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EN
The article showed the result of investigation of the length of hydraulic jump in trapezoidal channel. In this study, the basic factors that affect the length (Lj) and roller length (Lr) of hydraulic jump were investigated by physical trapezoidal channel’s model. The experiment carried out in purpose to establish a new empirical equation for calculating the roller length (Lr) of the jump in the horizontal trapezoidal channel with the upstream flow Froude number 4.0 to 9.0 (the steady jump). The hydraulic characteristics of forced jump were measured and statistically calculated by excel software. The results of data analysis showed that the MAPE was relatively small (< 5%), and R2 > 0.9 (strong correlation between predicted and observed values) and other statistical indicators are less than 0.1 (MSE = 0.004, RMSE = 0.062 và MEA = 0.047). Therefore, the equation found could be appropriated and applied to calculate characteristics of hydraulic jump trapezoidal channel.
EN
One of the main causes of damage to weirs regulating the flow of water in canals is local erosion of the bottom and banks. This is mainly due to the excessive kinetic energy of the stream flow and the uneven volumetric distribution of the water flow rate at the end of the strengthening. Due to this, 35-40% of hydraulic structures fail prematurely. The aim of the research was to determine the parameters of the spatial hydraulic jump arising behind the hydrotechnical structure and the rapid expansion of the cross-section. The research showed that the hydraulic jump with a curved cylinder in the plan is a spatial form and not only dissipates the energy of the stream, but also acts as a diffuser. With the stream expansion angle values in the range of 7-10°, a highly turbulent flow remains, which still Has high kinetic energy at a distance from the end of the structure. At an angle of 25-27°, the flow is smooth, the velocity distribution is uniform across the width of the channel. In some cases, the forced expansion of the cross-section at the outflow of the weir favours the energy dissipation and uniform flow velocity distribution.
EN
Previous researchers have been widely studied the equation for calculating the energy dissipation in USBR Type IV, applied in the stilling basin structure as an energy dissipator. However, inefficient energy dissipating basins are commonly found in the field due to the large discharge and high water head, potentially damaging the bottom of the energy dissipating basin and its downstream river. Therefore, an energy dissipator plan fulfilling the safe specifications for the flow behaviour that occurred is required. This study aimed to determine the variation of the energy dissipators and evaluate their effect on the hydraulic jump and energy dissipation. For this purpose, a physical model was undertaken on the USBR Type IV spillway system. The novelty of this experiment showed that combination and modification dissipation features, such as floor elevation, end threshold and riprap lengthening, could effectively dissipate the impact of energy downstream. The final series exhibited a significantly higher Lj/y1 ratio, a favourable condition due to the compaction of the hydraulic jump. There was also a significant increase in the downstream tailwater depth (y2) during the jump formation. Therefore, the final series energy dissipator was better in the stilling basin design for hydraulic jump stability and compaction. The increase in energy dissipation for the final series type was the highest (98.4%) in Q2 and the lowest (84.8%) in Q10 compared to the original series. Therefore, this type can better reduce the cavitation risk damaging to the structure and downstream of the river.
EN
Scour downstream of smooth and rough rigid aprons under wall jets has been studied experimentally. Effect of apron roughness on scour has been investigated, and quantification of reduction in the scour depth due to rough apron has been performed. Characteristics of velocity and turbulence over smooth and rough aprons as well as within the scour hole have been analyzed to study the behavior of the jet and its interaction with the rough apron. Results show that there is a significant reduction in the equilibrium scour depth due to roughness. A maximum of 82.8% and a minimum of 31.1% reduction in the equilibrium scour depth was observed due to inducing roughness over the rigid apron. Velocity characteristics establish the cause of reduction in the equilibrium scour depth, which is due to reduction in the erosive capacity of the jet as it moves over the rough apron. The potential core of the jet gets consumed at a much lesser length due to roughness over the apron than over a smooth apron, as the boundary layer develops at a smaller distance. Further, it was observed that it takes a smaller length for the flow to get fully developed under the rough apron as compared with the smooth apron. Based on the results of the present analysis, recommendation can be made for use of roughness over the apron to restrict scour due to wall jets.
5
EN
Energy dissipator functions to dissipate the river-flow energy to avoid longitudinal damage to the downstream river morphology. An optimal energy dissipator planning is essential to fulfilling safe specifications regarding flow behavior. This study aims to determine the variation of energy dissipators and evaluate its effect on the hydraulic jump and energy dissipation. For this purpose, a physical model was carried out on the existing weir condition (two steps). It was also carried out on four stepped-weir variations, i.e., three-step, three-step with additional baffle blocks at the end sills, four-step, and six-step. Dimensional analysis was employed to correlate the different parameters that affect the studied phenomenon. The study shows a three-step jump shows a significantly higher Lj/y1 ratio, which is an advantage to hydraulic jumps’ compaction. The comparison of energy dissipation in all weir variations shows that the three-stepped weir has wasted more energy than other types. The energy dissipation increase of the three-step type is 20.41% higher than the existing type’s energy dissipation and much higher than other types. The dimensions of the energy dissipation basin are the ratio of the width and height of the stairs (l/h) of the three-step type (2.50). Therefore, this type is more optimal to reduce the cavitation risk, which damages the river structure and downstream area.
EN
When designing dam spillway structures, the most significant consideration is the energy dissipation arrangements. Different varieties of baffle blocks and stilling basins have been used in this context. However, the hydraulic jump form of stilling basin is considered to be the most suitable. The main objective of this research was to introduce four different baffle block shapes (models arranged from A to D, installed at slopes 0.00, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 in the stilling basins). To illustrate the consequences for the qualities of pressure-driven bounce, each model was attempted in the bowl. The trials applied Froude numbers between 6.5 and 9.2. The puzzle square model D provided the best outcomes compared to the models A, B, C and smooth. Model D with different models at inclines 0.00, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 was used to consider the impacts of perplex hinders on water driven-bounce when bed slants were changed. When the model D baffle used instead of a smooth bed at 0.08 slope, the reduction in y2 / y1 reached 12.8%, and Lj / y1 was 18.9%. Among the different bed slopes, a normal decrease in y2 / y1 ranged from approximately 10.3%, whereas the normal decrease in Lj / y1 was about 13.8% when the model D baffle was used instead of the model A baffle with a horizontal slope bed of 0.00. The results show that the new shapes led to a decrease in sequent profundity proportion and length of jump proportion; however, the energy dissipation proportion increased.
7
EN
In this article, the results of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling of the hydraulic jump conditions occurring in the experimental prismatic rectangular stilling basin with sudden crosswise expansion are presented. The FLOW 3D software program was used to numerically solve Reynolds Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the application of the k-ε turbulence model. The influence of the depth magnitude of the stilling basin and the ending sill installation on the hydraulic jump turbulent characteristics and submergence condition changes was investigated. Based on the results of the numerical modelling, it was found that various spatial flow processes contribute to the submergence condition of the hydraulic jump. These processes include: crosswise flow expansion within the stilling basin; local tail water surface level increase and total head loss due to vertical flow contraction; installation of the additional terminal sill. This contribution to the submergence condition allows a reduction in the required depth of the stilling basin, calculated on the basis of a one-dimensional simplified approach without consideration to the spatial characteristic of the hydraulic jump.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono przykład zastosowania techniki CFD (Numeryczna Mechanika Płynów) do modelowania warunków wystąpienia odskoku hydraulicznego w eksperymentalnej pryzmatycznej niecce wypadowej z nagłym poszerzeniem. W celu rozwiązania równań Reynolds Navier-Stokes (RANS) wraz z modelem turbulencji typu k-ε użyto programu FLOW 3D. Przedmiotem badania był wpływ głębokości niecki wypadowej i wysokości progu wylotowego na zmianę charakterystyki przepływu turbulentnego i warunki zatopienia odskoku. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników modelowania stwierdzono, iż przestrzenne procesy przepływu, takie jak: poprzeczna ekspansja strumienia w niecce wypadowej, lokalne podniesienie poziomu zwierciadła wody dolnej na skutek kontrakcji pionowej przepływu w przekroju wyjściowym z niecki, instalacja progu wylotowego mogą przyczynić się w istotny sposób do zatopienia odskoku hydraulicznego, a tym samym pozwalają na redukcję wymaganej głębokości niecki wypadowej obliczanej na podstawie uproszczonej jednowymiarowej analizy przepływu bez uwzględnienia przestrzennego charakteru badanego odskoku hydraulicznego.
EN
Rock and stepped gabion weirs are peculiar hydraulic structures that received relatively little attenti on in technical literature. Neverthe- less, they can be successfully used for river restoration instead of tradi- tional hydraulic structures. They have the advantage of being elastic structures and to preserve the natura l environment. They can easily adapt to the in situ conditions and can be effortle ssly modified according to the different hydraulic or geometric cond itions which can occur in a natural river. The present study aims to anal yze the effects of their presence on flow pattern and on the scour hole occurring downstream. The analysis involved scour processes, hydraulic jump types, stilling basin morphol- ogy and flow patterns. Two different hydraulic jump types were distin- guished and classified. It was show n that the flow regime deeply influences the scour process, which evolves much more rapidly when a Skimming Flow regime takes place. Empirical relationships are pro- posed to evaluate maximum scour depth, maximum axial length, and non dimensional axial profiles.
9
Content available remote Expanding pools morphology in live-bed conditions
EN
Sediment load plays a fundamental role in natural river morphology evolution. Therefore, the correct assessment of the role of the sediment load on natural or anthropic pools morphology downstream of river grade control structures, such as rock chute or block ramps, is of fundamental interest for preserving the fish habitat and the river morphology. This work presents an experimental study on the sediment load influence on rectangular expanding pools downstream of block ramps in live-bed conditions. Several longitudinal and transversal expanding ratios have been tested. Ramp slopes were varied between 0.083 and 0.25. The effect of the pool geometry and the sediment load on hydraulic jump downstream of block ramp as well as scour morphologies and flow patterns have been analyzed. Equations were derived to evaluate the maximum scour hole depth, the longitudinal distance of the section in which it occurs, and the maximum water elevations both in the pool and in the downstream contraction.
PL
Wyznaczenie prawidłowych wymiarów wypadu budowli piętrzącej jest podstawowym warunkiem jego niezawodnego i efektywnego działania w procesie rozpraszania nadmiaru energii kinetycznej wody spływającej z górnego na dolne stanowisko budowli. Znaczący wpływ na przywracanie naturalnej hydrodynamiki przepływu wody w korycie odpływowym poniżej budowli będzie miało takie ukształtowanie wypadu, które będzie ten proces przyspieszać. Doświadczalne badania współzależności pomiędzy wielkościami niezbędnymi do wyznaczenia parametrów odskoku hydraulicznego tworzącego się na pochylonym lub załamanym dnie wypadu budowli wodnej przeprowadzone zostały przez USBR (Bureau of Reclamation - 1958), a ich wyniki opublikowano w formie wykresów. Jednocześnie mając na celu ułatwienie prac przy projektowaniu wypadów, opracowano [3] analityczne formuły obliczeniowe, stanowiące wzory wspomnianych funkcji. W artykule poddano ocenie dokładność wyników uzyskiwanych z pomocą tych formuł.
EN
Proper determination of main dimensions of the spillway apron is a basic condition for its reliable and efficient operation during dissipation of excess of kinetic energy (preventing erosion problems). The apron's bottom shaping has significant influence on natural restoring of hydrodynamics conditions of water flow in the open channel located below the dam. Spillway aprons with sloped or curving bottom are poorly described due to lack of the hydraulic basis that may account for advisable using. Laboratory research made by the USER (Bureau of Reclamation - 1958) on these constructions have been published in the form of nomographs which are onerous for practical. Nevertheless the spillways with sloped or curving bottom are using exceptionally, for this constructions the improved equations have been carried out in order to simplify the design process. The numbers of examples have been calculated using the proposed equations and compared with nomographs published by the USBR in order to evaluate their precision.
PL
Przedstawiono metodę bezpośredniego obliczania głębokości poziomego obniżenia dna konstruowanego wypadu w postaci niecki. Wyznaczana tą metodą głębokość niecki spełnia warunek zatopienia odskoku hydraulicznego dokładnie w takim stopniu, jaki został przyjęty na wstępie do prowadzonych obliczeń. Do obliczania długości odskoku hydraulicznego autor rekomenduje formułę opracowaną na podstawie badań USBR.
EN
There has been presented a method of direct calculation of the depth of the horizontal fall of the fallout designed in the form of a trough. The depth of the trough determined by that method complies with the condition of inundation of the hydraulic jump exactly in the same degree as has been stipulated at the beginning of the carried on calculations. As basis for calculations of the length of the hydraulic jump the Author recommends the formula prepared on the basis of investigations by the UMBR.
EN
The aim of the present work was to study experimentally hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the flow of a liquid film over a surface. A round jet of water impinging vertically on a horizontal plane forms a thin film flowing radially until the sudden increase of depth occurs (hydraulic jump). During the experiment, the temperature of the solid surface and liquid film thickness in the suhcritical region (downstream of the hydraulic jump) and supercritical region (upstream of the hydraulic jump) were measured. Radial film thickness and Nusselt number distributions were achieved. Experiments were performed for a range of flow rates between 0.3 and 0.8 I/min. The liquid film thickness upstream of the hydraulic jump was an order of magnitude smaller than that of the subcritical region. With the growth of the flow rate, the radius of the hydraulic jump and film thickness after the jump, increased. It was found that the local Nusselt number reached maximum near the stagnation region and decreases gradually with radius as the flow moves downstream with the biggest drop corresponding to the location of hydraulic jump. Downstream of the jump, Nu was approximately uniform. Higher Nusselt numbers were reached for higher flow rates. These differences for various flow rates were much bigger in the supercritical region than that in the subcritical one.
EN
In the paper theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of impingement of a circular liquid jet upon a plate has been carried out. In the considered case, spreading of the liquid on a plate is caused by the inertia and gravity forces. For supercritical liquid flow, in certain conditions a hydraulic jump is formed. The circular hydraulic jump exhibits behaviour quite different from that commonly observed in planar jets. In the paper a new theoretical model of the phenomena of hydraulic jump has been formulated. Theoretical treatment have been compared with own and other available experimental data.
14
Content available remote Wymiarowanie odwrotnie nachylonego trapezowego wypadu korekcyjnych stopni wodnych
PL
Przedstawiono procedurę wymiarowania stopnia korekcyjnego rekomendowanego przez autora dla potoków i rzek podgórskich. Stopień ten stanowi połączenie rampy z trapezowym wypadem o dnie odwrotnie nachylonym, Stopnie takie były badane na modelach fizycznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich hydraulicznej sprawności pod względem rozpraszania energii strumienia spływającego ze stanowiska górnego. Równie ważnym aspektem badawczym było uzyskanie hydraulicznie opływowego napływu strumienia wody na odcinku od przelewu stopnia do przekroju przejścia w regulowane koryto odpływowe. Stopnie takie zrealizowane zostały na rzece Czarna Przemsza oraz na rzece Soła poniżej zapory w Czańcu. Ich działanie jest bardzo wysoko oceniane przez użytkowników eksploatujących te obiekty wodne. Zastosowanie odwrotnego nachylenia dna wypadu w trapezowym korycie powoduje w zależności od wyznaczonego maksymalnego obniżenia jego dna odpowiednie zmniejszenie szerokości w tym przekroju, Jednocześnie wraz z podnoszeniem się dna wypadu przyrasta liniowo jego szerokość aż do wartości równej szerokości dna koryta regulacyjnego w przekroju końcowym. Taka geometria wypadu jest bardzo korzystna dla równomiernego rozpływu strumienia oraz dla odwracania profilu prędkości z rozkładu o dominujących prędkościach przydennych na rozkład odwrotny, w którym prędkości maksymalne występują w górnej strefie napełnienia, zaś w strefie przydennej są one minimalne. Strumień wody wypływający z tak ukształtowanego trapezowego wypadu pozbawiony jest tendencji do ruchu naprzemiennego kierowania się do brzegów koryta. Możliwość w miarę prostego obliczania podstawowych wymiarów stopnia, która zawarta została w niniejszym artykule, przyczynić się powinna do szerokiego stosowania go w praktyce inżynierskiej. Przyjęty zatem został, uzasadniony dla praktyki inżynierskiej, uproszczony sposób wymiarowania trapezowej niecki wypadowej z odwrotnie nachylonym wypadem. Uproszczenie to pomija redukcję drugiej głębokości sprzężonej i długości odskoku hydraulicznego, wynikającą z oddziaływania odwrotnie nachylonego dna wypadu. Jest ono jednak korzystne dla kształtowania takiego rodzaju rozwiązania trapezowego wypadu i zachowuje bezpieczne warunki jego hydraulicznego działania.
EN
The procedure presented in this paper is recommended by the author to design a correction stage of fall for mountain creeks and rivers. The stage is a combination of a ramp with a trapezoid lower stand with an inverse inclined bed. The stages were tested using the physical models with a special attention to hydraulic efficiency of energy dissipation of a water jet flowing from the upper stage. Another important research aspect was to obtain hydraulically gentle inflow of a water jet along the section from an overfall of a stage to a cross-section of a transition to a regulated outflow channel. Such stages of fall were constructed in the Czarna Przemsza River, and in the Soła River downstream the dam in Czaniec, and their performance is highly evaluated by the users. Applying an inverse inclination of a lower stand's bed in a trapezoid channel causes, depending on its maximum depression, an appropriate decrease of a channel width at this cross-section. Simultaneously, together with a raising of stand's bed, its width is increased linearly up to the value equal to the width of a bed at a regulatory channel cross-section. Such geometry of a lower stand is beneficial for a steady propagation of a water jet, and for changing a velocity profile from a distribution with dominant demersal velocities to a diverse distribution, in which maximum velocities are in upper zones while at a demersal zone velocities are minimal. A water jet flowing out from a trapezoid lower stand, shaped in such a way, does not show a tendency to an alternate movement directed towards channel banks. Relatively simple calculations of basic dimensions of such stages of fall are presented in this paper and should encourage users to apply them in practice. Therefore, a simplified method was assumed to design a trapezoid lower stand with an inverse inclined bed. The simplifications neglect reduction of the second coupled depth and a length of a hydraulic jump, which is a result of an inverse inclined stand's bed. It is, however, profitable for such a trapezoid stand, as well as for their safe hydraulic performance.
15
PL
Przedstawiono bezwymiarowe rozwiązania równań energii i odskoku hydraulicznego w korycie o trapezowym przekroju poprzecznym Rozwiązania te umożliwiają w prosty sposób obliczanie głębokości sprzężonych odskoku hydraulicznego bez konieczności korzystania z wykresów pomocniczych. Obok analitycznych rozwiązań równań energii i odskoku zostały również przedstawione ich rozwiązania przybliżone. Rozwiązania przybliżone charakteryzują się bardzo dużą dokładnością otrzymywanych wyników. Jest ona wystarczająca do obliczeń w praktyce inżynierskiej. Do wymiarowania trapezowych wypadów stopni wodnych na rzekach podgórskich w artykule zaprezentowano również formuły obliczeniowe, które zostały opracowane przez autora na podstawie jego własnych prac badawczo-doświadczalnych dokonanych na modelach fizycznych stopni korekcyjnych w korytach trapezowych. Na szczególną uwagę zasługują formuły umożliwiające wymiarowanie trapezowych wypadów z odwrotnie nachylonym dnem. Wypady konstruowane w korycie o trapezowym przekroju poprzecznym wymagają odpowiedniego ukształtowania napływu strumienia wody ze stanowiska górnego stopnia na płytę wypadu. W rozwiązaniach stopni wodnych ma to istotne znaczenie dla hydraulicznie poprawnego działania stopnia. Możliwość posługiwania się nieskomplikowanymi procedurami obliczeniowymi będzie miała znaczący wpływ na szersze niż dotąd stosowanie wypadów trapezowych w praktyce. Trapezowe wypady nie są tak rozpowszechnione i tak dobrze rozpoznane w praktyce inżynierskiej jak wypady prostokątne. Taki stan rzeczy powodowany jest przede wszystkim dwiema przyczynami: konstrukcje dolnych stanowisk budowli wodnych z reguły narzucają prostokątny przekrój wypadu; w przypadkach gdy zastosowanie trapezowego przekroju wypadu byłoby uzasadnione kształtem koryta regulacyjnego, realizowane są jednak wypady prostokątne bowiem charakteryzują się prostą konstrukcją i wiarygodną co do uzyskiwanych wyników procedurą obliczeniową. Stosowanie trapezowych wypadów w wielu praktycznych przypadkach jest koniecznością dla zapewnienia efektywnego rozproszenia energii wody. Również walory estetyczne realizowanego obiektu wodnego w naturalnym środowisku powinny współdecydować o wyborze ukształtowania wypadu. Szczególnie dotyczy to regulacyjnych trapezowych przekrojów potoków czy rzek podgórskich. Stosowane w celu redukcji spadku podłużnego stopnie korekcyjne winny być tak ukształtowane, by z jednej strony były one korzystne hydraulicznie, zaś z drugiej strony stanowiły kompozycję krajobrazową niekolidującą z walorami naturalnego środowiska. Trapezowe ukształtowanie wypadu stopni na rzekach podgórskich posiada zatem istotne eksploatacyjne i krajobrazowe uzasadnienie.
EN
In the paper some non-dimensional solutions for energy and hydraulic jump equations for trapezoid open channels are presented. These solutions allow for calculating in a simplified way the coupled depths of a hydraulic jump without using additional graphs. Besides analytical solutions, the approximate solutions of the equations are provided as well, which are enough precise for the calculations in engineering practices. In order to calculate trapezoid lower stands of stages of fall at mountain creeks and rivers, some formulas are presented, which are developed based on original author's research carried out in physical models. In particular, the formulas are provided that allow to design trapezoid lower stands with an adverse inclined bed. The lower stands built in channels with a trapezoid cross-section require adequate shaping of an inflow of a water jet flowing from an upper stage of fall to a lower stand. It is important for the proper hydraulic functioning of a stage of fall. The possibilities of simplified calculation procedures may have a positive impact on more frequent practical applications of trapezoid lower stands. Trapezoid lower stands are not so widely developed and applied in practice as rectangular ones mainly because of two reasons: construction of lower stations of water plants usually imposes a rectangular cross-section of a lower stand ; in the case where a trapezoid lower stand could be applied because of a shape of a control channel, still rectangular stands are used due to a simple construction and a reliable calculation procedure. However, applying trapezoid lower stands in many practical solutions is required to assure an efficient dissipation, of energy of a water jet. Also the aesthetic reasons of constructed water plants, which should be compatible with the environment, should play a role in selecting a shape of a stand. It is important, especially in the case of trapezoid regulatory cross-sections of mountain creeks and rivers. The correction stages of fall used hi order to reduce the longitude slope should be shaped to be hydraulically correct on one hand, and to create a harmony with the natural environment, on the other hand. Thus, trapezoid lower stands of the stages of fall have an important implication from both: hydraulic and landscape viewpoints.
16
Content available remote Równania energii i odskoku w przewodzie o kołowym przekroju poprzecznym
PL
W artykule przedstawiono rozwiązania równań energii oraz odskoku zapisanych dla kołowego przekroju poprzecznego przewodu. Rozwiązania te umożliwiają obliczanie głębokości odpowiadających tej samej wartości wysokości całkowitej energii cieczy, a także głębokości sprzężonych odskoku hydraulicznego, który może powstać zarówno w przewodzie o stałej średnicy, jak również wtedy, gdy średnica przewodu zmienia się na większą. Wzory do iteracyjnego obliczania głębokości "odpowiadających" oraz "sprzężonych" są szybko zbieżne z poszukiwanymi wartościami i dlatego są rekomendowane przez autora do praktycznych obliczeń inżynierskich.
EN
Solutions of energy and hydraulic jump equations for a conduit of circular section were presented in the paper. The solutions enable to calculate depths relating to the same total liquid energy and coupled depths of hydraulic jump in a conduit of constant diameter as well as in a conduit in which a diameter is increased. Formulas for iterative calculation of "relating" and "coupled" depths quickly converge to values in demand and thus they are recommended by the author for practical engineering application.
17
Content available remote Intensywność turbulencji strumienia za odskokiem hydraulicznym
EN
Turbulence intensity of the stream has a great effect on process of local bed erosions of a river. Quantative qualification of this effect is not settled yet. Author performed laboratory experiments on two models of dam in various scales. The final aim of the experiments is recognition of mechanism forming of local bed scours what bases on measurement of local flow velocity below hydraulic jump. This paper briefly presents the results of experimenlal study on the local flow velocities. Then the Kumin”s equation was verified with the results of this analysis. The equation gives a description of the variability of turbulence intensities of stream below hydraulic jump.
EN
In the paper the results of experimental investigations concerning the hydraulic jump formed by an aerosol impinging jet have been presented. Results of carried out experiments yield that aerosol impinging jet enables to form significantly higher diameter of the hydraulic jump, as compared with single phase, liquid impinging jet. This is caused by shear stresses, between liquid layer, formed by liquid deposited from aerosol, and gas, which is the second component of aerosol.
EN
Theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of impingement of a liquid jet on an inclined plate has been carried out. Splitting of the Newtonian liquid on the inclined plate is caused by the inertia and gravity forces. A theoretical model of the phenomenon has been formulated as well a method of its solving has been proposed. The method of solving is based on qualitative analysis of geometrical and topological properties of the integral curves. The existence of turning and singular points in the solution has been pointed out. Turning and singular points of the solution correspond to critical flow condition of the so-called hydraulic jump. The shape of the jet has been determined for supercritical and subcritical flow conditions. Numerical calculations are presented which illustrate the theory.
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