pore spaces. Moldic and intercrystalline porosity is present. Moldic porosity is probably related to dissolution of bioclasts and halite crystals. A few vertical microfractures were noted. Some of them are filled by dolomite, blocky anhydrite, and gypsum and fluorite crystals. However, some microfractures are still open and filled in part by drusy anhydrite and/or gypsum crystals. The effective porosity of dolomite samples varies from 1.59% to 2.69%. Solution seams are horizontally oriented. Their thickness is up to 0.1 mm. Some of the seams form clusters up to 1 mm t hick . In thin sections number of solution seams varies from 0/cm to 8/cm. Dark thicker seams are also visible on the core. They are most frequent in t he middle par t of t he core profile (up to 200/m). Two groups of stylolites are noted: vertically and horizontally oriented. Microscopic studies concerned only horizontal, diagenetic structures. Amplitude of them is diverse reaching 1.2 cm. They occur mostly in the lowest part of the core profile where solution seams are rare. Fluorescence microscopy of polished sections revealed a presence of organic matter. Dark brown to black organic laminae and orange oil inclusions are present inside PSS. Framboidal pyrite was recognized bot h in dolomite and solution seams. Clay minerals are common in solution seams. Based on SEM-EDS analyses fluorite was recognized along stylolites.Thin wavy microfractures are associated with PSS. These microfractures are short (i.e. up to 1 mm), less than 0.01 mm thick. They are oriented parallel to PSS. Relationship between porosity values and quantity of PSS is unclear. Maybe observed microfractures reflect stress anisotropy in the clay seam and stylolite. Summing up, PSS have recorded migration of oil as well as migration of other fluids, which were responsible for fluorite mineralization. Organic matter accumulation in stylolites and solution seams of carbonate rocks was documented among others by Leythaeuser (1995). In the studied rocks, this accumulation is marked by an occurrence of dark laminae probably overmature organic matter. The presented results show that PSS hosted in dolomites from Struga-1 well impacted redistribution of organic matter and migration of fluids.

14

Analysis of the Neogene Stretava Formation in the selected parts of the East Slovakian Basin

Duriska I.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

69--70

EN

The Lower Sarmatian Stretava Formation consists of clay-, sand- and gravel-sized deposits with volcanoclastics derived from the volcanic Slanské vrchy Mts. In the western margin of the basin, the formation consists of the coarse-grained deposits named as Košice Gravel, deposited in deltaic and inner shelf environment (Karoli et al. 1989). The deltaic sediments were also deposited on the northern margin of the basin, where Laborec and Topľa rivers entered the sea (Janočko et al. 2003). The main aim of the study is to show the geometry of the Lower Sarmatian deposits which can be used for both paleogeographical studies and estimation of the hydrocarbon potential of the formation. A comprehensive approach including connection of vertical seismic analysis, field study of the outcrops and analysis of the well data was used in this study. Presented study was focused on the deposits of the Stretava Formaton in the SE part of the Presov Depression and the central western part of the Trebisov Depression that both are part of the East Slovakian Basin. OUTCROP ANALYSIS The field study was performed in the area of Košice (locality Nad jazerom), located on the western margin of the East Slovakian Basin. The outcrop analysis, which included facies analysis of logged sediments resulted in interpretation of following depositional environments: 1. delta plain, 2. offshore-transition zone, 3. shoreface. The delta plain environment is typical by distributary channels incised into flood-plain deposits. The channel sediments consists of pebble and cobble sized gravel with well developed channel lag facies. The delta plain sediments are represented by silts with thin layers of sand. Sediments of channel levee and crevasse splay sediments were also documented based on their facies association characteristics; the channel levee sediments are typical by coarse sands fining upward into silts and crevasse splay deposits are formed by pebble sized gravel and sands. The transition of the deltaic and shoreface deposits into offshore-transition deposits shows a rapid increase of the accommodation space suggesting both sea level rise and basin floor subsidence. SEISMIC ANALYSIS The Stretava Fm., which is almost extended in the entire basin, can be studied by several seismic profiles. The deposition of the formation started with a regional unconformity related to the new sea transgression observable on several seismic profiles by onlaps (profiles from the Trebišov depression). The profiles also show the changes in the thickness of the deposits in the Prešov and theTrebišov depressions. Two system tracts are visible in the seismic package analysed: the transgressive system tract (TST) and the highstand system tract (HST) with the maximum flooding surface (MFS) between them. These tracts bracket several types of sediment geometries, which are described in more detail in the presentation.

15

Ocena jakości procesu współspalania makuchów słonecznikowych z węglem kamiennym w kotle rusztowym małej mocy

Stępień A., Kozdrach R.

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2015

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T. 46, nr 11

414--418

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badania procesu współspalania odpadów z przemysłu spożywczego z węglem kamiennym. Do badań wykorzystano makuchy słonecznikowe, produkt uboczny z produkcji olejów roślinnych. Prace były prowadzone na stanowisku badawczym z kotłem rusztowym o mocy 14 kW. Tego rodzaju urządzenia grzewcze stosuje się w budownictwie jednorodzinnym. Celem badań była ocena wpływu składu paliwa na wielkość emisji zanieczyszczeń gazowych do atmosfery. W trakcie prac badawczych wykorzystano sześć paliw, tj. węgiel kamienny w postaci tzw. ekogroszku oraz jego mieszaniny z 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% i 25% makuchów słonecznikowych. Badania prowadzono przy stałej ilości powietrza kierowanego do komory spalania. Oceniano zawartość CO2, CO, O2, H2, NOx, SO2 oraz CxHy w spalinach powstałych po spaleniu wyżej wymienionych paliw. Na podstawie wyników badań procesu współspalania makuchów słonecznikowych z węglem kamiennym sortymentu ekogroszek stwierdzono zróżnicowany przebieg procesu spalania w zależności od składu paliwa. Zawartość CO, NOx, CO2 i H2 w spalinach rośnie ze wzrostem zawartości makuchów w paliwie, natomiast zawartość O2, SO2 i CxHy spada przy wzroście zawartości tego komponentu w mieszankach paliwowych. Poprawa jakości procesu współspalania makuchów słonecznikowych z paliwem konwencjonalnym wymaga odpowiedniego doboru składu mieszanki paliwowej i regulacji pracy kotła.

EN

The paper presents the results of the combustion of waste from the food industry with coal. Were used in the by-pro-ducts of vegetable oils so called oilcake. Work was carried out using a grate boiler with a capacity of 14 kW. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of fuel composition on emissions of pollutant gaseous into the atmosphere. To accomplish the research used six fuels such as coal in the form of so-called ekogroszek and mixtures of ekogroszek with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% sunflowers oilcake. The study was conducted on constant fuel directed to the combustion chamber. Evaluated the content of CO2, CO, O2, H2, NOx, SO2 and CxHy in exhaust gases produced by burning above-mentioned fuels. Based on results of the process of co-firing sunflower oilcake with coal assortment ekogroszek was found differential progress of process combustion depending of fuel composition. The contents of CO, NOx, CO2 and H2 in the exhaust gases increases with increasing content of the fuel oil-cake, while the content of 02, SO2 and CxHy in the exhaust gases decreases with increasing content of the fuel oil-cake. The improving quality of process co-firing of sunflower oil-cake with conventional fuel it required adequate of selection composition of fuels and control of working boiler.

16

Jet fuels diversity

Sarnecki J.

Journal of KONES

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2014

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Vol. 21, No. 4

433--438

EN

Term “jet fuel” is well known and recognized worldwide - it applies to aviation product used to power all turbine engines in aircrafts and helicopters. Its’ properties are clearly and strictly defined in international specifications. However, in the discussion concerning jet fuels, and in most research material, many people seem to forget that this fuel is a mixture of different hydrocarbons, is produced from different feedstock (crude oil from different sources available worldwide) and as a final product is obtained with different production processes. Thus, however jet fuel must meet the requirements defined in international standards, these fuels differ each other and as a result, differences can be observed in logistic chain and in combustion process. This paper points out some differences between jet fuels and its aim is to convict users, researchers and all people in aviation industry dealing with jet engines operation, that - when talking about jet fuel - many factors and details about final product must be considered, and this type of product should not be seen as single-type fuel, as most people see it now. The article has been prepared within the research project funded by the National Science Centre in Poland and granted with decision no. DEC-2011/01/D/ST8/06567.

17

Cover of Cylinder Lattice Plastic Convert into Fuel

Sarker M., Rashid M. M.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 6

17-30

EN

Waste plastic of cylinder lattice to liquid fuel production process was performing two step processes. 1st step process was perform muffle furnace with ceramic crucible and 2nd step process was perform glass reactor with condensation unit. Thermal degradation process was performing with furnace and temperature was 410 ?C and reactor temperature was 420 ?C. Muffle furnace was use for solid hard shape of plastic melting purpose and glass reactor was use for liquid slurry to produce vapor purpose. Liquid slurry to produce vapor was condensed and collected liquid fuel and fuel density is 0.75 g/ml. Liquid fuel production conversation rate was 71.05 %. Fuel was analysis by GC/MS and carbon chains obtain C3 to C23 from GC/MS chromatogram. Fuel color is light yellow and fuel is ignited.

18

Application of supersonic ejectors for hydrocarbon emissions capture

Biba Y., Kidd H. A., Peifer S., Scott Ch., Sloof B., Tse A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Cieplne Maszyny Przepływowe - Turbomachinery / Politechnika Łódzka

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2011

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nr 140

39-52

EN

Supersonic ejectors capturing low-pressure leakage gas from the compressors gas seal vents and re-injecting it into the fuel gas line of the gas generator allow not only saving the gas that otherwise would be leaking to the atmosphere but also eliminate hydrocarbon emissions. There are also operational and maintenance benefits, as the supersonic ejector itself does not have moving parts and is inherently maintenance free. A prototype design was developed and tested at a pipeline compressor station. A family of three ejectors was designed to cover a range of operating conditions associated with gas turbine driven compressors in pipeline applications. These ejectors were built, installed on the specially designed panel and tested at the Dresser-Rand facility. A comparison of predicted and as-tested operating maps is discussed and conclusions are made about operating range.

19

Researches of noxious components of exhaust gases conversion occurs in catalytic converter during a start-up of compression ignition engine in lowered temperature

Koliński K.

Journal of KONES

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2011

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Vol. 18, No. 1

253-262

EN

This article presents the results of the tests of catalytic reduction of carbon oxide and hydrocarbon emission during the self-ignition engine start-up. The tests were performed at the station in the climate chamber at lowered ambient temperatures: –7 ,-15 and –20 centigrade. A heated three-function platinum-palladium catalytic reactor with a metal monolith was used in the tests. The test methodology included a measurement of toxic fume concentraction upstream and downstream the catalytic reactor at simultaneous measurement of the start-up parameters and measurement of temperatures in selected engine and catalytic reactor locations. A period of the cold engine start-up is characterized by a relatively high carbon oxide and hydrocarbon emission. The level of that emissions increases as the ambient temperature gets lower. As a result of the tests the influence of heating up the reactor on its operation during the selfignition engine start-up was identified.Carbon oxide and hydrocarbon emission during the start-up period can be reduced by initial heating up the catalytic reactor before the start-up by means of an electric heater. When heating up the reactor surface up to 400 centigrade at ambient temperature of –7 centigrade, CO concentration can be reduced by 80...90 per cent and the hydrocarbon concentration can be reduced by app. 70 per cent on the average.

20

Elektryzacja toluenu domieszkowanego fullerenami

Aksamit P.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Elektryka / Politechnika Opolska

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2008

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Vol. 326, z. 61

7-8

EN

The paper presents the concept of reducing tendency to electrification of toluene by doping with C60 fullerene. The influence of C60 addition on streaming electrification current of toluene was measured using rotating electrometer.